Exam code 0417

Tr ThidaMaung Data Analysis Notes 1

Component Weighting
Paper 1 - Theory (2-Hours, 100 marks) 40%
The IGCSE - ICT Theory consists of 21 Chapters. During the Theory exam you will be
asked several questions pertaining to these sections. It is wise to revise these chapters
several times over the next two years always test yourself with your knowledge and
understanding. A good rule to remember is to always look at past papers and
understand how to read questions correctly so you know what IGCSE is asking of you.
Most of the Theory exam questions are multiple choice but some will need to be
written in full sentences as well.

Paper 2 - Practical (2 hours 30 minutes, 80 marks) 30%

(Document Production, Data Manipulation & Presentations)
In this section of the exam you will be asked to show your skills using several software
applications such as: Section 17 -Microsoft Word (Document Production), Section 18 -
Microsoft Access (Data Manipulation). Section 19 - Microsoft Power Point
(Presentations). Please review past papers also to verify details being asked during
practical examination.
Paper 3 - Practical (2 hours 30 minutes, 80 marks) 30%
(Data Analysis, and Website Authoring)

In this section of the exam you will need to show your abilities in several program
software such as: Section 20 - Microsoft Excel (Data Analysis), Section 21 - Microsoft
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Expression, Adobe Dreamweaver / HTML (Website Authoring).
Definitions:
• Cells: A space for data to be entered a table; a box formed by the intersection of columns and rows

• Rows: Horizontal boxes that divide the table in segments

• Columns: Vertical boxes that divide the table in segments

• Sheets: A table of data o Tabs: A module of a database program that holds the tables on the computer,

• Pages: Full pieces of papers that contain information held on one sheet of paper.

• Charts: A graphical representation of (usually tabulated) data

• Ranges: A group of cells in a table

• Named cell: A cell in a table that is given a name (like ‘profit margin’) and can be referred to using that name.

• Named range: A group of cells in a table that are given a name (like ‘Pricing’) and can be referred to using that name.

• Nested formulae/function: A formula/function used inside a formula/function as an argument

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 Definitions:
• Formulae are mathematical operators defined by the user to perform a function, whereas functions are predefined
logical and mathematical operations a user can use in a spreadsheet

• Mathematical operations are performed in the order PEMDAS (Parenthesis [Brackets] Exponents Multiplication
Division Addition Subtraction). Brackets are used to notate data used by a function, e.g. =SUM (A2:A10).

• Relative cell referencing is made when the cell reference is supposed to change when the cell it is referred to in is
changing. It aids more efficient designing of models.

• Absolute cell referencing is made when the cell referenced stays constant when the cell it is referred to in is
changing. This aids the preparation of a model when a set of data is constantly being referred to throughout the
model.

• Cell reference or relative cell reference describes how far away a cell or group of cells is from some other cell in the
same spreadsheet. Basically, the cell’s address

• A model prepared needs to be tested before being used to ensure that all results computed are accurate.
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Test the Data Model
• A model prepared needs to be tested before being used to ensure that all results computed are accurate. The test plan
must be justified to be apt for the model. E.g. all the mathematical operations must be tested in a model that relies on
calculations.

Definitions:

• Testing: Checking if the designed model delivers the expected outcome when tested with data.

• Test data: The input data used for testing model.

• Expected outcome: The output a model is supposed to give with the test data.

• Actual outcome: The output a model actually gives the user when the test data is input.

• Normal data: data within the given range ego: 50, range: 0-100

• Abnormal data: data outside the given range ego: 120, range: 0-100

• Extreme data: data that is the limit of the range ego: 0 or 100, range: 0-100 o

• What if: changing values in cells to see how outcome of formulas change
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Question & answers
1. Explain the importance of accurate data entry in spreadsheets
Ensures the results obtained by the processing of data is relevant,
which is essential.
2. Explain the difference between a formula and a function.
Formulas are typed in by the user. They include simple mathematical
operators like +, -, *, or /, or can be as complex as the user wants.
A function is predesigned code that calculates specific values, e.g. MAX,
VLOOKUP. While functions can be used inside formulas, formulas
cannot be used inside functions.

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3. Explain the function of absolute and relative referencing.
Absolute referencing is used when the cell referred needs to stay the
same, even when the formula/ function is copied.
When a formula/ function is copied, and relative referencing is used,
the cell referred to changes with the cell that the function is in.
4.

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 Validation and verification are two ways to check that the data entered into a computer is
correct. Data entered incorrectly is of little use.

Data verification Data Validation

Verification is performed to ensure that the data entered exactly Validation is an automatic computer check to ensure
matches the original source. Verification means checking the that the data entered is sensible and reasonable. It
input data with the original data to make sure that there have
been no transcription errors (transcription means copying the
does not check the accuracy of data.
data). The standard way to do this is to input the data twice to • For example, a secondary school student is likely to
the computer system. The computer then checks the two data
values (which should be the same) and, if they are different, the be aged between 11 and 16. The computer can be
computer knows that one of the inputs is wrong. programmed only to accept numbers between 11
E.g. entering password twice during sig-up. and 16. This is a range check.
 Verification methods include: • However, this does not guarantee that the number
 double entry typed in is correct. For example, a student's age
 screen/visual check (proof reading)
might be 14, but if 11 is entered it will be valid but
incorrect.
 parity check
 Checksum.

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Data Validation
Validation type How it works Example usage
Range check Checks that a value falls within the specified range Number of hours worked must be less than
50 and more than 0
Length check Checks the data isn’t too short or too long. Values A password which needs to be six letters
must be a specific length long
Limit check Similar to Range Check but the rule involves only >=0 means reject negative numbers. Date of
one limit birth must not be later than a date
Type Check Checks that the data entered is of a given data Number of brothers or sisters would be an
type integer (whole number
Character check Checks that when a string of characters is entered A name would not contain characters such
it does not contain any invalid characters or as %, and a telephone number would only
symbols, contain digits or (,),
and +.
Format check Checks the data is in the right format. Values must A National Insurance number is in the form
conform to a specific pattern, for example, two LL 99 99 99 L where L is any letter and 9 is
letters followed by six digits followed by a single any number
letter
Presence check Checks that data has been entered into a field In most database a key field cannot be left
blank
Check digit The last one in a code are coded to check the Bar code readers in supermarkets use check
other digits areTrcorrect
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What-If Analysis
• What-If Analysis in Excel allows you to try out different values
(scenarios) for formulas. The following example helps you master
what-if analysis quickly and easily.
Scenarios let you substitute values for multiple cells
(up to 32) at the same time. You can create as many
scenarios as you want and then compare them
without changing the values manually.

Goal Seek works in the opposite

way: It lets you start with the
desired result, and it calculates the
input value that will give you that
result.
Data tables allow you to take one or two variables in a formula and replace them with as many
different values as you want, then view the results in a table. This option is especially powerful
because it shows multiple results at the same
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Data Analysis unlike scenarios or Goal Seek. 10
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Conditional formatting
• Conditional formatting in Excel enables you to highlight cells with a
certain color, depending on the cell's value.
• Select the range that you would format
• On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Conditional Formatting.

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Create data model looked like the following

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Using formulae
Formula can be type in the formula bar to work out simple calculations
Formula will begin with an equal sign(=)

Operation Operator
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Powers (calculate indices) ^

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Using functions
Functions are predefined formulas and are already available in Excel.

• =MAX Function>>To find highest value within cell ranges. Eg: =MAX(B3:B15)
• =MIN function>> To find lowest value within cell ranges. Eg:=MIN(B3:B15)
• =AVERAGE function>>To find average value within cell ranges. Eg:=AVERAGE(B3:B15)
• =SUM function>>To find total value within cell ranges. Eg:=SUM(B3:B15)
• =COUNT function>> to count the cell that contain only numbers. Eg=COUNT(B3:B15)
• =COUNTA function>> To count all the cells within the ranges that are not empty
• =COUNTIF function>>To count the cells that contains specific criteria from the range.

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Ways of using ROUND Function
Function Results of rounding What it does
=ROUND(A1,2) 75.55 Rounds contents of A1 to two decimal places
=ROUND(A1,1) 75.6 Rounds contents of A1 to one decimal places
=ROUND(A1,0) 76 Rounds contents of A1 to zero decimal places
=ROUND(A1,-1) 80 Rounds contents of A1 to nearest to 10
=ROUND(A1,-2) 100 Rounds contents of A1 to nearest to 100

Ways of using COUNT Function

Function What it does
=COUNTIF($B$2:$B$20,”Green”)
=COUNTIF(Color, ”Green”)
=COUNTIF($B$2:$B$20,A22)
=COUNTIF(Color,A22) Tr ThidaMaung Data Analysis Notes 21
IF function
• =IF(Condition, True statement, False statement)
• Eg: IF(A1=5, A2*0.05,”No Discount”)
•
condition What to do if the
condition is not
met
What to do if the
condition is met

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Nested formulae and functions
• A nested formula or function is having one formula or function inside
another one
• If the nested functions include a number of IF statements, be careful
to work in a logical order.
• Work from smallest to largest or vice versa ( depending on the
question)
• Do not start with middle values
• >= 10 then display “Very experienced”
• >= 5 then display “Experienced”
• <5 then display “Not experienced”
In Cell D3, change formula

=IF(C3>=10,”Very experienced”,IF(C3>=5,”Experienced”,”Not experienced”))

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 Lookup
Lookup is used to look up a value using data in the first row or the first
column of a range of cells and returns a relative value.
Horizontal stored data array
• HLOOKUP >> A function that performs a horizontal look up of data.
>> when the values that you wish to compare the data
with are stored in a single row.
>>the values to be looked up are stored in the rows
=HLOOKUP(cell (contents of the cell), cell range(to find a match),position of
row(1,2),True/false)
True>> to find the nearest approximate match
False>>To find exact match

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Vertical store data array
• VLOOKUP >> A function that performs a vertical look up of data.
>> when the values that you wish to compare the data
with are stored in a single column.
>>the values to be looked up are stored in the columns
=VLOOKUP(cell (contents of the cell), cell range(to find a
match),position of Column(1,2,3),True/false)
True>> to find the nearest approximate match
False>>To find exact match

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Page Setup
• Choosing a print area
• To change page orientation:
• To fit content before printing:
• To include Print Titles:
• To adjust page breaks:
• Fit All Columns on One Page.

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