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COMPUTER STUDIES
ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
(Week 10)

Chapter 3: Discreet Probability Distribution

Introduction
Engineering Data Analysis (EDA) is an indispensable analysis tool for the
engineering team of the industries to analyze processes, integration, and yield
(conversion rate) effectively in order to enhance the competitiveness of the
company

Learning Outcome
1. Solve Probability Distribution
2. Apply Cumulative Distribution Functions
3. Understand the process of Binomial Distribution
4. Solve Poisson Distribution

Learning Content
3.1 Random variables and their probability distribution
3.2. Cumulative Distribution Functions
3.3. Expected Values of Random Variables
3.4. The Binomial Distribution
3.5. The Poisson Distribution

3.1 Random variables and their probability distribution

RANDOM VARIABLES

A random variable is a function that assigns numerical values to the outcomes of

a sample space.

We shall use capital letter to denote a random variable and its corresponding
small letter for one of its values.

CLASSIFICATION OF RANDOM VARIABLES

Random variables are classified as discrete or continuous, depending upon their

range of values.
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1. Discrete random variable is one whose set of possibleCOMPUTER
values is finite orSTUDIES
countably infinite.

2. Continuous random variable is one that can assume values on a continuous

scale.

PROABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF DISCRETE RANDOM VARAIBLES

A probability distribution is a formula or a table listing of all possible values that a

random variable can take on. This is the theoretical counterpart of frequency
distribution.

The probability distribution or probability mass function (pmf) of a discrete random

variable X is defined for every number x by.

f(x) = P(X=x)

Properties of a discrete probability function:

1. f(x) ≥ 0

2. ∑ f ( x )=1

EXAMPLE 3.1.1

Find the probability distribution for a number of heads that appear when a coin is
tossed 3 times

SOLUTION:

let X = number of heads that appear

x = 0, 1, 2, 3

f(x) = P(X=x)

Possible outcomes when a coin is tossed 3 times. Getting for the sample space, let
S= { TTT, TTH, THH, THT, HHH, HHT, HTT, HTH }

X f(x)
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0 1 COMPUTER STUDIES
8
1 3
8
2 3
8
3 1
8
∑ 1

Table 3.1 pmf of the no. of detective bulbs

Example 3.1.2
Find the probability mass function of the ramdom variable Y which represents
the number of yellow marbles out of three balls drawn at random from an urn
containing 5 red marbles and 6 green marbles marbles.

Solution:

Y = number of red marbles

Y = 0, 1, 2, 3

5 C  0    6 C3 20 4
F(0) = P(M=0) = = =
11 C3 165 33

5 C  1    6 C2 75 5
F(1) = P(M=1) = = =
11 C3 165 11

5 C  2    6 C1 60 4
F(2) = P(M=2) = = =
11 C3 165 11

5 C  3    6 C 0 10 2
F(3) = P(M=3) = = =
11C3 165 33
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M f(m)
0 4
33

1 5
11

2 4
11

3 2
33

∑ 1

Table 3.2 pmf of the no. of red marbles

Alternative Solution

f(0) = P(WWW) = ( 116 )( 105 )( 49 )=¿ 334

f(1) = P(RWW or WRW or WWR)

5 6
= ( )( 59 ) + ( 116 )( 105 )( 59 ) + ( 116 ) ( 105 )( 59 ) = 115
11 10

f(2) = P(RRW or RWR or WRR)

5 4
= ( )( 69 ) + ( 115 )( 106 )( 49 ) + ( 116 ) ( 105 )( 49 ) = 114
11 10

f(3) = P(RRR) = ( 115 )( 104 )( 39 )=¿ 332

3.2. Cumulative Distribution Functions
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Distribution Functions for Discrete Random Variables COMPUTER STUDIES
The cumulative distribution function (cdf) designated by F(x) for a discrete
random variable X is defined by

F(x) = P(x ≤ x ¿ = ∑ f (u)

u≤ x

Example 3.2.1
Find the cdf for the number of heads that appear when a coin is tossed 3 times.
Solution:
F(0) = P(X≤ 0 ¿=f (0)=1 /8
F(1) = P(X≤ 1¿=f (0)+ f (1)=1 /8+ 3/8=4 /8=1/2
F(2) = P(X≤ 2¿=f (0)+f (1)+ f (2)=F(1)+ F (2)=7/8
F(3) = P(X≤ 3 ¿=f (0)+f (1)+ f (2)+ f (3)=F (2)+f (3)=1

3.4 Binomial Distribution

If an experiment consists of n repeated trials, each trial has two possible
outcomes which may be labeled as success of failure, and if the repeated trials are
independent, the probability of a success remains constant from trial to trial. The
experiment is called a binomial experiment.
The number of success is n independent trial is called a binomial random
variable. The probability distribution of this discrete random variable is called the
binomial distribution.
If a binomial trial can result in a success with probability p and a failure with
probability q= 1-p, then the probability distribution of the binomial random variable X,
the number of success is n independent trial is
F(x) = nCxpxqn-x
“Bi” means there are two possible outcomes (success, failure)
n= no.of trials ; p= prob.of success
x= any no.of successes ; q= prob.of failure. Note: ( q= 1-p )

Example 3.4.1
1. A coin is tossed 5 times, find the probability of
a. getting exactly 3 heads , b. at most 3 heads
note: Theres a long way (see ex. problem under Probability of an event similar to this
problem) and a short way in solving this problem. Lets start with the short way!
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a.) notice that this is a coin, so there are two possible COMPUTER
outcome (a tail orSTUDIES
a
head)
F(x) = n Cxpxqn-x
Solution:
n=5 , p = 1/2 , why?bec.there is one success (h) out two
outcomes (head or tail)
x=3 , q = 1/2Note: ( q= 1-p )
q= 1-1/2
=½

F(x) = n Cxpxqn-x = 5C3(0.5)3(0.5)5-3

= 0.3125 x 100
F(x) = 31.25% is the probability of getting exactly 3 heads!

b.) at most 3 heads ( means less than 3 heads)

F(x) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2)
F(x) = 5C0(0.5)0(0.5)5-0 + 5C1(0.5)1(0.5)5-1 + 5C2(0.5)2(0.5)5-2
= 0.03125 + 0.15625 + 0.3125
= 0.5 X 100
F(x) = 50% is the probability of getting at most 3 heads!

Example 3.3.2
A six-sided die is rolled 12 times. What is the probability of getting a 4 five times?
F(x) = nCxpxqn-x
GIVEN:

n = 12 , p = 1/6 , why?bec.out of the six numbers we get only one successful

no. or outcome which is 4 .
x=5 , q = 5/6 note: ( q = 1-p )
q= 1-1/6 = 5/6
Solution:
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F(x) = n Cxpxqn-x = 12C5(1/6)5(5/6)12-5 COMPUTER STUDIES
F(x) = 2.84% is the probability of getting 4 five times if a six-sided die
rolled 12 times!

Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

Example:
Online (synchronous)
//Edmodo, google classroom, moodle, schoology, Podcast etc..
Remote (asynchronous)
//module, case study, exercises, problems sets, etc…

References (at least 3 references preferably copyrighted within the last 5

years, alphabetically arranged)
Fundamentals of Probability and Statistics for Engineering by Marie-Wendy J.
Frany, Miriam S.P. Galvez and Emy L. Vasquez
http://www.fs-technology.com/EN/EDA-en.html
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/math-probability.html