Python Tutorial

Python is a simple, general purpose, high level, and object-oriented programming language.

Python is an interpreted scripting language also. Guido Van Rossum is known as the founder of
Python programming.

What is Python
Python is a general purpose, dynamic, high-level, and interpreted programming language. It
supports Object Oriented programming approach to develop applications. It is simple and easy to
learn and provides lots of high-level data structures.

Python is easy to learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language, which makes it attractive
for Application Development.

Python's syntax and dynamic typing with its interpreted nature make it an ideal language for
scripting and rapid application development.

Python supports multiple programming pattern, including object-oriented, imperative, and

functional or procedural programming styles.

Python is not intended to work in a particular area, such as web programming. That is why it is
known as multipurpose programming language because it can be used with web, enterprise, 3D
CAD, etc.

We don't need to use data types to declare variable because it is dynamically typed so we can
write a=10 to assign an integer value in an integer variable.

Python makes the development and debugging fast because there is no compilation step included
in Python development, and edit-test-debug cycle is very fast.

Python History
Python was invented by Guido van Rossum in 1991 at CWI in Netherland. The idea of Python
programming language has taken from the ABC programming language or we can say that ABC
is a predecessor of Python language.

There is also a fact behind the choosing name Python. Guido van Rossum was a fan of the
popular BBC comedy show of that time, "Monty Python's Flying Circus". So he decided to
pick the name Python for his newly created programming language.

Python has the vast community across the world and releases its version within the short period.
Why learn Python?
Python provides many useful features to the programmer. These features make it most popular
and widely used language. We have listed below few-essential feature of Python.

 Easy to use and Learn

 Expressive Language
 Interpreted Language
 Object-Oriented Language
 Open Source Language
 Extensible
 Learn Standard Library
 GUI Programming Support
 Integrated
 Embeddable
 Dynamic Memory Allocation
 Wide Range of Libraries and Frameworks

Where is Python used?

Python is a general-purpose, popular programming language and it is used in almost every
technical field. The various areas of Python use are given below.

 Data Science
 Data Mining
 Desktop Applications
 Console-based Applications
 Mobile Applications
 Software Development
 Artificial Intelligence
 Web Applications
 Enterprise Applications
 3D CAD Applications
 Machine Learning
 Computer Vision or Image Processing Applications.
 Speech Recognitions

Python Basic Syntax

There is no use of curly braces or semicolon in Python programming language. It is English-like
language. But Python uses the indentation to define a block of code. Indentation is nothing but
adding whitespace before the statement when it is needed. For example -
 1. def func():  
2.        statement 1  
3.        statement 2  
4.        …………………  
5.        …………………  
6.          statement N  

In the above example, the statements that are same level to right belong to the function.
Generally, we can use four whitespaces to define indentation.

Python First Program

Unlike the other programming languages, Python provides the facility to execute the code using
few lines. For example - Suppose we want to print the "Hello World" program in Java; it will
take three lines to print it.

1. public class HelloWorld {  
2.  public static void main(String[] args){  
3. // Prints "Hello, World" to the terminal window.  
4.   System.out.println("Hello World");  
5.  }  
6.  }  

On the other hand, we can do this using one statement in Python.

1. print("Hello World")  

Both programs will print the same result, but it takes only one statement without using a
semicolon or curly braces in Python.

Python Popular Frameworks and Libraries

Python has wide range of libraries and frameworks widely used in various fields such as machine
learning, artificial intelligence, web applications, etc. We define some popular frameworks and
libraries of Python as follows.

 Web development (Server-side) - Django Flask, Pyramid, CherryPy

 GUIs based applications - Tk, PyGTK, PyQt, PyJs, etc.
 Machine Learning - TensorFlow, PyTorch, Scikit-learn, Matplotlib, Scipy, etc.
 Mathematics - Numpy, Pandas, etc.
Python print() Function
The print() function displays the given object to the standard output device (screen) or to the text
stream file.

Unlike the other programming languages, Python print() function is most unique and versatile
function.

The syntax of print() function is given below.

1. print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)  

Let's explain its parameters one by one.

 objects - An object is nothing but a statement that to be printed. The * sign represents
that there can be multiple statements.
 sep - The sep parameter separates the print values. Default values is ' '.
 end - The end is printed at last in the statement.
 file - It must be an object with a write(string) method.
 flush - The stream or file is forcibly flushed if it is true. By default, its value is false.

Let's understand the following example.

Example - 1: Return a value

1. print("Welcome to javaTpoint.")  
2.   
3. a = 10  
4. # Two objects are passed in print() function  
5. print("a =", a)  
6.   
7. b = a  
8. # Three objects are passed in print function  
9. print('a =', a, '= b')  

Output:

Welcome to javaTpoint.
a = 10
a = 10 = b

As we can see in the above output, the multiple objects can be printed in the single print()
statement. We just need to use comma (,) to separate with each other.
Example - 2: Using sep and end argument

1. a = 10  
2. print("a =", a, sep='dddd', end='\n\n\n')  
3. print("a =", a, sep='0', end='$$$$$')  

Output:

a =dddd10

a =010$$$$$

In the first print() statement, we use the sep and end arguments. The given object is printed just
after the sep values. The value of end parameter printed at the last of given object. As we can see
that, the second print() function printed the result after the three black lines.

Taking Input to the User

Python provides the input() function which is used to take input from the user. Let's understand
the following example.

Example -

1. name = input("Enter a name of student:")  
2. print("The student name is: ", name)  

Output:

Enter a name of student: Devansh

The student name is: Devansh

By default, the input() function takes the string input but what if we want to take other data
types as an input.

If we want to take input as an integer number, we need to typecast the input() function into an
integer.

For example -

Example -

1. a  = int(input("Enter first number: "))  
2. b = int(input("Enter second number: "))  
3.   
4. print(a+b)  
Output:

Enter first number: 50

Enter second number: 100
150

We can take any type of values using input() function.

Python Operators
Operators are the symbols which perform various operations on Python objects. Python operators
are the most essential to work with the Python data types. In addition, Python also provides
identify membership and bitwise operators. We will learn all these operators with the suitable
example in following tutorial.

 Python Operators

Python Conditional Statements

Conditional statements help us to execute a particular block for a particular condition. In this
tutorial, we will learn how to use the conditional expression to execute a different block of
statements. Python provides if and else keywords to set up logical conditions. The elif keyword
is also used as conditional statement.

 Python if..else statement

Python Loops
Sometimes we may need to alter the flow of the program. The execution of a specific code may
need to be repeated several numbers of times. For this purpose, the programming languages
provide various types of loops capable of repeating some specific code several times. Consider
the following tutorial to understand the statements in detail.

 Python Loops
 Python For Loop
 Python While Loop

Python Data Structures

Data structures are referred which can hold some data together or we say that they are used to
store the data in organized way. Python provides built-in data structures such as list, tuple,
dictionary, and set. We can perform complex tasks using data structures.

Python List
Python list holds the ordered collection of items. We can store a sequence of items in a list.
Python list is mutable which means it can be modified after its creation. The items of lists are
enclosed within the square bracket [] and separated by the comma. Let's see the example of list.

1. L1 = ["John", 102, "USA"]      
2. L2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]     

If we try to print the type of L1, L2, and L3 using type() function then it will come out to be a
list.

1. print(type(L1))    
2. print(type(L2))    

Output:

<class 'list'>
<class 'list'>

To learn more about list, visit the following tutorial.

 Python List
 Python List Functions

Python Tuple

Python Tuple is used to store the sequence of immutable Python objects. The tuple is similar to
lists since the value of the items stored in the list can be changed, whereas the tuple is
immutable, and the value of the items stored in the tuple cannot be changed.

Tuple can be defined as follows

Example -

1. tup = ("Apple", "Mango" , "Orange" , "Banana")  
2. print(type(tup))  
3. print(tup)  

Output:

<class 'tuple'>
('Apple', 'Mango', 'Orange', 'Banana')

If we try to add new to the tuple, it will throw an error.

Example -

1. tup = ("Apple", "Mango" , "Orange" , "Banana")  
 2.   
3. tup[2] = "Papaya"  
4. print(tup)  

Output:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "C:/Users/DEVANSH SHARMA/PycharmProjects/Hello/gamewithturtle.py", line
3, in
tup[2] = "Papaya"
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

The above program throws an error because tuples are immutable type. To learn more about
tuple, visit the Python Tuples.

 Python Tuple

Python String

Python string is a sequence of characters. It is a collection of the characters surrounded by single

quotes, double quotes, or triple quotes. It can also define as collection of the Unicode characters.
We can create a string as follows.

Example -

1. # Creating string using double quotes  
2. str1 = "Hi Python"  
3. print(str1)  
4. # Creating string using single quotes  
5. str1 = 'Hi Python'  
6. print(str1)  
7. # Creating string using triple quotes  
8. str1 = '''Hi Python'''  
9. print(str1)  

Output:

Hi Python
Hi Python
Hi Python

Python doesn't support the character data-type. A single character written as 'p' is treated as a
string of length 1.

Stings are also immutable. We can't change after it is declared. To learn more about the string,
visit the following tutorial.
  Python Strings
 Python String Method

Dictionaries

Python Dictionary is a most efficient data structure and used to store the large amount of data. It
stores the data in the key-value pair format. Each value is stored corresponding to its key.

Keys must be a unique and value can be any type such as integer, list, tuple, etc.

It is a mutable type; we can reassign after its creation. Below is the example of creating
dictionary in Python.

Example -

1. employee = {"Name": "John", "Age": 29, "salary":250000,"Company":"GOOGLE"}      
2. print(type(employee))      
3. print("printing Employee data .... ")      
4. print(employee)  

Output:

<class 'dict'>
Printing Employee data ....
{'Name': 'John', 'Age': 29, 'salary': 250000, 'Company': 'GOOGLE'}
The empty curly braces {} are used to create empty dictionary. To learn more, visit the complete
tutorial of the dictionary.

 Python Dictionary
 Python Dictionary Methods

Python Sets

A Python set is a collection of unordered elements. Each element in set must be unique and
immutable. Sets are mutable which means we can modify anytime throughout the program. Let's
understand the example of creating set in Python.

Example -

1. # Creating Set  
2. Month = {"January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July"}  
3. print(Month)  
4. print(type(Month))  

Output:
{'March', 'July', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'February', 'January'}
<class 'set'>

To get the more information about sets, visit the following resources.

 Python Sets
 Python Set Methods

Python Functional Programming

This section of Python tutorial defines some important tools related to functional programming
such as lambda and recursive functions. These functions are very efficient in accomplishing
the complex tasks. We define a few important functions, such as reduce, map, and filter. Python
provides the functools module that includes various functional programming tools. Visit the
following tutorial to learn more about functional programming.

 Python Function
 Python map() Function
 Python filter() Function
 Python reduce() Function
 Python functool Module
 Python Lambda Function

Python File I/O

Files are used to store data in a computer disk. In this tutorial, we explain the built-in file object
of Python. We can open a file using Python script and perform various operations such as
writing, reading, and appending. There are various ways of opening a file. We are explained with
the relevant example. We will also learn to perform read/write operations on binary files.

 Python File I/O

Python Modules
Python modules are the program files that contain a Python code or functions. There are two
types of module in the Python - User-define modules and built-in modules. A module that the
user defines, or we can say that our Python code saved with .py extension, is treated as a user-
define module.

Built-in modules are predefined modules of Python. To use the functionality of the modules, we
need to import them into our current working program.

 Python Modules
Python Exceptions
An exception can be defined as an unusual condition in a program resulting in the interruption in
the flow of the program.

Whenever an exception occurs, the program stops the execution, and thus the further code is not
executed. Therefore, an exception is the run-time errors that are unable to handle to Python
script. An exception is a Python object that represents an error.

 Python Exceptions

Python CSV
A csv stands for "comma separated values", which is defined as a simple file format that uses
specific structuring to arrange tabular data. It stores tabular data such as spreadsheet or database
in plain text and has a common format for data interchange. A csv file opens into the excel sheet,
and the rows and columns data define the standard format. Visit the following tutorial to learn
the CSV module in detail.

 Python Read CSV File

 Python Write CSV File

Python Sending Mail

We can send or read a mail using the Python script. Python's standard library modules are useful
for handling various protocols such as PoP3 and IMAP. We will learn how to send a mail with
the popular email service SMTP from a Python script.

 Python Sending Emails

Python Magic Methods

Python magic method is defined as the special method which adds "magic" to a class. It starts
and ends with double underscores, for example, _init_ or _str_.

The built-in classes define many magic methods. The dir() function can be used to see the
number of magic methods inherited by a class. It has two prefixes and suffix underscores in the
method name.

 Python Magic Methods

Python Oops Concepts

Everything in Python is treated as an object including integer values, floats, functions, classes,
and none. Apart from that, Python supports all oriented concepts. Below is the brief introduction
of oops concepts of Python.

 Classes and Objects - Python classes are the blueprint of the object. An object is a
collection of data and method that act on the data.
 Inheritance - An inheritance is a technique where one class inherits the properties of
other classes.
 Constructor - Python provides a special method __init__() which is known as a
constructor. This method is automatically called when an object is instantiated.
 Data Member - A variable that holds data associated with a class and its objects.

To read the oops concept in detail, visit the following resources.

 Python Oops Concepts

 Python Object and classes
 Python Constructor
 Python Inheritance
 Python Polymorphism

Python Advance Topics

Python includes many advance and useful concepts that help the programmer to solve the
complex tasks. These concepts are given below.

Python Iterator

An iterator is simply an object that can be iterated upon. It returns one object at a time. It can be
implemented using the two special methods, __iter__() and __next__().

To learn more about the iterators visit our Python Iterators tutorial.

Python Generators

The Generators are an easiest way of creating Iterators. To learn more about, visit our Python
Generators tutorial.

Python Decorators

These are used to modify the behavior of the function. Decorators provide the flexibility to wrap
another function to expand the working of wrapped function, without permanently modifying it.

To learn more about, visit the Python Decorators tutorial.

Python Database Connections
We can use various databases along with Python. You can learn the full tutorial to visit below
resources. Python DBI-API acclaims standard sets of functionality to be included in the database
connectivity modules for respective RDBMS products. We explain all important database
connectivity using Python DBI-API.

Python MySQL

Environment Setup

Database Connection

Creating New Database

Creating Tables

Insert Operation

Read Operation

Update Operation

Join Operation

Performing Transactions

Python MongoDB

Python MongoDB

Python SQLite

Python SQLite

Python Features
Python provides many useful features which make it popular and valuable from the other
programming languages. It supports object-oriented programming, procedural programming
approaches and provides dynamic memory allocation. We have listed below a few essential
features.

1) Easy to Learn and Use

Python is easy to learn as compared to other programming languages. Its syntax is
straightforward and much the same as the English language. There is no use of the semicolon or
curly-bracket, the indentation defines the code block. It is the recommended programming
language for beginners.

2) Expressive Language

Python can perform complex tasks using a few lines of code. A simple example, the hello world
program you simply type print("Hello World"). It will take only one line to execute, while Java
or C takes multiple lines.

3) Interpreted Language

Python is an interpreted language; it means the Python program is executed one line at a time.
The advantage of being interpreted language, it makes debugging easy and portable.

4) Cross-platform Language

Python can run equally on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, UNIX, and Macintosh,
etc. So, we can say that Python is a portable language. It enables programmers to develop the
software for several competing platforms by writing a program only once.

5) Free and Open Source

Python is freely available for everyone. It is freely available on its official website
www.python.org. It has a large community across the world that is dedicatedly working towards
make new python modules and functions. Anyone can contribute to the Python community. The
open-source means, "Anyone can download its source code without paying any penny."

6) Object-Oriented Language

Python supports object-oriented language and concepts of classes and objects come into
existence. It supports inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation, etc. The object-oriented
procedure helps to programmer to write reusable code and develop applications in less code.

7) Extensible

It implies that other languages such as C/C++ can be used to compile the code and thus it can be
used further in our Python code. It converts the program into byte code, and any platform can use
that byte code.

8) Large Standard Library

It provides a vast range of libraries for the various fields such as machine learning, web
developer, and also for the scripting. There are various machine learning libraries, such as
Tensor flow, Pandas, Numpy, Keras, and Pytorch, etc. Django, flask, pyramids are the popular
framework for Python web development.

9) GUI Programming Support

Graphical User Interface is used for the developing Desktop application. PyQT5, Tkinter, Kivy
are the libraries which are used for developing the web application.

10) Integrated

It can be easily integrated with languages like C, C++, and JAVA, etc. Python runs code line by
line like C,C++ Java. It makes easy to debug the code.

11. Embeddable

The code of the other programming language can use in the Python source code. We can use
Python source code in another programming language as well. It can embed other language into
our code.

12. Dynamic Memory Allocation

In Python, we don't need to specify the data-type of the variable. When we assign some value to
the variable, it automatically allocates the memory to the variable at run time. Suppose we are
assigned integer value 15 to x, then we don't need to write int x = 15. Just write x = 15.

Tips to Keep in Mind While Learning Python

The most common question asked by the beginners - "What is the best way to learn Python"?
It is the initial and relevant question because first step in learning any programming language is
to know how to learn.

The proper way of learning will help us to learn fast and become a good Python developer.

In this section, we will discuss various tips that we should keep in mind while learning Python.

1. Make it Clear Why We Want to Learn

The goal should be clear before learning the Python. Python is an easy, a vast language as well.
It includes numbers of libraries, modules, in-built functions and data structures. If the goal is
unclear then it will be a boring and monotonous journey of learning Python. Without any clear
goal, you perhaps won't make it done.

So, first figure out the motivation behind learning, which can anything be such as knowing
something new, develop projects using Python, switch to Python, etc. Below are the general
areas where Python is widely used. Pick any of them.
  Data Analysis and Processing
 Artificial Intelligence
 Games
 Hardware/Sensor/Robots
 Desktop Applications

Choose any one or two areas according to your interest and start the journey towards learning
Python.

2. Learn the Basic Syntax

It is the most essential and basic step to learn the syntax of the Python programming language.
We have to learn the basic syntax before dive deeper into learning it. As we have discussed in
our earlier tutorial, Python is easy to learn and has a simple syntax. It doesn't use semicolon and
brackets. Its syntax is like the English language.

So it will take minimum amount of time to learning its syntax. Once we get its syntax properly,
further learning will be easier and quicker getting to work on projects.

Note - Learn Python 3, not Python 2.7, because the industry no longer uses it. Our Python tutorial is
based on its latest version Python 3.

3. Write Code by Own

Writing the code is the most effective and robust way to learn Python. First, try to write code on
paper and run in mind (Dry Run) then move to the system. Writing code on paper will help us
get familiar quickly with the syntax and the concept store in the deep memory. While writing the
code, try to use proper functions and suitable variables names.

There are many editors available for Python programming which highlights the syntax related
issue automatically. So we don't need to pay lot of attention of these mistakes.

4. Keep Practicing

The next important step is to do the practice. It needs to implementing the Python concepts
through the code. We should be consistence to our daily coding practice.

Consistency is the key of success in any aspect of life not only in programming. Writing code
daily will help to develop muscle memory.

We can do the problem exercise of related concepts or solve at least 2 or 3 problems of Python. It
may seem hard but muscle memory plays large part in programing. It will take us ahead from
those who believe only the reading concept of Python is sufficient.

5. Make Notes as Needed

Creating notes by own is an excellent method to learn the concepts and syntax of Python. It will
establish stability and focus that helps you become a Python developer. Make brief and concise
notes with relevant information and include appropriate examples of the subject concerned.

Maintain own notes are also helped to learn fast. A study published in Psychological Science that
-

The students who were taking longhand notes in the studies were forced to be more selective —
because you can't write as fast as you can type.

6. Discuss Concepts with Other

Coding seems to be solitary activity, but we can enhance our skills by interacting with the others.
We should discuss our doubts to the expert or friends who are learning Python. This habit will
help to get additional information, tips and tricks, and solution of coding problems. One of the
best advantages of Python, it has a great community. Therefore, we can also learn from
passionate Python enthusiasts.

7. Do small Projects

After understanding Python's basic concept, a beginner should try to work on small projects. It
will help to understand Python more deeply and become more component in it. Theoretical
knowledge is not enough to get command over the Python language. These projects can be
anything as long as they teach you something. You can start with the small projects such as
calculator app, a tic-toc-toe game, an alarm clock app, a to-do list, student or customer
management system, etc.

Once you get handy with a small project, you can easily shift toward your interesting domain
(Machine Learning, Web Development, etc.).

8. Teach Others

There is a famous saying that "If you want to learn something then you should teach other".
It is also true in case of learning Python. Share your information to other students via creating
blog posts, recording videos or taking classes in local training center. It will help us to enhance
the understanding of Python and explore the unseen loopholes in your knowledge. If you don't
want to do all these, join the online forum and post your answers on Python related questions.

9. Explore Libraries and Frameworks

Python consists of vast libraries and various frameworks. After getting familiar with Python's
basic concepts, the next step is to explore the Python libraries. Libraries are essential to work
with the domain specific projects. In the following section, we describe the brief introduction of
the main libraries.
  TensorFlow - It is an artificial intelligence library which allows us to create large scale AI based
projects.
 Django - It is an open source framework that allows us to develop web applications. It is easy,
flexible, and simple to manage.
 Flask - It is also an open source web framework. It is used to develop lightweight web
applications.
 Pandas - It is a Python library which is used to perform scientific computations.
 Keras - It is an open source library, which is used to work around the neural network.

There are many libraries in Python. Above, we have mentioned a few of them.

10. Contribute to Open Source

As we know, Python is an open source language that means it is freely available for everyone.
We can also contribute to Python online community to enhance our knowledge. Contributing to
open source projects is the best way to explore own knowledge. We also receive the feedback,
comments or suggestions for work that we submitted. The feedback will enable the best practices
for Python programming and help us to become a good Python developer.

Usage of Python

Python is a general purpose, open source, high-level programming language and also provides
number of libraries and frameworks. Python has gained popularity because of its simplicity, easy
syntax and user-friendly environment. The usage of Python as follows.

 Desktop Applications
 Web Applications
 Data Science
 Artificial Intelligence
 Machine Learning
 Scientific Computing
 Robotics
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 Gaming
 Mobile Apps
 Data Analysis and Preprocessing

Python Applications
Python is known for its general-purpose nature that makes it applicable in almost every domain
of software development. Python makes its presence in every emerging field. It is the fastest-
growing programming language and can develop any application.

Here, we are specifying application areas where Python can be applied.

1) Web Applications

We can use Python to develop web applications. It provides libraries to handle internet protocols
such as HTML and XML, JSON, Email processing, request, beautifulSoup, Feedparser, etc. One
of Python web-framework named Django is used on Instagram. Python provides many useful
frameworks, and these are given below:

 Django and Pyramid framework(Use for heavy applications)

 Flask and Bottle (Micro-framework)
 Plone and Django CMS (Advance Content management)

2) Desktop GUI Applications

The GUI stands for the Graphical User Interface, which provides a smooth interaction to any
application. Python provides a Tk GUI library to develop a user interface. Some popular GUI
libraries are given below.

 Tkinter or Tk
  wxWidgetM
 Kivy (used for writing multitouch applications )
 PyQt or Pyside

3) Console-based Application

Console-based applications run from the command-line or shell. These applications are computer
program which are used commands to execute. This kind of application was more popular in the
old generation of computers. Python can develop this kind of application very effectively. It is
famous for having REPL, which means the Read-Eval-Print Loop that makes it the most
suitable language for the command-line applications.

Python provides many free library or module which helps to build the command-line apps. The
necessary IO libraries are used to read and write. It helps to parse argument and create console
help text out-of-the-box. There are also advance libraries that can develop independent console
apps.

4) Software Development

Python is useful for the software development process. It works as a support language and can be
used to build control and management, testing, etc.

 SCons is used to build control.

 Buildbot and Apache Gumps are used for automated continuous compilation and testing.
 Round or Trac for bug tracking and project management.

5) Scientific and Numeric

This is the era of Artificial intelligence where the machine can perform the task the same as the
human. Python language is the most suitable language for Artificial intelligence or machine
learning. It consists of many scientific and mathematical libraries, which makes easy to solve
complex calculations.

Implementing machine learning algorithms require complex mathematical calculation. Python

has many libraries for scientific and numeric such as Numpy, Pandas, Scipy, Scikit-learn, etc. If
you have some basic knowledge of Python, you need to import libraries on the top of the code.
Few popular frameworks of machine libraries are given below.

 SciPy
 Scikit-learn
 NumPy
 Pandas
 Matplotlib

6) Business Applications
Business Applications differ from standard applications. E-commerce and ERP are an example
of a business application. This kind of application requires extensively, scalability and
readability, and Python provides all these features.

Oddo is an example of the all-in-one Python-based application which offers a range of business
applications. Python provides a Tryton platform which is used to develop the business
application.

7) Audio or Video-based Applications

Python is flexible to perform multiple tasks and can be used to create multimedia applications.
Some multimedia applications which are made by using Python are TimPlayer, cplay, etc. The
few multimedia libraries are given below.

 Gstreamer
 Pyglet
 QT Phonon

8) 3D CAD Applications

The CAD (Computer-aided design) is used to design engineering related architecture. It is used
to develop the 3D representation of a part of a system. Python can create a 3D CAD application
by using the following functionalities.

 Fandango (Popular )
 CAMVOX
 HeeksCNC
 AnyCAD
 RCAM

9) Enterprise Applications

Python can be used to create applications that can be used within an Enterprise or an
Organization. Some real-time applications are OpenERP, Tryton, Picalo, etc.

10) Image Processing Application

Python contains many libraries that are used to work with the image. The image can be
manipulated according to our requirements. Some libraries of image processing are given below.

 OpenCV
 Pillow
 SimpleITK
In this topic, we have described all types of applications where Python plays an essential role in
the development of these applications. In the next tutorial, we will learn more concepts about
Python.

First Python Program

In this Section, we will discuss the basic syntax of Python, we will run a simple program to print
Hello World on the console.

Python provides us the two ways to run a program:

 Using Interactive interpreter prompt

 Using a script file

Let's discuss each one of them in detail.

Interactive interpreter prompt

Python provides us the feature to execute the Python statement one by one at the interactive
prompt. It is preferable in the case where we are concerned about the output of each line of our
Python program.

To open the interactive mode, open the terminal (or command prompt) and type python (python3
in case if you have Python2 and Python3 both installed on your system).

It will open the following prompt where we can execute the Python statement and check their
impact on the console.

After writing the print statement, press the Enter key.

Here, we get the message "Hello World !" printed on the console.

Using a script file (Script Mode Programming)

The interpreter prompt is best to run the single-line statements of the code. However, we cannot
write the code every-time on the terminal. It is not suitable to write multiple lines of code.

Using the script mode, we can write multiple lines code into a file which can be executed later.
For this purpose, we need to open an editor like notepad, create a file named and save it with .py
extension, which stands for "Python". Now, we will implement the above example using the
script mode.

1. print ("hello world"); #here, we have used print() function to print the message on the console.   
 

To run this file named as first.py, we need to run the following command on the terminal.

Step - 1: Open the Python interactive shell, and click "File" then choose "New", it will open a
new blank script in which we can write our code.
Step -2: Now, write the code and press "Ctrl+S" to save the file.

Step - 3: After saving the code, we can run it by clicking "Run" or "Run Module". It will display
the output to the shell.
The output will be shown as follows.

Step - 4: Apart from that, we can also run the file using the operating system terminal. But, we
should be aware of the path of the directory where we have saved our file.

 Open the command line prompt and navigate to the directory.

  We need to type the python keyword, followed by the file name and hit enter to run the Python
file.

Multi-line Statements

Multi-line statements are written into the notepad like an editor and saved it with .py extension.
In the following example, we have defined the execution of the multiple code lines using the
Python script.

Code:

1. name = "Andrew Venis"  
2. branch = "Computer Science"  
3. age = "25"  
 4. print("My name is: ", name, )  
5. print("My age is: ", age)  

Script File:

Pros and Cons of Script Mode

The script mode has few advantages and disadvantages as well. Let's understand the following
advantages of running code in script mode.

 We can run multiple lines of code.

 Debugging is easy in script mode.
 It is appropriate for beginners and also for experts.

Let's see the disadvantages of the script mode.

 We have to save the code every time if we make any change in the code.
 It can be tedious when we run a single or a few lines of code.

Basic Syntax of Python

Indentation and Comment in Python

Indentation is the most significant concept of the Python programming language. Improper use
of indentation will end up "IndentationError" in our code.

Indentation is nothing but adding whitespaces before the statement when it is needed. Without
indentation Python doesn't know which statement to be executed to next. Indentation also defines
which statements belong to which block. If there is no indentation or improper indentation, it
will display "IndentationError" and interrupt our code.

Python indentation defines the particular group of statements belongs to the particular block. The
programming languages such as C, C++, java use the curly braces {} to define code blocks.

In Python, statements that are the same level to the right belong to the same block. We can use
four whitespaces to define indentation. Let's see the following lines of code.

Example -

1. list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  
2. for i in list1:  
3.     print(i)  
4.     if i==4:  
5.        break  
6. print("End of for loop")  

Output:

1
2
3
4
End of for loop

Explanation:
In the above code, for loop has a code blocks and if the statement has its code block inside for
loop. Both indented with four whitespaces. The last print() statement is not indented; that's
means it doesn't belong to for loop.

Comments in Python

Comments are essential for defining the code and help us and other to understand the code. By
looking the comment, we can easily understand the intention of every line that we have written
in code. We can also find the error very easily, fix them, and use in other applications.

In Python, we can apply comments using the # hash character. The Python interpreter entirely
ignores the lines followed by a hash character. A good programmer always uses the comments to
make code under stable. Let's see the following example of a comment.

1. name  = "Thomas"   # Assigning string value to the name variable   

We can add comment in each line of the Python code.

1. Fees = 10000      # defining course fees is 10000  
2. Fees = 20000      # defining course fees is 20000  

It is good idea to add code in any line of the code section of code whose purpose is not obvious.
This is a best practice to learn while doing the coding.

Types of Comment

Python provides the facility to write comments in two ways- single line comment and multi-line
comment.

Single-Line Comment - Single-Line comment starts with the hash # character followed by text
for further explanation.

1. # defining the marks of a student   
2. Marks = 90  

We can also write a comment next to a code statement. Consider the following example.

1. Name = "James"   # the name of a student is James  
2. Marks = 90            # defining student's marks  
3. Branch = "Computer Science"   # defining student branch  

Multi-Line Comments - Python doesn't have explicit support for multi-line comments but we
can use hash # character to the multiple lines. For example -

1. # we are defining for loop  
2. # To iterate the given list.  
 3. # run this code.  

We can also use another way.

1. " " "   
2. This is an example  
3. Of multi-line comment  
4. Using triple-quotes   
5. " " "  

This is the basic introduction of the comments. Visit our Python Comment tutorial to learn it in
detail.

Python Identifiers

Python identifiers refer to a name used to identify a variable, function, module, class, module or
other objects. There are few rules to follow while naming the Python Variable.

 A variable name must start with either an English letter or underscore (_).
 A variable name cannot start with the number.
 Special characters are not allowed in the variable name.
 The variable's name is case sensitive.

Let's understand the following example.

Example -

1. number = 10  
2. print(num)  
3.   
4. _a = 100  
5. print(_a)  
6.   
7. x_y = 1000  
8. print(x_y)  

Python Variables
Variable is a name that is used to refer to memory location. Python variable is also known as an
identifier and used to hold value.

In Python, we don't need to specify the type of variable because Python is a infer language and
smart enough to get variable type.

Variable names can be a group of both the letters and digits, but they have to begin with a letter
or an underscore.
It is recommended to use lowercase letters for the variable name. Rahul and rahul both are two
different variables.

Identifier Naming

Variables are the example of identifiers. An Identifier is used to identify the literals used in the
program. The rules to name an identifier are given below.

 The first character of the variable must be an alphabet or underscore ( _ ).

 All the characters except the first character may be an alphabet of lower-case(a-z), upper-case
(A-Z), underscore, or digit (0-9).
 Identifier name must not contain any white-space, or special character (!, @, #, %, ^, &, *).
 Identifier name must not be similar to any keyword defined in the language.
 Identifier names are case sensitive; for example, my name, and MyName is not the same.
 Examples of valid identifiers: a123, _n, n_9, etc.
 Examples of invalid identifiers: 1a, n%4, n 9, etc.

Declaring Variable and Assigning Values

Python does not bind us to declare a variable before using it in the application. It allows us to
create a variable at the required time.

We don't need to declare explicitly variable in Python. When we assign any value to the variable,
that variable is declared automatically.

The equal (=) operator is used to assign value to a variable.

Object References

It is necessary to understand how the Python interpreter works when we declare a variable. The
process of treating variables is somewhat different from many other programming languages.

Python is the highly object-oriented programming language; that's why every data item belongs
to a specific type of class. Consider the following example.

1. print("John")  

Output:

John

The Python object creates an integer object and displays it to the console. In the above print
statement, we have created a string object. Let's check the type of it using the Python built-in
type() function.

1. type("John")  
Output:

<class 'str'>

In Python, variables are a symbolic name that is a reference or pointer to an object. The variables
are used to denote objects by that name.

Let's understand the following example

1. a = 50   

In the above image, the variable a refers to an integer object.

Suppose we assign the integer value 50 to a new variable b.

a = 50

b=a

The variable b refers to the same object that a points to because Python does not create another
object.

Let's assign the new value to b. Now both variables will refer to the different objects.

a = 50

b =100
Python manages memory efficiently if we assign the same variable to two different values.

Object Identity

In Python, every created object identifies uniquely in Python. Python provides the guaranteed
that no two objects will have the same identifier. The built-in id() function, is used to identify the
object identifier. Consider the following example.

1. a = 50  
2. b = a  
3. print(id(a))  
4. print(id(b))  
5. # Reassigned variable a  
6. a = 500  
7. print(id(a))  

Output:

140734982691168
140734982691168
2822056960944

We assigned the b = a, a and b both point to the same object. When we checked by the id()
function it returned the same number. We reassign a to 500; then it referred to the new object
identifier.

Variable Names

We have already discussed how to declare the valid variable. Variable names can be any length
can have uppercase, lowercase (A to Z, a to z), the digit (0-9), and underscore character(_).
Consider the following example of valid variables names.

1. name = "Devansh"  
 2. age = 20  
3. marks = 80.50  
4.   
5. print(name)  
6. print(age)  
7. print(marks)  

Output:

Devansh
20
80.5

Consider the following valid variables name.

1. name = "A"  
2. Name = "B"  
3. naMe = "C"  
4. NAME = "D"  
5. n_a_m_e = "E"  
6. _name = "F"  
7. name_ = "G"  
8. _name_ = "H"  
9. na56me = "I"  
10.   
11. print(name,Name,naMe,NAME,n_a_m_e, NAME, n_a_m_e, _name, name_,_name, na56me)  

Output:

A B C D E D E F G F I

In the above example, we have declared a few valid variable names such as name, _name_ , etc.
But it is not recommended because when we try to read code, it may create confusion. The
variable name should be descriptive to make code more readable.

The multi-word keywords can be created by the following method.

 Camel Case - In the camel case, each word or abbreviation in the middle of begins with a capital
letter. There is no intervention of whitespace. For example - nameOfStudent, valueOfVaraible,
etc.
 Pascal Case - It is the same as the Camel Case, but here the first word is also capital. For
example - NameOfStudent, etc.
 Snake Case - In the snake case, Words are separated by the underscore. For example -
name_of_student, etc.
Multiple Assignment

Python allows us to assign a value to multiple variables in a single statement, which is also
known as multiple assignments.

We can apply multiple assignments in two ways, either by assigning a single value to multiple
variables or assigning multiple values to multiple variables. Consider the following example.

1. Assigning single value to multiple variables

Eg:

1. x=y=z=50    
2. print(x)    
3. print(y)    
4. print(z)    

Output:

50
50
50

2. Assigning multiple values to multiple variables:

Eg:

1. a,b,c=5,10,15    
2. print a    
3. print b    
4. print c    

Output:

5
10
15

The values will be assigned in the order in which variables appear.

Python Variable Types

There are two types of variables in Python - Local variable and Global variable. Let's understand
the following variables.

Local Variable
Local variables are the variables that declared inside the function and have scope within the
function. Let's understand the following example.

Example -

1. # Declaring a function  
2. def add():  
3.     # Defining local variables. They has scope only within a function  
4.     a = 20  
5.     b = 30  
6.     c = a + b  
7.     print("The sum is:", c)  
8.   
9. # Calling a function  
10. add()  

Output:

The sum is: 50

Explanation:

In the above code, we declared a function named add() and assigned a few variables within the
function. These variables will be referred to as the local variables which have scope only inside
the function. If we try to use them outside the function, we get a following error.

1. add()  
2. # Accessing local variable outside the function   
3. print(a)  

Output:

The sum is: 50

print(a)
NameError: name 'a' is not defined

We tried to use local variable outside their scope; it threw the NameError.

Global Variables

Global variables can be used throughout the program, and its scope is in the entire program. We
can use global variables inside or outside the function.

A variable declared outside the function is the global variable by default. Python provides the
global keyword to use global variable inside the function. If we don't use the global keyword,
the function treats it as a local variable. Let's understand the following example.
Example -

1. # Declare a variable and initialize it  
2. x = 101  
3.   
4. # Global variable in function  
5. def mainFunction():  
6.     # printing a global variable  
7.     global x  
8.     print(x)  
9.     # modifying a global variable  
10.     x = 'Welcome To Javatpoint'  
11.     print(x)  
12.   
13. mainFunction()  
14. print(x)  

Output:

101
Welcome To Javatpoint
Welcome To Javatpoint

Explanation:

In the above code, we declare a global variable x and assign a value to it. Next, we defined a
function and accessed the declared variable using the global keyword inside the function. Now
we can modify its value. Then, we assigned a new string value to the variable x.

Now, we called the function and proceeded to print x. It printed the as newly assigned value of x.

Delete a variable

We can delete the variable using the del keyword. The syntax is given below.

Syntax -

1. del <variable_name>  

In the following example, we create a variable x and assign value to it. We deleted variable x,
and print it, we get the error "variable x is not defined". The variable x will no longer use in
future.

Example -

1. # Assigning a value to x  
2. x = 6  
 3. print(x)  
4. # deleting a variable.   
5. del x  
6. print(x)  

Output:

6
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Users/DEVANSH SHARMA/PycharmProjects/Hello/multiprocessing.py",
line 389, in
print(x)
NameError: name 'x' is not defined
Maximum Possible Value of an Integer in Python

Unlike the other programming languages, Python doesn't have long int or float data types. It
treats all integer values as an int data type. Here, the question arises. What is the maximum
possible value can hold by the variable in Python? Consider the following example.

Example -

1. # A Python program to display that we can store  
2. # large numbers in Python  
3.   
4. a = 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000  
5. a = a + 1  
6. print(type(a))  
7. print (a)  

Output:

<class 'int'>
10000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

As we can see in the above example, we assigned a large integer value to variable x and checked
its type. It printed class <int> not long int. Hence, there is no limitation number by bits and we
can expand to the limit of our memory.

Python doesn't have any special data type to store larger numbers.

Print Single and Multiple Variables in Python

We can print multiple variables within the single print statement. Below are the example of
single and multiple printing values.

Example - 1 (Printing Single Variable)

1. # printing single value   
 2. a = 5  
3. print(a)  
4. print((a))  

Output:

5
5

Example - 2 (Printing Multiple Variables)

1. a = 5  
2. b = 6  
3. # printing multiple variables  
4. print(a,b)  
5. # separate the variables by the comma  
6. Print(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)   

Output:

5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Basic Fundamentals:
This section contains the fundamentals of Python, such as:

i)Tokens and their types.

ii) Comments

a)Tokens:

 The tokens can be defined as a punctuator mark, reserved words, and each word in a statement.
 The token is the smallest unit inside the given program.

There are following tokens in Python:

 Keywords.
 Identifiers.
 Literals.
 Operators.

Python Data Types

Variables can hold values, and every value has a data-type. Python is a dynamically typed
language; hence we do not need to define the type of the variable while declaring it. The
interpreter implicitly binds the value with its type.
 1. a = 5  

The variable a holds integer value five and we did not define its type. Python interpreter will
automatically interpret variables a as an integer type.

Python enables us to check the type of the variable used in the program. Python provides us the
type() function, which returns the type of the variable passed.

Consider the following example to define the values of different data types and checking its type.

1. a=10  
2. b="Hi Python"  
3. c = 10.5  
4. print(type(a))  
5. print(type(b))  
6. print(type(c))  

Output:

<type 'int'>
<type 'str'>
<type 'float'>
Standard data types

A variable can hold different types of values. For example, a person's name must be stored as a
string whereas its id must be stored as an integer.

Python provides various standard data types that define the storage method on each of them. The
data types defined in Python are given below.

1. Numbers
2. Sequence Type
3. Boolean
4. Set
5. Dictionary
In this section of the tutorial, we will give a brief introduction of the above data-types. We will
discuss each one of them in detail later in this tutorial.

Numbers

Number stores numeric values. The integer, float, and complex values belong to a Python
Numbers data-type. Python provides the type() function to know the data-type of the variable.
Similarly, the isinstance() function is used to check an object belongs to a particular class.

Python creates Number objects when a number is assigned to a variable. For example;

1. a = 5  
2. print("The type of a", type(a))  
3.   
4. b = 40.5  
5. print("The type of b", type(b))  
6.   
7. c = 1+3j  
8. print("The type of c", type(c))  
9. print(" c is a complex number", isinstance(1+3j,complex))  

Output:

The type of a <class 'int'>

The type of b <class 'float'>
The type of c <class 'complex'>
c is complex number: True

Python supports three types of numeric data.

1. Int - Integer value can be any length such as integers 10, 2, 29, -20, -150 etc. Python has no
restriction on the length of an integer. Its value belongs to int
2. Float - Float is used to store floating-point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc. It is accurate upto
15 decimal points.
3. complex - A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y denote the real
and imaginary parts, respectively. The complex numbers like 2.14j, 2.0 + 2.3j, etc.

Sequence Type

String

The string can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the quotation marks. In
Python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to define a string.

String handling in Python is a straightforward task since Python provides built-in functions and
operators to perform operations in the string.

In the case of string handling, the operator + is used to concatenate two strings as the operation
"hello"+" python" returns "hello python".

The operator * is known as a repetition operator as the operation "Python" *2 returns 'Python
Python'.

The following example illustrates the string in Python.

Example - 1

1. str = "string using double quotes"  
2. print(str)  
3. s = '''''A multiline 
4. string'''  
5. print(s)  

Output:

string using double quotes

A multiline
string

Consider the following example of string handling.

Example - 2

1. str1 = 'hello javatpoint' #string str1    
2. str2 = ' how are you' #string str2    
3. print (str1[0:2]) #printing first two character using slice operator    
4. print (str1[4]) #printing 4th character of the string    
5. print (str1*2) #printing the string twice    
6. print (str1 + str2) #printing the concatenation of str1 and str2    

Output:

he
o
hello javatpointhello javatpoint
hello javatpoint how are you

List

Python Lists are similar to arrays in C. However, the list can contain data of different types. The
items stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed within square brackets [].

We can use slice [:] operators to access the data of the list. The concatenation operator (+) and
repetition operator (*) works with the list in the same way as they were working with the strings.

Consider the following example.

1. list1  = [1, "hi", "Python", 2]    
2. #Checking type of given list  
3. print(type(list1))  
4.   
5. #Printing the list1  
6. print (list1)  
7.   
8. # List slicing  
9. print (list1[3:])  
10.   
11. # List slicing  
12. print (list1[0:2])   
13.   
14. # List Concatenation using + operator  
15. print (list1 + list1)  
16.   
17. # List repetation using * operator  
18. print (list1 * 3)  

Output:

[1, 'hi', 'Python', 2]

[2]
[1, 'hi']
[1, 'hi', 'Python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'Python', 2]
[1, 'hi', 'Python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'Python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'Python', 2]

Tuple

A tuple is similar to the list in many ways. Like lists, tuples also contain the collection of the
items of different data types. The items of the tuple are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed
in parentheses ().

A tuple is a read-only data structure as we can't modify the size and value of the items of a tuple.

Let's see a simple example of the tuple.

1. tup  = ("hi", "Python", 2)    
2. # Checking type of tup  
3. print (type(tup))    
4.   
5. #Printing the tuple  
6. print (tup)  
7.   
8. # Tuple slicing  
9. print (tup[1:])    
10. print (tup[0:1])    
11.   
12. # Tuple concatenation using + operator  
13. print (tup + tup)    
14.   
15. # Tuple repatation using * operator  
16. print (tup * 3)     
17.   
18. # Adding value to tup. It will throw an error.  
19. t[2] = "hi"  

Output:

<class 'tuple'>
('hi', 'Python', 2)
('Python', 2)
('hi',)
('hi', 'Python', 2, 'hi', 'Python', 2)
('hi', 'Python', 2, 'hi', 'Python', 2, 'hi', 'Python', 2)

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "main.py", line 14, in <module>
t[2] = "hi";
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
Dictionary

Dictionary is an unordered set of a key-value pair of items. It is like an associative array or a

hash table where each key stores a specific value. Key can hold any primitive data type, whereas
value is an arbitrary Python object.

The items in the dictionary are separated with the comma (,) and enclosed in the curly braces {}.

Consider the following example.

1. d = {1:'Jimmy', 2:'Alex', 3:'john', 4:'mike'}     
2.   
3. # Printing dictionary  
4. print (d)  
5.   
6. # Accesing value using keys  
7. print("1st name is "+d[1])   
8. print("2nd name is "+ d[4])    
9.   
10. print (d.keys())    
11. print (d.values())    

Output:

1st name is Jimmy

2nd name is mike
{1: 'Jimmy', 2: 'Alex', 3: 'john', 4: 'mike'}
dict_keys([1, 2, 3, 4])
dict_values(['Jimmy', 'Alex', 'john', 'mike'])

Boolean

Boolean type provides two built-in values, True and False. These values are used to determine
the given statement true or false. It denotes by the class bool. True can be represented by any
non-zero value or 'T' whereas false can be represented by the 0 or 'F'. Consider the following
example.

1. # Python program to check the boolean type  
2. print(type(True))  
3. print(type(False))  
4. print(false)  

Output:

<class 'bool'>
<class 'bool'>
NameError: name 'false' is not defined
Set

Python Set is the unordered collection of the data type. It is iterable, mutable(can modify after
creation), and has unique elements. In set, the order of the elements is undefined; it may return
the changed sequence of the element. The set is created by using a built-in function set(), or a
sequence of elements is passed in the curly braces and separated by the comma. It can contain
various types of values. Consider the following example.

1. # Creating Empty set  
2. set1 = set()  
3.   
4. set2 = {'James', 2, 3,'Python'}  
5.   
6. #Printing Set value  
7. print(set2)  
8.   
9. # Adding element to the set  
10.   
11. set2.add(10)  
12. print(set2)  
13.   
14. #Removing element from the set  
15. set2.remove(2)  
16. print(set2)  

Python Keywords
Python Keywords are special reserved words that convey a special meaning to the
compiler/interpreter. Each keyword has a special meaning and a specific operation. These
keywords can't be used as a variable. Following is the List of Python Keywords.

True False None and as

asset def class continue break
else finally elif del except
global for if from import
raise try or return pass
nonloca in not is lambda
l

Consider the following explanation of keywords.

1. True - It represents the Boolean true, if the given condition is true, then it returns "True". Non-
zero values are treated as true.
2. False - It represents the Boolean false; if the given condition is false, then it returns "False". Zero
value is treated as false
3. None - It denotes the null value or void. An empty list or Zero can't be treated as None.
 4. and - It is a logical operator. It is used to check the multiple conditions. It returns true if both
conditions are true. Consider the following truth table.

A B A and B

True True True

True False False

False True False

False False False

5. or - It is a logical operator in Python. It returns true if one of the conditions is true. Consider
the following truth table.

A B A and B

True True True

True False True

False True True

False False False

6. not - It is a logical operator and inverts the truth value. Consider the following truth table.

A Not A

True False

False True

7. assert - This keyword is used as the debugging tool in Python. It checks the correctness of the
code. It raises an AssertionError if found any error in the code and also prints the message with
an error.

Example:

1. a = 10  
2. b = 0  
3. print('a is dividing by Zero')  
4. assert b != 0  
5. print(a / b)  

Output:
a is dividing by Zero
Runtime Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/40545678b342ce3b70beb1224bed345f.py", line 4, in
assert b != 0, "Divide by 0 error"
AssertionError: Divide by 0 error

8. def - This keyword is used to declare the function in Python. If followed by the function name.

1. def my_func(a,b):  
2.     c = a+b  
3.     print(c)  
4. my_func(10,20)  

Output:

30

9. class - It is used to represents the class in Python. The class is the blueprint of the objects. It is
the collection of the variable and methods. Consider the following class.

1. class Myclass:  
2.    #Variables……..  
3.    def function_name(self):  
4.       #statements………  

10. continue - It is used to stop the execution of the current iteration. Consider the following
example.

1. a = 0  
2. while a < 4:  
3.   a += 1   
4.   if a == 2:  
5.     continue  
6.   print(a)  

Output:

1
3
4

11. break - It is used to terminate the loop execution and control transfer to the end of the loop.
Consider the following example.

Example

1. for i in range(5):  
 2.     if(i==3):  
3.         break  
4.     print(i)  
5. print("End of execution")  

Output:

0
1
2
End of execution

12. If - It is used to represent the conditional statement. The execution of a particular block is
decided by if statement. Consider the following example.

Example

1. i = 18  
2. if (1 < 12):  
3. print("I am less than 18")  

Output:

I am less than 18

13. else - The else statement is used with the if statement. When if statement returns false, then
else block is executed. Consider the following example.

Example:

1. n = 11  
2. if(n%2 == 0):  
3.     print("Even")  
4. else:  
5.     print("odd")  

Output:

Odd

14. elif - This Keyword is used to check the multiple conditions. It is short for else-if. If the
previous condition is false, then check until the true condition is found. Condition the following
example.

Example:

1. marks = int(input("Enter the marks:"))  
2. if(marks>=90):  
 3.     print("Excellent")  
4. elif(marks<90 and marks>=75):  
5.     print("Very Good")  
6. elif(marks<75 and marks>=60):  
7.     print("Good")  
8. else:  
9.     print("Average")  

Output:

Enter the marks:85

Very Good

15. del - It is used to delete the reference of the object. Consider the following example.

Example:

1. a=10  
2. b=12  
3. del a  
4. print(b)  
5. # a is no longer exist  
6. print(a)    

Output:

12
NameError: name 'a' is not defined

16. try, except - The try-except is used to handle the exceptions. The exceptions are run-time
errors. Consider the following example.

Example:

1. a = 0  
2. try:  
3.    b = 1/a  
4. except Exception as e:  
5.    print(e)  

Output:

division by zero

17. raise - The raise keyword is used to through the exception forcefully. Consider the following
example.

Example
 1. a = 5  
2. if (a>2):  
3.    raise Exception('a should not exceed 2 ')  

Output:

Exception: a should not exceed 2

18. finally - The finally keyword is used to create a block of code that will always be executed
no matter the else block raises an error or not. Consider the following example.

Example:

1. a=0  
2. b=5  
3. try:  
4.     c = b/a  
5.     print(c)  
6. except Exception as e:  
7.     print(e)  
8. finally:  
9.     print('Finally always executed')  

Output:

division by zero
Finally always executed

19. for, while - Both keywords are used for iteration. The for keyword is used to iterate over the
sequences (list, tuple, dictionary, string). A while loop is executed until the condition returns
false. Consider the following example.

Example: For loop

1. list = [1,2,3,4,5]  
2. for i in list:  
3.     print(i)  

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

Example: While loop

 1. a = 0  
2. while(a<5):  
3.     print(a)  
4.     a = a+1  

Output:

0
1
2
3
4

20. import - The import keyword is used to import modules in the current Python script. The
module contains a runnable Python code.

Example:

1. import math  
2. print(math.sqrt(25))  

Output:

21. from - This keyword is used to import the specific function or attributes in the current
Python script.

Example:

1. from math import sqrt  
2. print(sqrt(25))  

Output:

22. as - It is used to create a name alias. It provides the user-define name while importing a
module.

Example:

1. import calendar as cal  
2. print(cal.month_name[5])  

Output:

May
23. pass - The pass keyword is used to execute nothing or create a placeholder for future code. If
we declare an empty class or function, it will through an error, so we use the pass keyword to
declare an empty class or function.

Example:

1. class my_class:  
2.     pass  
3.   
4. def my_func():   
5.     pass   

24. return - The return keyword is used to return the result value or none to called function.

Example:

1. def sum(a,b):  
2.     c = a+b  
3.     return c  
4.       
5. print("The sum is:",sum(25,15))  

Output:

The sum is: 40

25. is - This keyword is used to check if the two-variable refers to the same object. It returns the
true if they refer to the same object otherwise false. Consider the following example.

Example

1. x = 5  
2. y = 5  
3.   
4. a = []  
5. b = []  
6. print(x is y)  
7. print(a is b)  

Output:

True
False
Note: A mutable data-types do not refer to the same object.

26. global - The global keyword is used to create a global variable inside the function. Any
function can access the global. Consider the following example.
Example

1. def my_func():  
2.     global a   
3.     a = 10  
4.     b = 20  
5.     c = a+b  
6.     print(c)  
7.       
8. my_func()  
9.   
10. def func():  
11.     print(a)  
12.       
13. func()  

27. nonlocal - The nonlocal is similar to the global and used to work with a variable inside the
nested function(function inside a function). Consider the following example.

Example

1. def outside_function():  
2.     a = 20   
3.     def inside_function():  
4.         nonlocal a  
5.         a = 30  
6.         print("Inner function: ",a)  
7.     inside_function()  
8.     print("Outer function: ",a)  
9. outside_function()  

Output:

Inner function: 50
Outer function: 50

28. lambda - The lambda keyword is used to create the anonymous function in Python. It is an
inline function without a name. Consider the following example.

Example

1. a = lambda x: x**2  
2. for i in range(1,6):  
3.   print(a(i))  

Output:
1
4
9
16
25

29. yield - The yield keyword is used with the Python generator. It stops the function's execution
and returns value to the caller. Consider the following example.

Example

1. def fun_Generator():  
2.   yield 1  
3.   yield 2  
4.   yield 3  
5.   
6.   
7. # Driver code to check above generator function   
8. for value in fun_Generator():  
9.   print(value)  

Output:

1
2
3

30. with - The with keyword is used in the exception handling. It makes code cleaner and more
readable. The advantage of using with, we don't need to call close(). Consider the following
example.

Example

1. with open('file_path', 'w') as file:   
2.     file.write('hello world !')  

31. None - The None keyword is used to define the null value. It is remembered that None does
not indicate 0, false, or any empty data-types. It is an object of its data type, which is Consider
the following example.

Example:

1. def return_none():  
2.   a = 10  
3.   b = 20  
4.   c = a + b  
5.   
6. x = return_none()  
 7. print(x)  

Output:

None

Python Literals
Python Literals can be defined as data that is given in a variable or constant.

Python supports the following literals:

1. String literals:

String literals can be formed by enclosing a text in the quotes. We can use both single as well as
double quotes to create a string.

Example:

1. "Aman" , '12345'  

Types of Strings:

There are two types of Strings supported in Python:

a) Single-line String- Strings that are terminated within a single-line are known as Single line
Strings.

Example:

1. text1='hello'  

b) Multi-line String - A piece of text that is written in multiple lines is known as multiple lines
string.

There are two ways to create multiline strings:

1) Adding black slash at the end of each line.

Example:

1. text1='hello\    
2. user'    
3. print(text1)  
'hellouser'

2) Using triple quotation marks:-

Example:

1. str2='''''welcome  
2. to  
3. SSSIT'''    
4. print str2   

Output:

welcome
to
SSSIT

II. Numeric literals:

Numeric Literals are immutable. Numeric literals can belong to following four different
numerical types.

Int(signed float(floating
Long(long integers) Complex(complex)
integers) point)
Numbers( can be Integers of unlimited
Real numbers with In the form of a+bj where a
both positive and size followed by
both integer and forms the real part and b forms
negative) with no lowercase or
fractional part eg: the imaginary part of the
fractional part.eg: uppercase L eg:
-26.2 complex number. eg: 3.14j
100 87032845L

Example - Numeric Literals

1. x = 0b10100 #Binary Literals  
2. y = 100 #Decimal Literal   
3. z = 0o215 #Octal Literal  
4. u = 0x12d #Hexadecimal Literal  
5.   
6. #Float Literal  
7. float_1 = 100.5   
8. float_2 = 1.5e2  
9.   
10. #Complex Literal   
11. a = 5+3.14j  
12.   
13. print(x, y, z, u)  
14. print(float_1, float_2)  
15. print(a, a.imag, a.real)  
Output:

20 100 141 301

100.5 150.0
(5+3.14j) 3.14 5.0

III. Boolean literals:

A Boolean literal can have any of the two values: True or False.

Example - Boolean Literals

1. x = (1 == True)  
2. y = (2 == False)  
3. z = (3 == True)  
4. a = True + 10  
5. b = False + 10  
6.   
7. print("x is", x)  
8. print("y is", y)  
9. print("z is", z)  
10. print("a:", a)  
11. print("b:", b)  

Output:

x is True
y is False
z is False
a: 11
b: 10

IV. Special literals.

Python contains one special literal i.e., None.

None is used to specify to that field that is not created. It is also used for the end of lists in
Python.

Example - Special Literals

1. val1=10    
2. val2=None    
3. print(val1)     
4. print(val2)  

Output:
10
None

V. Literal Collections.

Python provides the four types of literal collection such as List literals, Tuple literals, Dict
literals, and Set literals.

List:

 List contains items of different data types. Lists are mutable i.e., modifiable.
 The values stored in List are separated by comma(,) and enclosed within square
brackets([]). We can store different types of data in a List.

Example - List literals

1. list=['John',678,20.4,'Peter']    
2. list1=[456,'Andrew']    
3. print(list)    
4. print(list + list1)  

Output:

['John', 678, 20.4, 'Peter']

['John', 678, 20.4, 'Peter', 456, 'Andrew']

Dictionary:

 Python dictionary stores the data in the key-value pair.

 It is enclosed by curly-braces {} and each pair is separated by the commas(,).

Example

1. dict = {'name': 'Pater', 'Age':18,'Roll_nu':101}  
2. print(dict)  

Output:

{'name': 'Pater', 'Age': 18, 'Roll_nu': 101}

Tuple:

 Python tuple is a collection of different data-type. It is immutable which means it cannot

be modified after creation.
 It is enclosed by the parentheses () and each element is separated by the comma(,).

Example
 1. tup = (10,20,"Dev",[2,3,4])  
2. print(tup)  

Output:

(10, 20, 'Dev', [2, 3, 4])

Set:

 Python set is the collection of the unordered dataset.

 It is enclosed by the {} and each element is separated by the comma(,).

Example: - Set Literals

1. set = {'apple','grapes','guava','papaya'}  
2. print(set)  

Output:

{'guava', 'apple', 'papaya',