Learning outcomes covered

LO1: Explain the fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming concepts

LO2: Design Object-Oriented based applications
LO3: Develop Object-Oriented applications

Scenario and the Task

“City Bookshop” is one of the new bookshop located in the heart of the city. The company
planned to implement an application in order to automate transaction process

User levels and functionalities are follows

Cashier
1. View all the book details

2. Add new book details and category

3. Search book details based on category, Name, Price etc

Manager: (can perform all the functionality as cashier plus the following)
1. Create a new account (can have different account types)

2. Create new user account for cashier

You are required to apply OOP concepts for the above scenario. Data need to be saved and
retrieved from a File
Part A: Report

Task 1.Provide design solution (UML diagrams) for the above mention Scenario. Provide
clear explanation for all the diagrams mention below. (Provide assumption if necessary) (30
marks) (LO2)
a) Use case Diagram
b) Class Diagram
c) Sequence Diagram

Task 2: Develop suitable system for the above scenario based on the design. Required to use
Object Oriented concepts (Object, Class, Abstraction, Inheritance, Encapsulation and
Polymorphism) for the development. Document the main functionalities and Object Oriented
concepts applied with proper explanation and source code. (Marks 20) (LO1, LO3)

Task 3: Provide a user manual for the developed solution (Marks 10) (LO3)

Guidelines for the report format

Paper A4
Margins 1.5” left, 1” right, top and bottom
Page numbers – bottom, right
Line spacing 1.5
Font
Headings 14pt, Bold
Normal 12pt
Font face- Times New Roman

Part B: Demonstration
Task 4: System demonstration. System should work according to the expected
functionalities. Should be able to demonstrate Object Oriented concepts (Object, Class,
Abstraction, Inheritance, Encapsulation, and Polymorphism) applied to the given scenario.
Acknowledgement

I would like to thank my deepest appreciation to all those who encouraged me the possibility
to complete this assignment. A special thank for our lecturer Mrs. Upeka whose contribution
in stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped me to coordinate this assignment.

In this module I learned Object Oriented Programing properly and clearly. It’s very helps for
me to continue the next level of study. Again, I would like to thank everyone who has
supported me through entire process.
Introduction

“City Bookshop” is one of the new bookshop located in the city. The company planned to
implement an application in order to automate transaction process there are several functions
in this JAVA application such as login, manage books, manage categories, etc. there are two
authentication levels such as managers and cashiers. Managers has their own functions and
cashiers have their own functions such as search books/categories and view books.

In this assignment, UML Diagram, ER diagram and Sequence Diagram have been designed
with proper explanations. Then proper attractive user interfaces have been designed to get the
necessary user inputs. Then an interactive JAVA application has been developed and added it
to proper validation mechanisms in order to restrict invalid entries to the system. Finally,
proper conclusion have been included.
Task A

Provide design solution (UML diagrams) for the above mention Scenario. Provide clear
explanation for all the diagrams mention below.

a) Use case Diagram

b) Class Diagram
c) Sequence Diagram

Use case Diagram

In above use case diagram, it has considered several use cases. There are two actors in this
use case diagram such as manager and cashier. When it comes to the manager procedure of
this use case diagram, first manager have to login with the city books java Application then
manager have to keep their username and password for login to their account. After manager
login, manager can create the managers and cashiers as well as make new categories and
manage the books details. When it comes to cashier procedure of this application, first cashier
login to the application who assign by the manager, then cashier can handle some
functionalities such as search books and categories, add/update books, view books and delete
books. As well as cashier can view, add, edit new categories as well as delete categories of
the system.

When it comes to relationship and cardinality ratio of this use case diagram, Login and both
actors have many-to-many relationship because many managers and cashiers can login many
times, Manage books, categories and users have many-to-many relationship because users
can enter many books details can enter and update many books details, search functions and
cashiers have many-to-many relationship because many cashiers can search and view many
books and the book categories.

It is easy to understand this City Bookshop JAVA application procedure by seeing above use
case diagram.
Class Diagram

According to above class diagram, it has several classes such as login, cashier options,
manager options, add books, update and delete books, add, update and delete categories. All
the classes have their own attributes and behaviors
Sequence Diagram

Interactions between classes are depicted in sequence diagrams as a series of messages sent
over time. Event diagrams is another name for them. A sequence diagram is a useful tool for
visualizing and testing different runtime situations of user and the database. These can aid in
predicting how a system will behave and identifying tasks that a class may be required to
fulfil throughout the modelling phase.
Task B

Discuss use of OOP concepts in the implementation. Provide examples with detailed
justification

OOP
Object Orientation has taken the software world by storm.As a way of creating programs it
has number of advantages. It promotes the component- based approach to software
development.
• First create a system by creating a set of objects.
• Then, you can expand the system by adding capabilities to components you have already
built or by adding new components.
• Finally, you can reuse the objects you created for the system when you built a new
system. This will substantially reduce the system development time.
What is an Object?
• A ‘thing’ may have a physical presence such as a ‘table’, ‘chair’ or an abstract concept
such as ‘a job’.
• An object is an abstract representation of a ‘thing’ in the real world.
• We simulate a problem domain in the real- world through objects.
• An object has a unique identity, attributes (What it knows or data about it), and behavior
(What it can do).

An Student object (say customer1) will have the following attributes (what it knows): name,,
address
It will have the following behavior (what it can do): set address, get address, set name
What is a Class?
• Objects are the representation of things in the real world
• Classes are templates for objects, i.e. they contain all the common properties and
behavior of a group of objects.
• All objects with the same characteristics and behaviors belongs to the same class.

Three basic concepts underlining Object Oriented Programming

• Data Abstraction with Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
Objects in Java

Let us now look deep into what are objects. If we consider the real-worldI can find many
objects my Library management application like Member, Books, Library, etc. All these
objects have a state and behavior.

If I consider a dog, then its state is - name, breed, color, and the behavior is - barking,
wagging, running

If we are comparing with the software object with a real world object, they have very similar
characteristics.

Software objects also have a state and behavior. A software object's state is stored in fields
and behavior is shown via methods.

So in application development, methods operate on the internal state of an object and the
object-to-object communication is done via methods.

Abstraction: The ability to represent data at a very conceptual level without any details

Encapsulation: Encapsulation is placing the data and the functions that work on that data in
the same place. While working with procedural languages, it is not always clear which
functions work on which variables but object-oriented programming provides you framework
to place the data and the relevant functions together in the same object.

Inheritance: One of the most useful aspects of object-oriented programming is code

reusability. As the name suggests inheritance is the process of forming a new class from an
existing class that is from the existing class called as base class, new class is formed called as
derived class.

This is a very important concept of object-oriented programming since this feature helps to
reduce the code size.

Polymorphism: The ability to use an operator or function in different ways in other words
giving different meaning or functions to the operators or functions is called polymorphism.
Poly refers too many. That is a single function or an operator functioning in many ways
different upon the usage is called polymorphism.
User Interfaces

Main Menu -

Manager Login -
Cashier Login-

Cashier Book Manage -

Cashier category Manage -

Manager cashier Manage -

Manager manager Manage -

Manager book Manage -

Manager category Manage -
Main functionalities and Object Oriented concepts applied with proper
explanation and source code

Cashier
a) View all the book details

We can view all the book details from this function

b) Add new book details and category

We can insert the book details from this function
We can insert the category details from this function
 c) Search book details based on category, Name, Price etc

We can search books by the categories from this

We can search categories by the category name from this
Manager:
a) Create a new account (can have different account types)

From this function new manager accounts can be add by the manager
 b) Create new user account for cashier

New cashier account can be create by the admin

Object oriented concepts applied with proper explanation and source code

Inheritance

The inheritance can be defined as the process where one class acquires the properties
(methods and fields) of another. With the use of inheritance the information is made
manageable in a hierarchical order.

The class which inherits the properties of other is known as subclass (derived class, child
class) and the class whose properties are inherited is known as superclass (base class, parent
class). A class that inherits from another is called a derived class or a child class.

Polymorphism

The Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. The most common use
of polymorphism in OOP occurs when a parent class reference is used to refer to a child class
object.
Constructors used in application

The constructor in java is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object. The
Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides
data for the object that is why it is known as constructor as well

The Inheritance concept apply for Application

Java Inheritance defines is a relationship between a super class and its subclasses. This means
that an object of a subclass can be used wherever an object of the super class can be used.
Class Inheritance in java mechanism is used to build new classes from existing classes.
Encapsulation

The Java Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of wrapping the data (variables) and code
acting on the data (methods) together as single unit. In encapsulation the variables of a class
will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their
current class, therefore it is also known as data hiding.

In my application I used the Encapsulation java concept below code

Task C

Provide a user manual for the solution you've created.

User Manual

Main Menu – first main page we have to choose the user level to proceed

Manager Login – then if you are a manager you have to enter the login credentials from the
database to proceed
Cashier Login- then if you are a cashier you have to enter the login credentials from the
database to proceed

Cashier Book Manage – in cashiers menu there are book manage page we can view, insert, update,
delete and search book from that page
Cashier category Manage - in cashiers menu there are category manage page we can view, insert,
update, delete and search categories from that page

Manager cashier Manage - in managers menu there are cashier manage page we can view, insert,
update, delete and search cashiers from that page
Manager Manager Manage - in managers menu there are manager manage page we can view,
insert, update, delete and search managers from that page

Manager book Manage - in managers menu there are books manage page we can view, insert,
update, delete books from that page
Manager category Manage - in managers menu there are category manage page we can view,
insert, update, delete category from that page
Conclusion

The created bookshop system is just a modest attempt to meet the demands of a city
bookstore. A variety of user-friendly code has also been implemented.

This created application must be demonstrated to be a strong bundle capable of meeting all of
the business structure. The goal of software planning is to create a framework that allows a
manager to generate realistic predictions within a certain time period at the start of a software
project and to be updated on a frequent basis as the project proceeds.

I'd want to provide a detailed explanation of the created project scope, requirements, and
constraints. Overall, this will flexibly provide a powerful and precise overview of the
intended desktop-based explanation, as well as innovation.

When a user sends a searching request to the developed application with its related
connecting multiple database application, the application that would like to search with the
information from those MySQL databases in which search data is saved and return the result
from all the given databases, and I have also used Net Beans IDE to design my application
GUI.