Synopsis of Library Management System

Synopsis of Library Management System
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Page No. Topic Title

1 Title of the project
3 Introduction of the Project
4 Abstract of the Project
5 Objective of the Project
6 Scope of the Project
7 Reports of the project
7 Modules of the Project
8 Input data and validation of the project
9 Features of the project
10 Software Requirement Specification
11 Identification of need
12 Feasibility Study
13 System design of the project
14 User Interface Design
15 Preliminary Product Descriptions
17 Project Category
18 Implementation Methodology
19 Tools and Platform – Software Requirements
19 Tools and Platform – Hardware Requirements
20 System Analysis
22 Data Dictionary
23 Conclusion of the Project
24 Future scope of the Project
25 Limitations of the Project
26 Bibliography and references
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Introduction of the Project Library Management System:
The "Library Management System" has been developed to override the problems
prevailing in the practicing manual system. This software is supported to eliminate and
in some cases reduce the hardships faced by this existing system. Moreover this
system is designed for the particular need of the company to carry out operations in a
smooth and effective manner.
The application is reduced as much as possible to avoid errors while entering the data.
It also provides error message while entering invalid data. No formal knowledge is
needed for the user to use this system. Thus by this all it proves it is user-friendly.
Library Management System , as described above, can lead to error free, secure,
reliable and fast management system. It can assist the user to concentrate on their
other activities rather to concentrate on the record keeping. Thus it will help organization
in better utilization of resources.
Every organization, whether big or small, has challenges to overcome and managing
the informations of Books, Student, Librarian, Address, Member. Every Library
Management System has different Student needs, therefore we design exclusive
employee management systems that are adapted to your managerial requirements.
This is designed to assist in strategic planning, and will help you ensure that your
organization is equipped with the right level of information and details for your future
goals. Also, for those busy executive who are always on the go, our systems come with
remote access features, which will allow you to manage your workforce anytime, at all
times. These systems will ultimately allow you to better manage resources.
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Abstract of the Project Library Management System:

The purpose of Library Management System is to automate the existing manual
system by the help of computerized equipments and full-fledged computer software,
fulfilling their requirements, so that their valuable data/information can be stored for a
longer period with easy accessing and manipulation of the same. The required software
and hardware are easily available and easy to work with.
Library Management System, as described above, can lead to error free, secure,
reliable and fast management system. It can assist the user to concentrate on their
other activities rather to concentrate on the record keeping. Thus it will help organization
in better utilization of resources. The organization can maintain computerized records
without redundant entries. That means that one need not be distracted by information
that is not relevant, while being able to reach the information.
The aim is to automate its existing manual system by the help of computerized
equipments and full-fledged computer software, fulfilling their requirements, so that their
valuable data/information can be stored for a longer period with easy accessing and
manipulation of the same. Basically the project describes how to manage for good
performance and better services for the clients.
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Objective of Project on Library Management System:
The main objective of the Project on Library Management System is to manage

the details of Student, Books, Issues, Librarian, Member. It manages all the information
about Student, Address, Member, Student. The project is totally built at administrative
end and thus only the administrator is guaranteed the access. The purpose of the
project is to build an application program to reduce the manual work for managing the
Student, Books, Address, Issues. It tracks all the details about the Issues, Librarian,
Member.
Functionalities provided by Library Management System are as follows:
 Provides the searching facilities based on various factors. Such as Student,

Issues, Librarian, Member
 Library Management System also manage the Address details online for
Librarian details, Member details, Student.
 It tracks all the information of Books, Address, Librarian ect
 Manage the information of Books
 Shows the information and description of the Student, Issues
 To increase efficiency of managing the Student, Books
 It deals with monitoring the information and transactions of Librarian.
 Manage the information of Student
 Editing, adding and updating of Records is improved which results in proper

resource management of Student data.
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 Manage the information of Librarian
 Integration of all records of Member.
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Scope of the project Library Management System
It may help collecting perfect management in details. In a very short time, the
collection will be obvious, simple and sensible. It will help a person to know the
management of passed year perfectly and vividly. It also helps in current all works
relative to Library Management System. It will be also reduced the cost of collecting the
management & collection procedure will go on smoothly.
Our project aims at Business process automation, i.e. we have tried to

computerize various processes of Library Management System.
 In computer system the person has to fill the various forms & number of copies of
the forms can be easily generated at a time.
 In computer system, it is not necessary to create the manifest but we can directly
print it, which saves our time.
 To assist the staff in capturing the effort spent on their respective working areas.
 To utilize resources in an efficient manner by increasing their productivity through
automation.
 The system generates types of information that can be used for various
purposes.
 It satisfy the user requirement
 Be easy to understand by the user and operator
 Be easy to operate
 Have a good user interface
 Be expandable
 Delivered on schedule within the budget.
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Reports of Library Management System:
 It generates the report on Student, Books,Address
 Provide filter reports on Issues, Librarian, Member
 You can easily export PDF for the Student,Address, Librarian
 Application also provides excel export for Books, Issues, Member
 You can also export the report into csv format for Student, Books, Member
Modules of Library Management System:
 Student Management Module: Used for managing the Student details.

 Member Module : Used for managing the details of Member
 Address Module : Used for managing the details of Address
 Books Management Module: Used for managing the information and details of
the Books.
 Issues Module : Used for managing the Issues details
 Librarian Module : Used for managing the Librarian informations
 Login Module: Used for managing the login details
 Users Module : Used for managing the users of the system
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Input Data and Validation of Project on Library Management System
 All the fields such as Student, Issues, Member are validated and does not take
invalid values
 Each form for Student, Books,Address can not accept blank value fields
 Avoiding errors in data
 Controlling amount of input
 Integration of all the modules/forms in the system.
 Preparation of the test cases.
 Preparation of the possible test data with all the validation checks.
 Actual testing done manually.
 Recording of all the reproduced errors.
 Modifications done for the errors found during testing.
 Prepared the test result scripts after rectification of the errors.
 Functionality of the entire module/forms.
 Validations for user input.
 Checking of the Coding standards to be maintained during coding.
 Testing the module with all the possible test data.
 Testing of the functionality involving all type of calculations etc.
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 Commenting standard in the source files.
The software quality plan we will use the following SQA Strategy:
 In the first step, we will select the test factors and rank them. The selected test
factors such as reliability, maintainability, portability or etc, will be placed in the
matrix according to their ranks.
 The second step is for identifying the phases of the development process. The
phase should be recorded in the matrix.
 The third step is that identifying the business risks of the software deliverables.
The risks will be ranked into three ranks such as high, medium and low.
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Features of the project Library Management System:
 Product and Component based

 Creating & Changing Issues at ease
 Query Issue List to any depth
 Reporting & Charting in more comprehensive way
 User Accounts to control the access and maintain security
 Simple Status & Resolutions
 Multi-level Priorities & Severities.
 Targets & Milestones for guiding the programmers
 Attachments & Additional Comments for more information
 Robust database back-end
 Various level of reports available with a lot of filter criteria’s
 It contain better storage capacity.
 Accuracy in work.
 Easy & fast retrieval of information.
 Well designed reports.
 Decrease the load of the person involve in existing manual system.
 Access of any information individually.
 Work becomes very speedy.
 Easy to update information
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Software Requirement Specification
The Software Requirements Specification is produced at the culmination of the

analysis task. The function and performance allocated to software as part of system
engineering are refined by establishing a complete information description, a detailed
functional and behavioral description, an indication of performance requirements and
design constraints, appropriate validation criteria, and other data pertinent to
requirements.
The proposed system has the following requirements:

 System needs store information about new entry of Student.
 System needs to help the internal staff to keep information of Books and find
them as per various queries.
 System need to maintain quantity record.
 System need to keep the record of Issues.
 System need to update and delete the record.
 System also needs a search area.
 It also needs a security system to prevent data.
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Identification of need:
The old manual system was suffering from a series of drawbacks. Since whole of
the system was to be maintained with hands the process of keeping, maintaining and
retrieving the information was very tedious and lengthy. The records were never used to
be in a systematic order. there used to be lots of difficulties in associating any particular
transaction with a particular context. If any information was to be found it was required
to go through the different registers, documents there would never exist anything like
report generation. There would always be unnecessary consumption of time while
entering records and retrieving records. One more problem was that it was very difficult
to find errors while entering the records. Once the records were entered it was very
difficult to update these records.
The reason behind it is that there is lot of information to be maintained and have
to be kept in mind while running the business .For this reason we have provided
features Present system is partially automated (computerized), actually existing system
is quite laborious as one has to enter same information at three different places.
Following points should be well considered:
 Documents and reports that must be provided by the new system: there can also
be few reports, which can help management in decision-making and cost
controlling, but since these reports do not get required attention, such kind of
reports and information were also identified and given required attention.
 Details of the information needed for each document and report.
 The required frequency and distribution for each document.
 Probable sources of information for each document and report.
 With the implementation of computerized system, the task of keeping records in

an organized manner will be solved. The greatest of all is the retrieval of
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information, which will be at the click of the mouse. So the proposed system helps
in saving the time in different operations and making information flow easy giving
valuable reports.
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Feasibility Study:
After doing the project Library Management System, study and analyzing all the
existing or required functionalities of the system, the next task is to do the feasibility
study for the project. All projects are feasible - given unlimited resources and infinite
time.
Feasibility study includes consideration of all the possible ways to provide a solution to
the given problem. The proposed solution should satisfy all the user requirements and
should be flexible enough so that future changes can be easily done based on the
future upcoming requirements.
A. Economical Feasibility
This is a very important aspect to be considered while developing a project. We
decided the technology based on minimum possible cost factor.
 All hardware and software cost has to be borne by the organization.
 Overall we have estimated that the benefits the organization is going to receive
from the proposed system will surely overcome the initial costs and the later on
running cost for system.
B. Technical Feasibility
This included the study of function, performance and constraints that may affect
the ability to achieve an acceptable system. For this feasibility study, we studied
complete functionality to be provided in the system, as described in the System
Requirement Specification (SRS), and checked if everything was possible using
different type of frontend and backend plaformst.
C. Operational Feasibility
No doubt the proposed system is fully GUI based that is very user friendly and all
inputs to be taken all self-explanatory even to a layman. Besides, a proper training has
been conducted to let know the essence of the system to the users so that they feel
comfortable with new system. As far our study is concerned the clients are comfortable
and happy as the system has cut down their loads and doing.
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System Design of Library Management System
In this phase, a logical system is built which fulfils the given requirements. Design
phase of software development deals with transforming the clients’s requirements into a
logically working system. Normally, design is performed in the following in the following
two steps:
1. Primary Design Phase:

In this phase, the system is designed at block level. The blocks are created on
the basis of analysis done in the problem identification phase. Different blocks
are created for different functions emphasis is put on minimising the information
flow between blocks. Thus, all activities which require more interaction are kept
in one block.
2. Secondary Design Phase:
In the secondary phase the detailed design of every block is performed.
The general tasks involved in the design process are the following:
1. Design various blocks for overall system processes.

2. Design smaller, compact and workable modules in each block.
3. Design various database structures.
4. Specify details of programs to achieve desired functionality.
5. Design the form of inputs, and outputs of the system.
6. Perform documentation of the design.
7. System reviews.
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User Interface Design
User Interface Design is concerned with the dialogue between a user and the
computer. It is concerned with everything from starting the system or logging into the
system to the eventually presentation of desired inputs and outputs. The overall flow of
screens and messages is called a dialogue.
The following steps are various guidelines for User Interface Design:
1. The system user should always be aware of what to do next.
2. The screen should be formatted so that various types of information, instructions
and messages always appear in the same general display area.
3. Message, instructions or information should be displayed long enough to allow
the system user to read them.
4. Use display attributes sparingly.
5. Default values for fields and answers to be entered by the user should be
specified.
6. A user should not be allowed to proceed without correcting an error.
7. The system user should never get an operating system message or fatal error.
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Preliminary Product Description:
The first step in the system development life cycle is the preliminary investigation
to determine the feasibility of the system. The purpose of the preliminary investigation is
to evaluate project requests. It is not a design study nor does it include the collection of
details to describe the business system in all respect. Rather, it is the collecting of
information that helps committee members to evaluate the merits of the project request
and make an informed judgment about the feasibility of the proposed project.
Analysts working on the preliminary investigation should accomplish the

following objectives:
 Clarify and understand the project request

 Determine the size of the project.
 Assess costs and benefits of alternative approaches.
 Determine the technical and operational feasibility of alternative approaches.
 Report the findings to management, with recommendations outlining the
acceptance or rejection of the proposal.
 Benefit to Organization
The organization will obviously be able to gain benefits such as savings in

operating cost, reduction in paperwork, better utilization of human resources and more
presentable image increasing goodwill.
   The Initial Cost
The initial cost of setting up the system will include the cost of hardware software
(OS, add-on software, utilities) & labour (setup & maintenance). The same has to bear
by the organization.
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   Running Cost
Besides, the initial cost the long term cost will include the running cost for the
system including the AMC, stationary charges, cost for human resources, cost for
update/renewal of various related software.
   Need for Training
The users along with the administrator need to be trained at the time of
implementation of the system for smooth running of the system. The client will provide
the training site.
We talked to the management people who were managing a the financial issues
of the center, the staff who were keeping the records in lots of registers and the
reporting manager regarding their existing system, their requirements and their
expectations from the new proposed system. Then, we did the system study of the
entire system based on their requirements and the additional features they wanted to
incorporate in this system.
Reliable, accurate and secure data was also considered to be a complex task
without this proposed system. Because there was no such record for keeping track of all
the activities, which was done by the Library Management System on the daily basis.
The new system proposed and then developed by me will ease the task of the
organization in consideration. It will be helpful in generating the required reports by the
staff, which will help them to track their progress and services.
Thus, it will ease the task of Management to a great extent as all the major
activities to be performed, are computerized through this system.
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Project Category
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) : This is an RDBMS based project

which is currently using MySQL for all the transaction statements. MySQL is an
opensource RDBMS System.
Brief Introduction about RDBSM :
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management

system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as invented by E. F. Codd, of
IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory. Many popular databases currently in use are
based on the relational database model.
RDBMSs have become a predominant choice for the storage of information in new
databases used for financial records, manufacturing and logistical information,
personnel data, and much more since the 1980s. Relational databases have often
replaced legacy hierarchical databases and network databases because they are easier
to understand and use. However, relational databases have been challenged by object
databases, which were introduced in an attempt to address the object-relational
impedance mismatch in relational database, and XML databases.
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Implementation Methodology:
Model View Controller or MVC as it is popularly called, is a software design pattern for
developing web applications. A Model View Controller pattern is made up of the
following three parts:
 Model - The lowest level of the pattern which is responsible for maintaining data.
 View - This is responsible for displaying all or a portion of the data to the user.
 Controller - Software Code that controls the interactions between the Model and
View.
MVC is popular as it isolates the application logic from the user interface layer and
supports separation of concerns. Here the Controller receives all requests for the
application and then works with the Model to prepare any data needed by the View. The
View then uses the data prepared by the Controller to generate a final presentable
response. The MVC abstraction can be graphically represented as follows.
MVC (Model View Controller Flow) Diagram
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

Tools/Platform, Hardware and Software
Requirement specifications:
Software
Requirements:
Name of component Specification

Operating System Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows7,
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Linux
Language Java 2 Runtime Environment
Database MySQL Server
Browser Any of Mozilla, Opera, Chrome etc
Web Server Tomcat 7
Software Development Kit Java JDK 1.7 or Above
Scripting Language Enable JSP (Java Server Pages)
Database JDBC Driver MySQL Jconnector
Hardware Requirements:
Name of component Specification

Processor Pentium III 630MHz
RAM 128 MB
Hard disk 20 GB
Monitor 15” color monitor
Keyboard 122 keys
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System Analysis:
System analysis is a process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing

problems and the information about the Library Management System to recommend
improvements on the system. It is a problem solving activity that requires intensive
communication between the system users and system developers. System analysis or
study is an important phase of any system development process. The system is studied
to the minutest detail and analyzed. The system analyst plays the role of the
interrogator and dwells deep into the working of the present system. The system is
viewed as a whole and the input to the system are identified. The outputs from the
organizations are traced to the various processes. System analysis is concerned with
becoming aware of the problem, identifying the relevant and decisional variables,
analyzing and synthesizing the various factors and determining an optimal or at least a
satisfactory solution or program of action. A detailed study of the process must be made
by various techniques like interviews, questionnaires etc. The data collected by these
sources must be scrutinized to arrive to a conclusion. The conclusion is an
understanding of how the system functions. This system is called the existing system.
Now the existing system is subjected to close study and problem areas are identified.
The designer now functions as a problem solver and tries to sort out the difficulties that
the enterprise faces. The solutions are given as proposals. The proposal is then
weighed with the existing system analytically and the best one is selected. The proposal
is presented to the user for an endorsement by the user. The proposal is reviewed on
user request and suitable changes are made. This is loop that ends as soon as the user
is satisfied with proposal. Preliminary study is the process of gathering and interpreting
facts, using the information for further studies on the system. Preliminary study is
problem solving activity that requires intensive communication between the system
users and system developers. It does various feasibility studies. In these studies a
rough figure of the system activities can be obtained, from which the decision about the
strategies to be followed for effective system study and analysis can be taken.
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Existing System of Library Management System:

In the existing system the exams are done only manually but in proposed system we
have to computerize the exams using this application.
 Lack of security of data.
 More man power.
 Time consuming.
 Consumes large volume of pare work.
 Needs manual calculations.
 No direct role for the higher officials
Proposed System of Library Management System:

The aim of proposed system is to develop a system of improved facilities. The
proposed system can overcome all the limitations of the existing system. The system
provides proper security and reduces the manual work.
 Security of data.
 Ensure data accuracy’s.
 Proper control of the higher officials.
 Minimize manual data entry.
 Minimum time needed for the various processing.
 Greater efficiency.
 Better service.
 User friendliness and interactive.
 Minimum time required.
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Data Dictionary:
This is normally represented as the data about data. It is also termed as metadata
some times which gives the data about the data stored in the database. It defines each
data term encountered during the analysis and design of a new system. Data elements
can describe files or the processes.
Following are some major symbols used in the data dictionary
 = equivalent to
 + and
 [] either/ or
 () Optional entry
Following are some rules, which defines the construction of data dictionary
entries:
1. Words should be defined to understand for what they need and not the
variable need by which they may be described in the program .
2. Each word must be unique. We cannot have two definition of the
same client.
3. Aliases or synonyms are allowed when two or more enters shows
the same meaning. For example a vendor number may also be called as
customer number.
4. A self-defining word should not be decomposed. It means that the reduction
of any information in to subpart should be done only if it is really required
that is it is not easy to understand directly.
Data dictionary includes information such as the number of records in file, the
frequency a process will run, security factor like pass word which user must enter
to get excess to the information.
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Conclusion of the Project Library Management System:
Our project is only a humble venture to satisfy the needs to manage their project
work. Several user friendly coding have also adopted. This package shall prove to be a
powerful package in satisfying all the requirements of the school. The objective of
software planning is to provide a frame work that enables the manger to make
reasonable estimates made within a limited time frame at the beginning of the software
project and should be updated regularly as the project progresses.
At the end it is concluded that we have made effort on following points…
 A description of the background and context of the project and its relation to work
already done in the area.
 Made statement of the aims and objectives of the project.
 The description of Purpose, Scope, and applicability.
 We define the problem on which we are working in the project.
 We describe the requirement Specifications of the system and the actions that
can be done on these things.
 We understand the problem domain and produce a model of the system, which
describes operations that can be performed on the system.
 We included features and operations in detail, including screen layouts.
 We designed user interface and security issues related to system.
 Finally the system is implemented and tested according to test cases.
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Future Scope of the Project:
In a nutshell, it can be summarized that the future scope of the project circles
around maintaining information regarding:
 We can add printer in future.

 We can give more advance software for Library Management System including
more facilities
 We will host the platform on online servers to make it accessible worldwide
 Integrate multiple load balancers to distribute the loads of the system
 Create the master and slave database structure to reduce the overload of the
database queries
 Implement the backup mechanism for taking backup of codebase and database
on regular basis on different servers
The above mentioned points are the enhancements which can be done to increase
the applicability and usage of this project. Here we can maintain the records of Student
and Books. Also, as it can be seen that now-a-days the players are versatile, i.e. so
there is a scope for introducing a method to maintain the Library Management System.
Enhancements can be done to maintain all the Student, Books, Issues, Librarian,
Member.
We have left all the options open so that if there is any other future requirement
in the system by the user for the enhancement of the system then it is possible to
implement them.In the last we would like to thanks all the persons involved in the
development of the system directly or indirectly. We hope that the project will serve its
purpose for which it is develop there by underlining success of process.
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Limitation of Project on Library Management System
Although I have put my best efforts to make the software flexible, easy to operate
but limitations cannot be ruled out even by me. Though the software presents a broad
range of options to its users some intricate options could not be covered into it; partly
because of logistic and partly due to lack of sophistication. Paucity of time was also
major constraint, thus it was not possible to make the software foolproof and dynamic.
Lack of time also compelled me to ignore some part such as storing old result of the
candidate etc.
Considerable efforts have made the software easy to operate even for the people
not related to the field of computers but it is acknowledged that a layman may find it a
bit problematic at the first instance. The user is provided help at each step for his
convenience in working with the software.
List of limitations which is available in the Library Management System:
 Excel export has not been developed for Student, Books due to some criticality.
 The transactions are executed in off-line mode, hence on-line data for Issues,
Librarian capture and modification is not possible.
 Off-line reports of Student, Member, Issues cannot be generated due to batch

mode execution.
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References and Bibliography:

 Google for problem solving
 http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-1998/jw-01-Credentialreview.html
 Database Programming with JDBC and Java by O'Reilly
 Head First Java 2nd Edition
 http://www.jdbc-tutorial.com/
 Java and Software Design Concepts by Apress
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/
 http://www.javatpoint.com/java-tutorial
 https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/
 http://www.wampserver.com/en/
 http://www.JSP.net/
 http://www.tutorialspoint.com/mysql/
 httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/misc/tutorials.html
Page - 29

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Synopsis of Library Management System

Page No. Topic Title

Introduction of the Project Library Management System:

Abstract of the Project Library Management System:

Objective of Project on Library Management System:

The main objective of the Project on Library Management System is to manage

Functionalities provided by Library Management System are as follows:

 Provides the searching facilities based on various factors. Such as Student,

 It tracks all the information of Books, Address, Librarian ect

 Manage the information of Books

 Shows the information and description of the Student, Issues

 To increase efficiency of managing the Student, Books

 It deals with monitoring the information and transactions of Librarian.

 Manage the information of Student

 Editing, adding and updating of Records is improved which results in proper

 Manage the information of Librarian

 Integration of all records of Member.

Scope of the project Library Management System

Our project aims at Business process automation, i.e. we have tried to

Reports of Library Management System:

 It generates the report on Student, Books,Address

 Provide filter reports on Issues, Librarian, Member

 You can easily export PDF for the Student,Address, Librarian

 Application also provides excel export for Books, Issues, Member

Modules of Library Management System:

 Student Management Module: Used for managing the Student details.

Input Data and Validation of Project on Library Management System

 Avoiding errors in data

 Controlling amount of input

 Integration of all the modules/forms in the system.

 Preparation of the test cases.

 Actual testing done manually.

 Recording of all the reproduced errors.

 Modifications done for the errors found during testing.

 Prepared the test result scripts after rectification of the errors.

 Functionality of the entire module/forms.

 Validations for user input.

 Checking of the Coding standards to be maintained during coding.

 Testing the module with all the possible test data.

 Testing of the functionality involving all type of calculations etc.

 Commenting standard in the source files.

Features of the project Library Management System:

 Product and Component based

Software Requirement Specification

The Software Requirements Specification is produced at the culmination of the

The proposed system has the following requirements:

Following points should be well considered:

 Details of the information needed for each document and report.

 The required frequency and distribution for each document.

 Probable sources of information for each document and report.

 With the implementation of computerized system, the task of keeping records in

System Design of Library Management System

1. Primary Design Phase:

1. Design various blocks for overall system processes.

User Interface Design

screens and messages is called a dialogue.

1. The system user should always be aware of what to do next.

2. The screen should be formatted so that various types of information, instructions