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Cheatsheets / Learn Python 3

Lists
Lists
In Python, lists are ordered collections of items that allow
for easy use of a set of data. primes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
List values are placed in between square brackets [ ] , print(primes)
separated by commas. It is good practice to put a space
between the comma and the next value. The values in a empty_list = []
list do not need to be unique (the same value can be
repeated).
Empty lists do not contain any values within the square
brackets.

Adding Lists Together

In Python, lists can be added to each other using the plus
symbol + . As shown in the code block, this will result in a items = ['cake', 'cookie', 'bread']
new list containing the same items in the same order with total_items = items + ['biscuit', 'tart']
the �rst list’s items coming �rst. print(total_items)
Note: This will not work for adding one item at a time (use # Result: ['cake', 'cookie', 'bread',
.append() method). In order to add one item, create a
'biscuit', 'tart']
new list with a single value and then use the plus symbol
to add the list.

Python Lists: Data Types

In Python, lists are a versatile data type that can contain
multiple di�erent data types within the same square numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 10]
brackets. The possible data types within a list include names = ['Jenny', 'Sam', 'Alexis']
numbers, strings, other objects, and even other lists. mixed = ['Jenny', 1, 2]
list_of_lists = [['a', 1], ['b', 2]]

List Method .append()

In Python, you can add values to the end of a list using the
.append() method. This will place the object passed in as orders = ['daisies', 'periwinkle']
a new element at the very end of the list. Printing the list orders.append('tulips')
afterwards will visually show the appended value. This print(orders)
.append() method is not to be confused with returning # Result: ['daisies', 'periwinkle',
an entirely new list with the passed object.
'tulips']

Zero-Indexing
In Python, list index begins at zero and ends at the length
of the list minus one. For example, in this list, 'Andy' is names = ['Roger', 'Rafael', 'Andy',
found at index 2 . 'Novak']

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List Indices
Python list elements are ordered by index, a number
referring to their placement in the list. List indices start at berries = ["blueberry", "cranberry",
0 and increment by one. "raspberry"]
To access a list element by index, square bracket notation
is used: list[index] . berries[0] # "blueberry"
berries[2] # "raspberry"

Negative List Indices

Negative indices for lists in Python can be used to
reference elements in relation to the end of a list. This soups = ['minestrone', 'lentil', 'pho',
can be used to access single list elements or as part of 'laksa']
de�ning a list range. For instance: soups[-1] # 'laksa'
soups[-3:] # 'lentil', 'pho', 'laksa'
To select the last element, my_list[-1] .
soups[:-2] # 'minestrone', 'lentil'
To select the last three elements, my_list[-3:] .

To select everything except the last two elements,

my_list[:-2] .

Modifying 2D Lists
In order to modify elements in a 2D list, an index for the
sublist and the index for the element of the sublist need # A 2D list of names and hobbies
to be provided. The format for this is class_name_hobbies = [["Jenny",
list[sublist_index][element_in_sublist_index] =
"Breakdancing"], ["Alexus",
new_value .
"Photography"], ["Grace", "Soccer"]]

# The sublist of Jenny is at index 0. The

hobby is at index 1 of the sublist.
class_name_hobbies[0][1] = "Meditation"
print(class_name_hobbies)

# Output
# [["Jenny", "Meditation"], ["Alexus",
"Photography"], ["Grace", "Soccer"]]

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Accessing 2D Lists
In order to access elements in a 2D list, an index for the
sublist and the index for the element of the sublist both # 2D list of people's heights
need to be provided. The format for this is heights = [["Noelle", 61], ["Ali", 70],
list[sublist_index][element_in_sublist_index] . ["Sam", 67]]
# Access the sublist at index 0, and then
access the 1st index of that sublist.
noelles_height = heights[0][1]
print(noelles_height)

# Output
# 61

List Method .remove()

The .remove() method in Python is used to remove an
element from a list by passing in the value of the element # Create a list
to be removed as an argument. In the case where two or shopping_line = ["Cole", "Kip", "Chris",
more elements in the list have the same value, the �rst "Sylvana", "Chris"]
occurrence of the element is removed.

# Removes the first occurance of "Chris"

shopping_line.remove("Chris")
print(shopping_line)

# Output
# ["Cole", "Kip", "Sylvana", "Chris"]

List Method .count()

The .count() Python list method searches a list for
whatever search term it receives as an argument, then backpack = ['pencil', 'pen', 'notebook',
returns the number of matching entries found. 'textbook', 'pen', 'highlighter', 'pen']
numPen = backpack.count('pen')

print(numPen)
# Output: 3

Determining List Length with len()

The Python len() function can be used to determine
the number of items found in the list it accepts as an knapsack = [2, 4, 3, 7, 10]
argument. size = len(knapsack)
print(size)
# Output: 5

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List Method .sort()

The .sort() Python list method will sort the contents of
whatever list it is called on. Numerical lists will be sorted exampleList = [4, 2, 1, 3]
in ascending order, and lists of Strings will be sorted into exampleList.sort()
alphabetical order. It modi�es the original list, and has no print(exampleList)
return value. # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

List Slicing
A slice, or sub-list of Python list elements can be selected
from a list using a colon-separated starting and ending tools = ['pen', 'hammer', 'lever']
point. tools_slice = tools[1:3] # ['hammer',
The syntax pattern is myList[START_NUMBER:END_NUMBER] . 'lever']
The slice will include the START_NUMBER index, and tools_slice[0] = 'nail'
everything until but excluding the END_NUMBER item.
When slicing a list, a new list is returned, so if the slice is
# Original list is unaltered:
saved and then altered, the original list remains the same.
print(tools) # ['pen', 'hammer', 'lever']

sorted() Function
The Python sorted() function accepts a list as an
argument, and will return a new, sorted list containing the unsortedList = [4, 2, 1, 3]
same elements as the original. Numerical lists will be sortedList = sorted(unsortedList)
sorted in ascending order, and lists of Strings will be print(sortedList)
sorted into alphabetical order. It does not modify the # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]
original, unsorted list.

List Method .insert()

The Python list method .insert() allows us to add an
element to a speci�c index in a list. # Here is a list representing a line of
It takes in two inputs: people at a store
store_line = ["Karla", "Maxium", "Martim",
The index that you want to insert into.
"Isabella"]
The element that you want to insert at the speci�ed
index. # Here is how to insert "Vikor" after
"Maxium" and before "Martim"
store_line.insert(2, "Vikor")

print(store_line)
# Output: ['Karla', 'Maxium', 'Vikor',
'Martim', 'Isabella']

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List Method .pop()

The .pop() method allows us to remove an element
from a list while also returning it. It accepts one optional cs_topics = ["Python", "Data Structures",
input which is the index of the element to remove. If no "Balloon Making", "Algorithms", "Clowns
index is provided, then the last element in the list will be 101"]
removed and returned.

# Pop the last element

removed_element = cs_topics.pop()

print(cs_topics)
print(removed_element)

# Output:
# ['Python', 'Data Structures', 'Balloon
Making', 'Algorithms']
# 'Clowns 101'

# Pop the element "Baloon Making"

cs_topics.pop(2)
print(cs_topics)

# Output:
# ['Python', 'Data Structures',
'Algorithms']

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