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Bisection Method Interval Halving

The bisection method is an algorithm for finding the zeros, or roots, of a continuous function within a given interval. It works by repeatedly dividing the interval in half and evaluating the function at the midpoint. Based on the signs of the function values at the endpoints, one half of the interval is discarded. This process is repeated until the desired accuracy is reached. The method requires an initial interval where the function changes sign, and it systematically narrows this interval down until a zero is isolated.

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Hiraya Haeldrich
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40 views11 pages

Bisection Method Interval Halving

The bisection method is an algorithm for finding the zeros, or roots, of a continuous function within a given interval. It works by repeatedly dividing the interval in half and evaluating the function at the midpoint. Based on the signs of the function values at the endpoints, one half of the interval is discarded. This process is repeated until the desired accuracy is reached. The method requires an initial interval where the function changes sign, and it systematically narrows this interval down until a zero is isolated.

Uploaded by

Hiraya Haeldrich
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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Bisection Method

 The Bisection method is one of the simplest


methods to find a zero of a nonlinear function.
 It is also called interval halving method.
 To use the Bisection method, one needs an initial
interval that is known to contain a zero of the
function.
 The method systematically reduces the interval.
It does this by dividing the interval into two equal
parts, performs a simple test and based on the
result of the test, half of the interval is thrown
away.
 The procedure is repeated until the desired
interval size is obtained.
1
Bisection Method
 The bisection method obtains a new interval that is
half of the current interval and the sign of the
function at the end points of the interval are different.

 This allows us to repeat the bisection procedure to


further reduce the size of the interval.

2
Intermediate Value Theorem

Let f (x) be a continuous function f(a)


in the interval [a,b].
If f (a) and f (b) have different
signs, that is, f (a)∙f (b) < 0,
a b
then the function has at least
one zero in [a,b]. f(b)

3
Notes
 If f (a) and f (b) have the same
sign, the function may have an
even number of real zeros or
no real zeros in [a, b]. a b

 Bisection method can not be


used in these cases. The function has four real zeros

a b
The function has no real zeros

4
Notes
 If f (a) and f (b) have
different signs, then the
function has at least one
a b
real zero.
The function has one real zero
 Bisection method can be
used to find one of the
zeros. a b

The function has three real zeros

5
Bisection Algorithm f (a)

1. Let a and b be such that f(a)∙f(b) < 0. c b


a+b
2. Compute the midpoint c = . a
2
3. Evaluate f (c). f (b)
4. If f (a)∙ f (c) < 0, then b = c, update interval [a, c].
f (b)

If f (a)∙ f (c) > 0, then a = c, update interval is [c, b].


c b
5. If more accuracy is required, go back to step 2.
a
a+b
6. Take the approximate solution .
2

f (a) 6
Stopping Criteria
Two common stopping criteria

1. Stop after a fixed number of iterations


2. Stop when the desired accuracy based on
the absolute approximate error │Ea│,
| xn+1 - xn |, is less than a specified
value.

7
Example
Can you use Bisection method to find a zero of
f ( x) = x 2 − 3 in the interval [0,1]?

Answer:
f ( x) is continuous on [0,1]
and f (0)  f (2) = (-3)(-2) = 6  0
 Assumptions are not satisfied
 Bisection method can not be used

8
Example
Can you use Bisection method to find a zero of
f ( x) = x 2 − 3 in the interval [1,2]?

Answer:
f ( x) is continuous on [1,2]
and f (1)  f (2) = (-2)(1) = −2  0
 Assumptions are satisfied
 Bisection method can be used

9
Find the root of f ( x) = x − 3 in the interval [1,2]
2

Stop until the desired accuracy │Ea│ is less than 0.01.

│ Ea │

10
Solve e− x ( 3.2sin x − 0.5cos x ) = 0 in the interval [3,4]
Stop until the desired accuracy │Ea│ is less than 0.001.

│ Ea │

11

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