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Formulas Adv Stat Mech: Thermodynamics

These are the key formulas for the midterm exam in statistical mechanics: 1. The first law of thermodynamics is dE = dQ - dW, where dW can be expressed as -Σifi dXi. 2. The second law states that entropy will increase over time for an isolated system until it reaches its maximum value at equilibrium. 3. Important thermodynamic potentials include the entropy S, internal energy E, Helmholtz free energy F, and Gibbs free energy G.

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74 views2 pages

Formulas Adv Stat Mech: Thermodynamics

These are the key formulas for the midterm exam in statistical mechanics: 1. The first law of thermodynamics is dE = dQ - dW, where dW can be expressed as -Σifi dXi. 2. The second law states that entropy will increase over time for an isolated system until it reaches its maximum value at equilibrium. 3. Important thermodynamic potentials include the entropy S, internal energy E, Helmholtz free energy F, and Gibbs free energy G.

Uploaded by

Ilja Meijer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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Formulas Adv Stat Mech

These are the formulae that you should know by heart for the midterm!

Thermodynamics
• First law: d E = dQ − dW. dW is the work.
P
It is given by dW = − i f i d X i , where f i = d E /d X i .
For example:
dW = dWmechanical + dWchemical = P dV − µd N .

• Second law of thermodynamics: For an isolated system, the entropy will increase in time until it
acquires its maximum value. This happens at equilibrium.

• Temperature:
∂S
µ ¶
1
= .
T ∂E Ni ,Vi

• We have ∆Q ≤ T d S. The processes causing the right hand side to be larger than the left hand
R

side are spontaneous processes.


Processes for which dQ = T d S, are reversible.
Processes for which dQ = 0 are adiabatic.

• Thermodynamic potentials:

– S(E , X i ) (entropy), e.g. S(E ,V, N ).


– E (S, X i ), e.g. E (S,V, N ).
– F (T,V, N ) = E − T S.
– G(T, P, N ) = E − T S + PV .
– Φ = E − T S − µN .

• Euler equation: E = T S − PV + µN . From this: G = µN and Φ = −PV .

Noninteracting systems
• Equation of state of ideal gas: PV = N k B T .

• Caloric equation: E = 32 N k B T .

• Partition function of ideal gas: F = −k B T N ln NVλ3 .


¡N +q−1¢
• Multiplicity of Einstein solid: q

Statistical Physics
Liouville’s equation, classical:
ρ̇ = −{ρ, H }, Poisson bracket.
Quantum:
i×ρ̇ = [ρ, H ].
Ensembles:

1
• Microcanonical:
S = k B ln Ω; Ω = Nr of configurations at energyE .

• Canonical:
e −βE r ;
X
F = −k B T ln Z ; Z (N ,V, T ) =
r

r denotes the states the system can be in.

• Grand Canonical:
∞
Φgr = −k B T ln Zgr ; e βµN Z (N ,V, T ).
X
Zgr =
N =0

Gibbs entropy: X
S = −k B p r ln p r .
r

Quantum Statistics – noninteracting models


For a system of noninteracting particles which can occupy levels ² j :

e β(µ−² j )n j .
YX
Zgr =
j nj

Here n j = 0 or 1 for fermions and n j = 0, 1, . . . for bosons.

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