Study Guide in Mathematics in the Modern World FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

GE7 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2 : Mathematical Language and Symbol

MODULE 2

MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOL

MODULE OVERVIEW

This module consist of four lessons : Mathematics and English as Languages

, The Language and Grammar of Mathematics, The Language of Sets, The Language of Logic .
Each lesson was designed as a self-teaching guide. Definitions of terms and examples had been
incorporated. Answering the problems in “your turn” will check your progress. You may compare
your answers to the solutions provided at the later part of this module in that way you will be able to
measure your achievement and as well as the effectiveness of the module. Exercises were prepared
as your assignment to measure your understanding about the topics.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

 Discuss the language, symbols and conventions of mathematics
 Explain the nature of mathematics as a language
 Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly
 Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language

LEARNING CONTENTS ( MATHEMATICS AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES)

Lesson 1. Mathematics and English as Languages

Mathematics and English are both languages that if you excel to both, you have a bigger
chance of being ahead in a world full of competition. The figure below will give you an overview on
their similarities and differences.

What have you notice so far?

Even though the words “noun”, “verb”, or pronoun” are not used in mathematics, the similarities
with the English language can be observed :
 Nouns could be constants such as numbers or expression with numbers:

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( 13 ) ,−58
12 ,2 4−

 A verb could be equal sign¿ , or inequality symbols like ¿ or ≤ .

 Pronouns could be a variables like x∨ y :

−4
5 x−8 , 2 xy ,
x
 Sentences could be formed by putting together these parts :
3 x+ 7=24 , 2 x+3 y =7

LEARNING CONTENTS (THE LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR OF MATHEMATICS)

Lesson 2: The Language and Grammar of Mathematics

Mathematics has a language features unparalleled in other languages, like presentation for
example “, y ,∨x “ for any real number or any numerical expression. In addition, the language of
Mathematics is packed with terms and symbols, which normally used in everyday conversation.

Mathematics has grammar too, but it is the mathematical logic that determines whether the
statements are true or not true, valid or not valid. Therefore, we need to view Mathematics as a
language and must learn it in a way a language is learned.

Think about this!

Watch this video and answer the guide questions?

Math isn't hard, it's a language | Randy Palisoc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6yixyiJcos

1. What practice in learning Mathematics was emphasized by the speaker?

2. What part of the talk made you go back to the time when you were beginning to learn
Mathematics?
3. Do you agree that Mathematics is a human language , and should have been taught the
way English languages is being taught? Explain.

Mathematical Expression and Sentence

A sentence must contain a complete thought. In the English language an ordinary sentence
must contain a subject and a predicate.. Similarly, a mathematical sentence must state a complete
thought. While an expression is a name given to a mathematical object of interest. Below are

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examples of mathematical expressions :

a. An ordered pair
1 4
b. A matrix
−2 3 [ ]
c. A function f (x)
d. The set {1, 3, 5}
e.
Below are example of mathematical sentences or statement.

Combined
Mathematical English Translations
Sentences
- The sum of six and two all over four is two.
6+2 - The ratio of six plus two, and four is equal to two.
=2 - Two is the quotient when the sum of six and two is divided by
4
four.

2 ( 12−4 )=16 -Twice the difference of twelve and four is sixteen.

-The product of 2 and twelve less four is sixteen

We also have some examples of algebraic sentences.

Algebraic Sentences English Translation
-Twice a number is equal to fourteen.
2 x=14 -Two times a number is fourteen.

-Thrice the difference of twice a number and one is four.

3 ( 2 x −1 )=4 -Three, multiplied to the difference of twice a number less one ,is
four

2(x=1) -The ratio of twice the sum of a number and one , and three is
=5 equal to five.
3

Example 1
. Translate the following expression and sentences in English into
Mathematical expressions and statement or vice versa. Use the letter n to represent the
unknown.
a. A number increased by 10 .
b. 2n + 1.
c. The difference between the ages of mom and son is 27.
d. 3 n−1=23

Solution
a. n+10 or 10+n
b. The sum of twice a number and 1.
c. m−n=27

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d. The difference of thrice a number and 1 is twenty-three.

Your turn 1
Translate the following expression and sentences in English into
Mathematical expressions and statement or vice versa. Use the letter x to
represent the unknown.
a. Four times the square of a number
b. ( x , y )∈ A
c. x 2+ 1≠ 0
d. A sum of three consecutive numbers is eighteen.

LEARNING POINTS
A sentence must contain a complete thought. In the English language an ordinary sentence must
contain a subject and a predicate.. Similarly, a mathematical sentence must state a complete thought.
While an expression is a name given to a mathematical object of interest.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

A. Translate each phrase or sentence into a mathematical expression or equation.

1. Twelve more than a number. _______________________
2. Eight minus a number. _______________________
3. An unknown quantity less fourteen. _______________________
4. Six times a number is fifty-four. _______________________
5. Two ninths of a number is eleven. _______________________
6. Three more than seven times a number is nine more than five times the number.
_________________
7. Twice a number less eight is equal to one more than three times the number.
_______________________
8. Six is subtracted from the sum of x and two times y. __________________________
9. Five times x reduced by the square of y . _________________________________
10. Subtract the product of xand y from fifty-eight._____________________

B. Give your own expression and sentences that conform with the stated type and truth value .
Take note : None means no verb or connective being used.
Open means , need verification / conditions
Ee −expression∈english
E M – expression in mathematics
Se −sentence∈english
S M - sentence in mathematics

Truth Value of
Sentences/Expression Type Verb/Connectives Sentence:
True/False/Open
Ex. 3+3> 6 SM + and > False
1. SE True
2. SE False

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3. EE None
4. SM True
5. SM False
6. EM None
7. SM None
8. EM Open
9. SE Open
10. SM True

LEARNING CONTENTS ( THE LANGUAGES OF SETS)

Lesson 3. The Language of Sets

The concept of sets was formalized by George Cantor, a German mathematician (1845-1918). He
defined set as a collection of definite distinguished objects called elements.

3.1 Set Notations

It is important to note that in Mathematics , there are certain conventions in the ways sets are
represented, written, and interpreted .The following examples will illustrate these conventions.

Example 1 The set is composed of five vowels of the English alphabet may be named
and can be denoted as A={ a , e , i ,o ,u } . Sets like A which has a definite
number of elements in roster method where the elements are listed . Commas are used between each
element and a pair of braces are used to enclose the list elements.

The set whose elements are all integers may be named and can be written as
Example 2
N={x∨x ∈ Z } . This is read as “Set N is the set of all values of x such that
xis an integer”. Sets like Set N which has indefinite number of elements are written in
set-builder method . This notation is used whenever it is convenient or impossible to list all the
elements of a set; it merely describes the characterizing property of its elements in terms of symbols.

We also have to take note of the frequently used set of numbers :

Your turn 1 Use The Roster Method to Represent a Set

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a. The set of natural numbers less than 5.

b. The solution set of x +5=−1
c. The set of negative integers greater than −4

Your turn 2 Use The Set-builder Method to Represent a Set

a. Set M is the set whose elements are numbers greater than negative five but less than four .
b. Set P is the set whose elements are numbers greater than or equal to zero.
c. Set N is the set of even numbers greater than or equal to four but less than or equal to twenty.

More Concepts to Learn about Sets

Finite Set is a set whose elements are countable. Examples are :

o A={¿ , orange ,¿ , ¿ , ¿ } .
o Set B is the set of integers greater than zero but less than five.

Unit Set is a finite set that has only one element. Examples are:
o C={0}
o Set D is the set consisting of the number that is neither prime nor composite.

Infinite Set is a set where the number of elements is unlimited or not countable. Examples :
o E={… ,−6 ,−4 ,−2 ,0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , …}
o Set F is the set of positive integers

Empty or null set is a set that has no elements. Examples are :

o G={} or G=∅
o Set H is the set of months that start with the letter Z.

Cardinality or cardinal number of a set is the number of elements in it . For example , the
cardinal number of set A (describe above) is denoted by n ( A ) =5 . Take note that in finding
for the cardinality of a set elements that are listed more than once are counted only once. For
example the set T ={3 , 3 , 4 ,7,8 } has a cardinality of 4 and is denoted as n ( T )=4

Equivalent Sets are sets that have the same number of elements. In other words, they have the
same a cardinality. For example , set C and D are equivalent sets denoted by C Dsince they
have the one element each ; that is n ( C )=n( D) . However , Set A and Set B are not
equivalent because Set A has five elements and Set B has only four elements.

Equal sets are sets that have exactly the same elements. Examples are :
o If V ={a , e , i , o ,u } and W ={i , e , o , a , u } , then Sets V and W are equal denoted by V =W .
o If N={x∨x ∈ Z } and L={… ,−3 ,−2 ,−1 , 0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , … }, then N=L.

The symbol ∈ is used to indicate that an element belongs to a set ;while is used to indicate that
an element does not belong to a set .Example are :
o Given V ={a , e , i , o ,u } , we say that ais an element of V ” or in symbols, a ∈ V .

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o Given N={x∨x ∈ Z } , we say that “ 0.5 is not an elementof Set N or in symbols ,

0.5 ∉ N .

The symbol ⊂ is used to indicate that set is a proper subset of another set. By proper subset , in
given two sets A and B , every element of Set Ais also an element of Set B , but not all elements
of Set Bare elements of Set B are in Set A. Such a relation between sets is denoted by A ⊂ B and
is read as “ A is a proper subset of B.” . It is important to note that the set on the right of ⊂ is the
one with more elements .

On the other hand , the symbol ⊄ is used to indicate that a set is not a subset of another set ;
meaning not all elements of the first set are also element of the second set.

The symbol ⊆ is used to indicate that equal sets are subset of one another . Suppose we are given
two sets , V ={a , e , i , o ,u } and W ={i , e , o , a , u } . Since Sets V and W are equal sets, we say that
V is a subset of W , and conversely, W is a subset of V . In set notation , we state
V ⊆ W and W ⊆ V .

Power set is the set composed of all the subsets of a given set. For example , the power set of set
A={2 , 4 , 6 } denoted as P ( A ) , is {∅ , { 2 } , { 4 } , { 6 } , { 2,4 } , { 2,6 } , { 4,6 } , {2,4,6 } }.
Do note that an empty set is a subset of every set and every set is a subset of itself.

Sets that have common elements are called joint sets ; while those that do not have common
elements are called disjoint sets.

Your turn 3
Fill in the table below with corresponding notation of statement and
evaluate if what it states is true or false.

K={1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } L={2 4 , 5 } M ={0,4,7,10,15} N={2,4,5,3,1}

Notation Statement True/False

L⊂K
L⊄M
N⊆K
∅ ⊂N

Your turn 4
Do you notice any relation between the number of elements in a set and
number of elements in its power set ; that is the number of subsets (proper subsets plus its
equal set)?What seems to be the pattern? Can you come up with a formula?Go and investigate! Put
your observations in the table .

Number of Elements in a Set Number of Subsets

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0
1
2
3 8
4
5
6
n

3.2 Set Operations

In this section we will discuss the set operations such as : Union, Intersection, Difference,
Complementation, and Cartesian Product.

The union of two sets X andY is the set composed of elements that belong to either Set X and or
Set Y or both sets , and is denoted by X ∪ Y which read as X unionY .

Example 3 If Set A is the set composed of months starting with letter J.

Set B is the set composed of months with exactly five letters.
Set C is the set composed of months starting with letter M.

then A=¿{January,June, July} B=¿{March, April} C=¿{March, May}

Find A ∪ B , A ∪ C , B∪C .

Solution
A ∪ B={January,March, April,June, July}
A ∪ C={January,March, May,June, July}
B∪ C=¿{ March, April, May}

In “March”, the common element of Sets B and C is written only once in B∪C.

Your turn 5 Perform the indicated operation. Use the same sets given in example 3.

a. C ∪ B
b. A ∪ B ∪ C

The intersection of two sets X andY is the set composed of elements that belong to either Set X a
nd or Set Y or both sets , and is denoted by X ∩Y which read as X intersectionY .

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Example 4 D is the set of single-syllable months.

If
E is the set of months with yas the letters.
F is the set of months with four letters or less.
then D=¿{March, May, June } E={January, February , July} F={May, June, July}

Find D ∩ E , E ∩ F , D ∩ F

Solution
D ∩ E=∅
E ∩ F=¿ {July}
D ∩ F=¿ {May, June}
Set D and E are disjoint sets so their intersection is empty set.

Your turn 6 Perform the indicated operation. Use the same sets given in example 5.

a. F ∩ D
b. D ∩ E ∩ F
c. ( D ∩ E)∪( E ∩ F)

The difference of two sets X andY is the set of elements in set X , but its common elements with
Set of Y is taken out and is denoted by X −Y which is read as ”X minus Y . “ X −Y can be
understood also as the set composed of the elements of X with the elements of its intersection
with Y removed or in symbols, X −Y = X−( X ∩Y ) .

Example 5
Given
A=¿{January , June , July} D=¿{March, May, June} F=¿{May , June, July}

Find A−D , D−A , A−F , F− A

Solution
A−D=¿{January, July}
D− A=¿ {March , May}
A−F=¿{January}
F− A=¿ {May}

Note : A−D≠ D− A and A−F ≠ F− A.

Your turn 7 Perform the following using the same sets given in Example 5.

a. D−F
b. F−D

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c. ( A ∪ D )−F
d. ( F ∩ D ) −A
e. ( A ∪ F ) −( A ∩ D )

The complement of a Set X relative to a universal set U is the set of elements in U that are not in
X and is denoted by X ' (read as” X prime”). The universal set is the totality of all elements
that are included under a defined condition. X ' can be understood as the set that is composed
of all elements of U with its common elements with X taken out , or in symbols , X ' =U −X .

Example 6 If U ={−5 ,−4 ,−3 ,−2 ,−1 , 0 , 1, 2 ,3 , 4 , 5 }

A={0,1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 }
B={−4 ,−2 ,0 , 2 , 4 }
Find A' and B'

Solution
A' ={−5 ,−4 ,−3 ,−2 ,−1 }
B' ={−5 ,−3 ,−1 ,1 , 3 , 5}

Your turn 8 Perform the indicated set operations.

a. ( A ∪ B)'
b. ( A ∩ B)'
c. ( A ∪ B )− A'
d. B' ∩( A−B)

The Cartesian product of two sets X and Y is the set of all possible pairs of elements and is
denoted by X ×Y (read as “the Cartesian product of X and Y ”). Each pair of elements is called
an ordered pair ( x , y ) ,where the first element xis an element of the first set X ; that is , x ∈ X;
the second element yis an element of the second set Y ; that is y ∈Y .

Example 7 If M ={0,1} and N={1 ,2 }

Find M × N , N ×M , and M × M

Solution

M × N=¿{(0 , 1 ¿ , ( 0,2 ) ,(1,1), (1,2}

N × M ={ ( 1,0 ) , ( 1,1 ) , ( 2,0 ) , ( 2,1 ) }
M × M ={( 0,0 ) , ( 0,1 ) , ( 1,0 ) , ( 1,1 ) }

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Interchanging the Sets M and N, that is M × N to N × M , will result to equivalent set but not equal
set s of ordered pairs.

Your turn 9 Perform the indicated set operations using the given sets in Example 7

a. ( M × N ) ∪ ( N × M )
b. ( M × N ) ∩ ( N × M )
c. ( M × N )−( N × M )
d. ( N ∩ M ) × ( M ∪ N )

3.3 Venn Diagram

The Venn Diagram, named after John Venn (English logician, 1834-1923), is a geometric
representation of sets, set relation, and operations. It is usually utilizes overlapping or non-
overlapping circles drawn rectangle.

Venn Diagram and Sets Operations

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Figure 1

Example 8 Determine Regions that Represent Sets

Use the Figure 2 to answer each of the following.

a. Which regions represent A ∩C?
b. Which regions represent A ∪ C?
c. Which regions represent A ∩ B' ?

Figure 2

Solution :
a. A ∩C is represented by all the regions common to
circles A and C. Thus A ∩C is represented by regions i and iv.

b. A ∪ C is represented by all the regions obtained by joining the

regions in circle A (i, ii, iv, v) and the regions in circle C (i, iii, iv, vii).
Thus A ∪ C is represented by regions i, ii, iii, iv, v, and vii.

c. A ∩ B' is represented by all the regions common to circle A and

the regions that are not in circle B. Thus. A ∩ B' is represented by regions
iv and v.

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Example 9 See Figure 3 below to find the following.

a. A ∪B c. B− A
b. B∩ C d. C '

Figure 3
Solution:
a. A ∪ B={1.3 .5 .7 }
b. B∩ C={3.7 }
c. B− A={3 }
d. C ' ={1,5,9 }

Counting problems occur in many areas of applied mathematics. To solve these counting problems,
we often make use of a Venn diagram. In the next example, we can use Venn Diagram to help us
solve some word problems.

Example 10 A movie company is making plans for future movies it wishes to produce.
The company has done a random survey of 1000 people. The results of the
survey are shown below.

695 people like action adventures.

340 people like comedies.
180 people like both action adventures and comedies.

Of the people surveyed, how many people

a. like action adventures but not comedies?
b. like comedies but not action adventures?
c. do not like either of these types of movies?

Solution

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A Venn diagram can be used to illustrate the results of the survey. We use two overlapping circles
(see Figure 4). One circle represents the set of people who like action adventures and the other
represents the set of people who like comedies. The region i where the circles intersect represents the
set of people who like both types of movies.
We start with the information that 180 people like both types of movies and write 180 in
region i . See Figure 5.

a. Regions i and ii have a total of 695 people. So far we have accounted for 180 of these people in
region i. Thus the number of people in region ii, which is the set of people who like action
adventures but do not like comedies, is 695−180=515.

b. Regions i and iii have a total of 340 people. Thus the number of people in region iii, which is the
set of people who like comedies but do not like action adventures, is 340−180=160.

c. The number of people who do not like action adventure movies or comedies is represented by
region iv. The number of people in region iv must be the total number of people, which is 1000, less
the number of people accounted for in regions i, ii, and iii, which is 855. Thus the number of people
who do not like either type of movie is 1000−855=145.

Your turn 10 An activities director for a cruise ship has surveyed 240 passengers. Of the
240 passengers,

135 like swimming. 80 like swimming and dancing.

150 like dancing. 40 like swimming and games.
65 like games. 25 like dancing and games.
15 like all three activities.
How many passengers
a. like exactly two of the three types of activities?
b. like only swimming?
c. like none of these activities?

LEARNING POINTS

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Sets like A={ a , e , i ,o ,u }which has a definite number of elements in roster method where the
elements are listed
Sets like Set N={x∨x ∈ Z } . This is read as “Set N is the set of all values of x such that xis
an integer”which has indefinite number of elements are written in set-builder method . This notation
is used whenever it is convenient or impossible to list all the elements of a set; it merely describes
the characterizing property of its elements in terms of symbols.
Set operations such as : Union, Intersection, Difference, Complementation, and Cartesian
Product.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

In exercises 1 to 5, use the roster method to write each of the given sets .
1. The set of whole numbers less than 4.
2. The set of counting numbers larger than 11 and less than or equal to 19.
3. The set of negative integers between -5 and 7.
4. The set of months of the year with a name that ends with the letter y
5. The set of integers x that satisfy 2 x−1=−11

In exercises 6 to 10 , use the rule method to describe the following sets.

6. A={3,7,5,9,11,13 }
7. D={−3 ,−2 ,−1,0,1,2,3 }
8. The set Ζ of negative integers greater than −6
9. The set P is the set of whose elements are numbers greater that 7 but less than 100
10. S={1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25}

In exercises 11 to 15, fill in the table below with the corresponding notation or statement and
evaluate if what it states is true or false . Refer to these four sets for your answer.
A={2 , 3 ,10 , 12 ,20 } C={10 , 20,30,40,50 , … }
B={2,4,6,8} D={…−4 ,−2 ,−1 , 0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , 4 , … }
Notation Statement True/ False
11. B⊂ D B is a proper subset of D.
12. B⊄C
13. C is not a subset of D.
14. A ⊂ D
15. 10∈ A 10 is an element of A .

In exercises 16 to 24, Consider the following sets .

A¿ {a ,b ,c } C¿ {b , c , d } B¿ {b , c , d , e } U = {a ,b , c , d , e } – Universal
Set
Find the following sets and identify the cardinality of the sets.
16. A∪B
17. B ∪ C
18.. A∪ ¿B∩ C)
19. A x B
20. A x C
21. B− A
22 . C '
23. A ∪ ∅

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'
24. ( A ∩ B)
25. B' ∪ C '

In exercises 26 to 27, if E=¿ {even counting numbers } and O=¿ {odd counting numbers}, then
which of the following are true or false .
26. (2, 3) ∈ E ×O
27. 22 ∈ E × E

In exercises 28 to 29 . Draw a Venn diagram with each of the given elements placed in the correct
region.
28. U ={2,4,6,8,10,12,14 }
A={2,10,12 }
B={4,8 }
C={−1 , 8 , 9}
29. U ={Hal, Marie, Rob, Armando, Joel, Juan, Melody}
A=¿{Marie, Armando, Melody}
B={Rob, Juan, Hal}
R=¿{Hal, Marie, Rob, Joel, Juan, Melody}

30. Use Venn Diagram to answer the following problem

Mrs. Cruz asked her 30 students who among their mother, father, or sibling will attend the
quarterly conference. Sixteen students said their mother will attend, another 16 said their father will
attend, and 11 said their siblings will attend. Five said their mother and sibling will attend, and of
these, 3 said their father will also attend. Five said only their sibling will attend and 8 said only their
father will attend. How many students said only their mother will attend? Support your answer by
illustrating the Venn Diagram which represents the given data.

LEARNING CONTENTS ( THE LANGUAGE OF LOGIC)

Lesson 4: The Language of Logic

The term logic refers to the science that studies the principle of correct reasoning. Logic
requires the act of reasoning to form thoughts and opinions, as well as classification and
judgements. The foundation of logical argument is its proposition or statement The proposition is
either accurate (true) or not accurate (false) but not both true and false . The argument is then built
on premises. The premises are the propositions used to build the argument.

Example 1 Determine if each sentence is a proposition or statement.

a. Read the sentences.

b. The word dog has four letters .
c. How are you?
2
d. 9 +2 is a prime number.
e. x +1=5

Solution
a. Lingayen is the capital of Pangasinan, so this sentence is true and it is a proposition.

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b. The sentence “How are you?” is a question; it is not a declarative sentence. Thus it is
not a proposition.
c. You may not know whether 992 +2 is a prime number; however, you do know that
it is a whole number larger than 1, so it is either a prime number or it is not a prime
number. The sentence is either true or it is false, and it is not both true and false, so it
is a statement.
d. x +1=5 is a statement. It is known as an open statement. It is true for x ¿ 4, and
it is false for any other values of x. For any given value of x, it is true or false but not
both.

Your turn 1 Determine whether each sentence is a statement.

a. Open the door.

b. 7055 is a large number.
c. In the year 2020, the president of the United States will be a woman.
d. x >3.

Simple Statements and Compound Statements

A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea. A compound statement
is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.
Connecting simple statements with words and phrases such as and, or, if . . . then, and if
and only if creates a compound statement. For instance, “I will attend the meeting or I will go to
school.” is a compound statement. It is composed of the two simple statements, “I will attend the
meeting.” and “I will go to school.” The word or is a connective for the two simple statements.

George Boole (the one who published The Mathematical Analysis of Logic in 1848) used symbols
such as p, q, r, and s to represent simple statements and the symbols ∧ ,∨ ,∼ , ⟶ and ⟷ to
represent connectives. See Table 1.

Table 1: Logic Connectives and Symbols

Statement Connective Symbolic form Type of statement

not p not p negation

p and q and p ∧q conjunction
p or q or p ∨q Disjunction
If p, then q If … then p →q conditional
pif and only if q if and only if p ↔q biconditional

Truth Value and Truth Tables

The truth value of a simple statement is either true (T) or false (F).
The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values of its simple statements and its
connectives.
A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement for all possible truth

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values of its simple statements.

Negation Operator (not )

The negation of the statement “Today is Friday.” is the statement “Today is not Friday.” In
symbolic logic, the tilde symbol is used to denote the negation of a statement.
If a statement p is true, its negation p is false, and if a statement p is false, its
negation p is true. See the table below . The negation of the negation of a statement is the
original statement. Thus ( p) can be replaced by p in any statement.

Truth table for p

p ( p)
T F
F T

Example 2 Write the Negation of a Statement

a. Rodrigo Duterte is our president.

b. MMW is an easy subject.
c. The number 10 is a prime number
d. The fire engine is not red .

Solution
a. Rodrigo Duterte is not our president.
b. MMW is not an easy subject / MMW is a hard easy subject
c. The number 10 is not a prime number / The number 10 is a composite number
d. The fire engine is red .

Your turn 2 Write the negation of each statement.

a. Mayon Volcano is in Naga.

b. Ninoy is a hero.
c. The dog does not need to be fed.
d. Maria is not a teenager.

Example 3 Write Compound Statements in Symbolic Form

Consider the following simple statements.

p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.

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Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.

Solution
a. p ∧q b. ∼ q ∧ r c. ∼ s ∨r d. q ⟶ s

Your turn 3 Use p, q, r, and s as defined in Example 14 to write

the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is not Friday and I am going to a movie.

b. I am going to the basketball game and I am not going to a movie.
c. I am going to the movie if and only if it is raining.
d. If today is Friday, then I am not going to a movie.

Translate symbolic statements into English sentences.

Example 4
Consider the following statements.
p: The game will be played in Atlanta.
q: The game will be shown on CBS.
r: The game will not be shown on ESPN.
s: The Dodgers are favored to win.
Write each of the following symbolic statements in words.
a. q ∧ p b. ∼ r ∧ s c. s ⟷ ∼ p

Solution
a. The game will be shown on CBS and the game will be played in Atlanta.
b. The game will be shown on ESPN and the Dodgers are favored to win.
c. The Dodgers are favored to win if and only if the game will not be played in Atlanta.

Your turn 4 Consider the following statements.

e: All men are created equal.

t: I am trading places.
a: I get Abe’s place.
g: I get George’s place.
Use the above information to translate the dialogue in the speech bubbles at the left.

Conjunction Operator (and ∧)

This is a statement which is the result of combining two other statements with the connective
word and .
The conjunction of two statements is true only if both statements are true.

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Truth table for ( p ∧q)

p q p ∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

Disjunction Operator (and ∨ )

This is a statement which is the result of combining two other statements with the connective
word or.
The disjunction of two statements is false only if both statements are false.

Truth table for ( p ∨q)

p q p ∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

Example 5 Determine the Truth Value of a Statement

a. 7 ≥ 5.
b. 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number.
c. 2 is a prime number and 2 is an even number.
Solution
a. 7 ≥ 5 means 7 > 5 or 7 ¿5. Because 7 > 5 is true, the statement 7 ¿5 is a true statement.
b. This is a false statement because 5 is not an even number.
c. This is a true statement because each simple statement is true.

Your turn 5 Determine whether each statement is true or false.

a. 21 is a rational number and 21 is a natural number.

b. 4 ≤ 9.
c. −7 ≥−3.

Conditional Operator (if …then → )

Conditional statement can be written in if p, then q form or if p, q form. For instance, all of
the following are conditional statements.
o If you passed the test, then I will give you a reward.
o If you get sick, then you will be absent.
In any conditional statement represented by “if p, then q” or by “If p, q,” the p statement is called
antecedent / hypothesis and the q statement is called consequent/ conclusion.
The conditional statement is true in all cases, except when the antecedent is true and the
consequent is false. In other words, a true statement is hypothesis cannot imply a false conclusion.

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Truth table for ( p → q)

p q p →q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Example 6 Determine the truth value of each of the following.

a. If 2 is an integer, then 2 is a rational number.

b. If 3 is a negative number, then 5>7.
c. If 5>3, then 2+7=4.
Solution
a. Because the consequent is true, this is a true statement.
b. Because the antecedent is false, this is a true statement.
c. Because the antecedent is true and the consequent is false, this is a false statement.

Your turn 6 Determine the truth value of each of the following.

a. If 4 ≥3, then 2+5=6.

b. If 5>9, then 4 >9.
c. If Tuesday follows Monday, then April follows March.

Biconditional Operator (if and only if ⟷ )

Biconditional / equivalent statement is the result of combining two propositions in the form…
if and only if…
The equivalence is true if both propositions are true or both false.

Truth table for ( p ⟷ q)

p q p⟷q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

Example 7 State whether each biconditional is true or false.

a. x +4=7 if and only if x=3.

b. x 2=36 if and only if x=6.

Solution
a. Both equations are true when x=3, and both are false when x ≠ 3. Both equations have the same
truth value for any value of x, so this is a true statement.

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b. If x=−6, the fi rst equation is true and the second equation is false. Thus this is a false statement.

Your turn 7 State whether each biconditional is true or false.

a. x >7 if and only if x >6.

b. x +5>7 if and only if x >2.

Truth Table
In this section, we consider methods of constructing truth tables for a statement that involves
a combination of conjunctions, disjunctions, and/or negations. If the given statement involves only
two simple statements, then start with a table with four rows (see the table below ), called the
standard truth table form, and proceed as shown in Example 19.

p q Given
Statement
T T
T F
. F T
F F

Example 8 Truth Tables

a. Construct a table for ∼(∼ p ∨ q)∨ q .

b. Use the truth table from part a to determine the truth value of ∼(∼ p ∨ q)∨ q, given that p is true and q is false.

Solution
a. Start with the standard truth table form and then include a ∼ p column.
p q ∼p
T T F
T F F
F T T
F F T

Now use the truth values from the ∼ pand q columns to produce the truth values for ∼ p ∨ q, as
shown in the rightmost column of the following table.

p q ∼p ∼ p ∨q
T T F T
T F F F
F T T T
F F T T

Negate the truth values in the ∼ p ∨ q column to produce the following.

p q ∼p ∼ p ∨q ∼ ¿ ∨ q)

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T T F T F
T F F F T
F T T T F
F F T T F

As our last step, we form the disjunction of ∼ ¿ ∨ q)with q and place the results in the rightmost
column of the table. See the following table. The shaded column is the truth table for ∼ ¿ ∨ q ¿∨ q .

p q ∼p ∼ p ∨q ∼ ¿ ∨ q) ∼ ¿ ∨ q ¿∨ q
T T F T F T row 1
T F F F T T row 2
F T T T F T row 3
F F T T F F row 4

b. In row 2 of the above truth table, we see that when p is true, and q is false, the statement
∼ ¿ ∨ q ¿∨ q in the rightmost column is true.

Your turn 8 a. Construct a truth table for ( p ∧∼q ) ∨ ( ∼ p ∨q ) .

b. Use the truth table that you constructed in part a to determine the truth
value of ( p ∧∼q ) ∨ ( ∼ p ∨q ) .given that p is true and q is false.

Compound statements that involve exactly three simple statements require a standard truth
table form with 23=8 rows.

Example 9 Truth Tables

a. Construct a truth table for ( p ∧q ) ∧ (∼r ∨ q ) .

b. Use the truth table from part a to determine the truth value of ( p ∧q ) ∧ (∼ r ∨ q )given that p is true,
q is true, and r is false.
Solution
a. Using the procedures developed in Example 19, we can produce the following table.
The shaded column is the truth table for ( p ∧q ) ∧ (∼ r ∨ q ). The numbers in the squares below the columns denote the
order in which the columns were constructed.

p q r p ∧q ∼r ∼ r ∨q ( p ∧q) ∧¿ )
T T T T F T T row 1
T T F T T T T row 2
T F T F F F F row 3
T F F F T T F row 4
F T T F F T F row 5
F T F F T T F row 6
F F T F F F F row 7

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F F F F T T F row 8

b. In row 2 of the above truth table, we see that ( p ∧q ) ∧ (∼ r ∨ q ) is true when p is true, q is true, and
r is false.

a. Construct a truth table for (∼ p ∧r )∨(q ∧ ∼r)

Your turn 9 b. Use the truth table that you constructed in part a to determine the truth
value of (∼ p ∧r )∨(q ∧−r)given that p is false, q is true, and r is false.

LEARNING POINTS
The term logic refers to the science that studies the principle of correct reasoning. Logic
requires the act of reasoning to form thoughts and opinions, as well as classification and
judgements. The foundation of logical argument is its proposition or statement The proposition is
either accurate (true) or not accurate (false) but not both true and false . The argument is then built
on premises. The premises are the propositions used to build the argument.

A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea. A compound statement

is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.
Connecting simple statements with words and phrases such as and, or, if . . . then, and if and
only if creates a compound statement.
George Boole (the one who published The Mathematical Analysis of Logic in 1848) used
symbols such as p, q, r, and s to represent simple statements and the symbols ∧ ,∨ ,∼ , ⟶ and ⟷
to represent connectives.

The truth value of a simple statement is either true (T) or false (F).
The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values of its simple statements and
its connectives.
A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement for all possible truth
values of its simple statements.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 3

In exercises 1 to 6. Determine which of the following sentences are propositions and indicate
their truth values.
1. Legazpi is the capital of Albay.
2. 3+ 4=7
3. x + y= y + x for every pair of real numbers x and y .
4. x +3=15
5. x +1=5 if x=1
6. Answer this question.

In exercises 7 to 9 .Write each sentence in symbolic form. Use p , q , r and s as defined below.
p: Dwyane Wade is a football player.
q: Dwyane Wade is a basketball player.
r: Dwyane Wade is a rock star.
s: Dwyane Wade plays for the Miami Heat.

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7. Dwyane Wade is a rock star, and he is not a basketball player or a football player.
8. Dwyane Wade is a basketball player, if and only if he is not a football player and he is not a rock
star.
9. It is not true that, Dwyane Wade is a football player or a rock star.

In exercises 10 to 13. Let p, q, and r be the propositions :

p: You are sick.
q: You miss the final examination.
r: You pass this subject.

Express each of the following propositions as an English sentence.

10. p ⟶ q
11. q ⟷ r
12. ( p ∧q) ∨(∼ q ∧r )
13. p ∧ r

In exercises 14 to 18. Determine the truth value of the compound statement given that p is a
false statement, q is a true
statement, and r is a true statement.

14. p ∨(∼ q ∨r )
15. r ∧∼( p ∨ r)
16. ( p ∧q) ∨(∼ p ∧∼ q)
17. ( p ∧q ) ∨[(∼ p ∧∼ q) ∨q ]
18. [∼( p ∧∼q)∨r ]∧( p ∧ ∼r)

In exercises 19 to 20 . Construct a truth table for each compound statement.

19. p ∨q
20. [ (p ∨ q ¿ ¿∧(∼r ∨q )
LEARNING ACTIVITY

REFERENCES

References :
 Blay et. all, Mathematical Trips in the Modern World Outcomes-Based Approach
 Nocon et. al , Essential Mathematics for the Modern World
 Baltazar et. al, Mathematics in the Modern World
 Aufman,Richard et. al, Mathematics in the Modern World
 Mathematics in the World book from RBSI
 Domantay,Gloria, et. al. College Algebra

Photo credits:
Venn diagram worksheet, mathaids.com

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2 Circle Venn Diagrams , https://news.efofex.com/2016/02/17/2-circle-venn-diagrams-a-teacher-

resource-project-upload/comment-page-1

ANSWERS TO YOUR TURN EXERCISES

Answers to Your turn(lesson 1)

1. a.4 x2
b.The elements of set A are x and y
c. The sum of the square of a number and 1 is not zero
d. x + ( x+1 ) + ( x +2 )=18

Answers to Your turn(lesson 2)

1. a. N={1,2,3,4 }
b. S={−6 }
c. Ζ−¿={−4 ,−2 ,−1 }¿
2. a. M ={ x∨−5< x <4 }
b. P={ y∨ y ≥ 0 }
c. N={x∨4 ≤ x ≤20 }

3.

Notation Statement True/False

L⊂K Set L is a proper subset of Set K . True
L⊄M Set L is not a proper subset of set M. True
N⊆K Set N is a subset of set K. True
∅ ⊂N Empty set is a subset of set N. True

4.
Number of Elements in a Set Number of Subsets
0 1
1 2
2 4
3 8
4 16
5 32
6 64
n 2n

5. a. C ∪ B=¿ {March , April , May}

b. A ∪ B ∪ C=¿{ January,March, April,June, July}∪{March, May}
¿ { January,March, April,May, June, July}
6. a. F ∩ D=¿{May, June}

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b. D ∩ E ∩ F=¿ ∅ ∩{May, June, July}

=∅
c. ( D ∩ E ) ∪ ( E ∩ F )=∅ ∪{July }
¿ {July }
7. a. D−F=¿ {March}
b. F−D=¿{July}
c. ( A ∪ D )−F=¿{January,March,May, June, July}−¿{May , June, July}
¿ { January,March}
d. ( F ∩ D ) −A=¿{May, June}−¿ { January , June , July}
¿{May}
e. ( A ∪ F ) −( A ∩ D )=¿{ January , May, June , July}−¿{June}
¿{January,May,July}
8. a. ( A ∪ B) =({−4 ,−2,0,1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 })' ={−5 ,−3 ,−1}
'

b. ( A ∩ B)' =({0,2, 4 })' ={−5 ,−4 ,−3 ,−2,−1 ,1 , 3 ,5 }

c. ( A ∪ B )− A' = {−4 ,−2,0,1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 }−{−5 ,−4 ,−3 ,−2 ,−1 }
¿ { 0,1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,5 } or A
d. B' ∩ ( A−B )= {−5 ,−3 ,−1 , 1, 3 , 5 } ∩ {1 ,3 , 5 }
¿ {1 , 3 ,5 }
9. a. ( M × N ) ∪ ( N × M ) ={(0 ,1), ( 0,2 ) ,(1,1),¿
¿ {( 0 , 1 ) , ( 0,2 ) , ( 1,0 ) , ( 1,1 ) , ( 1,2 ) , ( 2,0 ) ,(2,1)
b. ( M × N ) ∩ ( N × M ) ={(0 ,1), ( 0,2 ) ,(1,1) , ¿
¿ {( 1,1 ) }
c. ( M × N ) − ( N × M ) ={ ( 0 , 1 ) , ( 0,2 ) , (1,1 ) , ( 1,2 }−{ (1,0 ) , ( 1,1 ) , ( 2,0 ) , ( 2,1 ) }
¿ {( 0 , 1 ) , ( 0,2 ) , ( 1,2 }
d. ( N ∩ M ) × ( M ∪ N )= {1 } × {0,1,2 }={( 1,0 ) , ( 1,1 ) , ( 1,2 ) }

10. The intersection of the three sets includes the 15 people who like all three activities.

a. Because 140 students like volleyball and 85 like both sports, there must be 140−85=55 students
who like only volleyball.
b. Because 120 students like basketball and 85 like both sports, there must be 120−85=35 students
who like only basketball.
c. The Venn diagram shows that the number of students who like only volleyball plus the number
who like only basketball plus the number who like both sports is 55 + 35 + 85=175. Thus of the 200
students
surveyed, only 200−175=25 do not like either of the sports.

Answers to Your turn(lesson 3)

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1. a. The sentence “Open the door” is a command. It is not a statement.

b. The word large is not a precise term. It is not possible to determine whether the sentence
“7055 is a large number” is true or false, and thus the sentence is not a statement.
c. You may not know whether the given sentence is true or false, but you know that the
sentence is either true or false and that it is not both true and false. Thus the sentence is a
statement.
d. The sentence x >3 is a statement because for any given value of x, the inequality x >3 is
true or false, but not both.

2. a. Mayon Volcano is not in Naga.

b. Ninoy is not a hero.
c. The dog needs to be fed.
d. Maria is a teenager.

3. a. ∼ p ∧r c. r ⟷ q
b. ∼ s ∧−r d. p ⟶∼r

4. e ∧ ∼ t : All men are created equal and I am not trading places.

a ∨∼ t: I get Abe’s place or I am not trading places.
e ⟶ t : If all men are created equal, then I am trading places.
t ⟷ g : I am trading places if and only if I get George’s place.

5. a. True. A conjunction of two statements is true provided that both statements are true.
b. True. A disjunction of two statements is true provided that at least one statement is true.
c. False. If both statements of a disjunction are false, then the disjunction is false.

6 . a. Because the antecedent is true and the consequent is false, the statement is a false statement.
b. Because the antecedent is false, the statement is a true statement.
c. Because the consequent is true, the statement is a true statement.

7. a. Let x=6.5. Then the first inequality of the biconditional is false, and the second inequality of
the biconditional is true. Thus the given biconditional statement is false.
b. Both inequalities of the biconditional are true for x >2, and both inequalities are false for x ≤ 2.
Because both inequalities have the same truth value for any real number x, the given biconditional
is true.
8. a.
p q ∼p ∼q p ∧∼q ∼ p ∨q ( p ∧∼q ) ∨ ( ∼ p ∨q )
T T F F F T T row 1
T F F T T F T row 2
F T T F F T T row 3
F F T T F T T row 4

b. p is true and q is false in row 2 of the above truth table. The truth value of ( p ∧∼q ) ∨ ( ∼ p ∨q )in
row 2 is T (true).

9. a.
p q r ∼p ∼ p ∧r ∼ r ∨q (∼ p ∧r )∨(q ∧ ∼r)

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T T T F F T F row 1
T T F F F T T row 2
T F T F F F F row 3
T F F F F T F row 4
F T T T T T T row 5
F T F T F T T row 6
F F T T T F T row 7
F F F T F T F row 8

b. p is false, q is true, and r is false in row 6 of the above truth table. The truth value of (∼ p ∧r )∨(q ∧ ∼r) in row
6 is T (true).

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