Introduction to Machine Learning

(CSCI-UA.0480-002)

David Sontag
New York University

Slides adapted from Luke Zettlemoyer, Pedro Domingos, and

Carlos Guestrin
 Logistics
•  Class webpage:
–  http://cs.nyu.edu/~dsontag/courses/ml12/
–  Sign up for mailing list!

•  Office hours:
–  Tuesday 3:30-4:30pm and by appointment.
–  715 Broadway, 12th floor, Room 1204

•  Grader: Jinglun Dong

–  Email: jinglundong@gmail.com
 Evaluation
•  About 7 homeworks (50%)
–  Both theory and programming
–  See collaboration policy on class webpage

•  Midterm & final exam (45%)

•  Course participation (5%)

 Prerequisites
•  Basic algorithms (CS 310)
–  Dynamic programming, algorithmic analysis
•  Linear algebra (Math 140)
–  Matrices, vectors, systems of linear equations
–  Eigenvectors, matrix rank
–  Singular value decomposition
•  Multivariable calculus (Math 123)
–  Derivatives, integration, tangent planes
–  Lagrange multipliers
•  Probability (Math 233 or 235)
 Source Materials
Optional textbooks:

•  C. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine

Learning, Springer, 2007

•  K. Murphy, Machine Learning: a Probabilistic

Perspective, MIT Press, 2012
 A Few Quotes
•  A breakthrough in machine learning would be worth ten
Microsofts (Bill Gates, Chairman, Microsoft)

•  Machine learning is the next Internet (Tony Tether, former

director, DARPA)

•  “Machine learning is the hot new thing (John Hennessy, President,

Stanford)

•  Web rankings today are mostly a matter of machine

learning (Prabhakar Raghavan, former Dir. Research, Yahoo)

•  Machine learning is going to result in a real revolution (Greg

Papadopoulos, former CTO, Sun)

•  Machine learning is today’s discontinuity (Jerry Yang, former

CEO, Yahoo)
What is Machine Learning ?
(by examples)
 Classification

from data to discrete classes

 Spam filtering
data prediction

Spam
vs.
Not Spam
 Object detection

Example training images

for each orientation

10 ©2009 Carlos Guestrin

Weather prediction
 Regression

predicting a numeric value

Stock market
Weather prediction revisted

Temperature

72° F
 Ranking

comparing items
Web search
Given image, find similar images

http://www.tiltomo.com/
Collaborative Filtering
Recommendation systems
Recommendation systems
Machine learning competition with a $1 million prize
 Clustering

discovering structure in data

Clustering Data: Group similar things
 Clustering images

Set of Images

[Goldberger et al.]
Clustering web search results
Embedding

visualizing data
 Embedding images

•  Images have
thousands or
millions of pixels.

•  Can we give each

image a coordinate,
such that similar
images are near
each other?

26 ©2009 Carlos Guestrin

[Saul & Roweis ‘03]
Embedding words

[Joseph Turian]
Embedding words (zoom in)

[Joseph Turian]
Structured prediction

from data to discrete classes

Speech recognition
 Natural language processing

I need to hide a body

noun, verb, preposition, …
 Growth of Machine Learning
•  Machine learning is preferred approach to
–  Speech recognition, Natural language processing
–  Computer vision
–  Medical outcomes analysis
–  Robot control
–  Computational biology
–  Sensor networks
–  …
•  This trend is accelerating
–  Improved machine learning algorithms
–  Improved data capture, networking, faster computers
–  Software too complex to write by hand
–  New sensors / IO devices
–  Demand for self-customization to user, environment
 Supervised Learning: find f
•  Given: Training set {(xi, yi) | i = 1 … n}
•  Find: A good approximation to f : X  Y
Examples: what are X and Y ?
•  Spam Detection
–  Map email to {Spam, Not Spam}
•  Digit recognition
–  Map pixels to {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
•  Stock Prediction
–  Map new, historic prices, etc. to ! (the real numbers)
 Example: Spam Filter
Dear Sir.
•  Input: email
•  Output: spam/ham First, I must solicit your confidence in this
transaction, this is by virture of its nature
•  Setup: as being utterly confidencial and top
–  Get a large collection of secret. …
example emails, each
labeled spam or ham
TO BE REMOVED FROM FUTURE
–  Note: someone has to hand MAILINGS, SIMPLY REPLY TO THIS
label all this data! MESSAGE AND PUT "REMOVE" IN THE
–  Want to learn to predict SUBJECT.
labels of new, future emails
99 MILLION EMAIL ADDRESSES
FOR ONLY $99
•  Features: The attributes used to
make the ham / spam decision
Ok, Iknow this is blatantly OT but I'm
–  Words: FREE! beginning to go insane. Had an old Dell
–  Text Patterns: $dd, CAPS Dimension XPS sitting in the corner and
–  Non-text: SenderInContacts decided to put it to use, I know it was
–  … working pre being stuck in the corner, but
when I plugged it in, hit the power nothing
happened.
 Example: Digit Recognition
•  Input: images / pixel grids
0
•  Output: a digit 0-9
•  Setup:
–  Get a large collection of example 1
images, each labeled with a digit
–  Note: someone has to hand label all
this data!
–  Want to learn to predict labels of new, 2
future digit images

•  Features: The attributes used to make the

digit decision 1
–  Pixels: (6,8)=ON
–  Shape Patterns: NumComponents,
AspectRatio, NumLoops ??
–  …
 Important Concepts
•  Data: labeled instances, e.g. emails marked spam/ham
–  Training set
–  Held out set (sometimes call Validation set)
–  Test set
•  Features: attribute-value pairs which characterize each x
Training
•  Experimentation cycle Data
–  Select a hypothesis f to best match training set
–  (Tune hyperparameters on held-out or validation set)
–  Compute accuracy of test set
–  Very important: never peek at the test set!
•  Evaluation
–  Accuracy: fraction of instances predicted correctly Held-Out
Data
•  Overfitting and generalization
–  Want a classifier which does well on test data
–  Overfitting: fitting the training data very closely, but not
generalizing well Test
–  We’ll investigate overfitting and generalization formally in a Data
few lectures
A Supervised Learning Problem
•  Consider a simple, Dataset:
Boolean dataset:
–  f : X  Y
–  X = {0,1}4
–  Y = {0,1}

•  Question 1: How should

we pick the hypothesis
space, the set of possible
functions f ?
•  Question 2: How do we
find the best f in the
hypothesis space?
Most General Hypothesis Space
Consider all possible boolean functions over four
input features!
Dataset:
• 216 possible
hypotheses

• 29 are consistent

with our dataset

• How do we
choose the best
one?
 A Restricted Hypothesis Space
Consider all conjunctive boolean functions.

Dataset:
• 16 possible
hypotheses

• None are
consistent with our
dataset

• How do we
choose the best
one?