Metals: The Chemistry of Engineering Materials Lecture Notes 05 Chemistry For Engineers

METALS
The Chemistry of Engineering Materials

Lecture Notes 05
Chemistry for Engineers
METALS
Metallic elements are those that are found in the periodic table with valence
electrons ranging from one to three that takes part on chemical bonding.
IMAGE SOURCE:
Chang, 2012
METALS
Metallic solids also simply called “metals” are composed of metallic elements that
are held together by metallic bond.
Electron sea model
IMAGE SOURCE:
Brown, 2011
METALS
PROPERTIES OF METALS:
1. Malleable: ability to be hammered or

pressed permanently out of shape without
breaking or cracking
2. Ductile: ability to be drawn into wire
3. Good electrical and thermal

conductivity: ability to allow the transport
of an electric charge and heat,
respectively
4. High melting point
5. Dense IMAGE SOURCE:

Brown, 2011
6. Has a high characteristic of luster

METALS
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF METALS
IMAGE SOURCE:
Chang, 2012
METALS
An alloy is a material that is composed of two or more metals, or sometimes a metal

and nonmetal, which have been intimately mixed by fusion, electrolytic deposition
and the like; and where the metallic bond is the one that predominates.
ALLOY COMPOSITION:
1. Base metal: element present in major proportions
2. Alloying elements: other elements present in minor proportions
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ALLOYS:
1. Cast: brittle alloys that cannot undergo appreciable deformation during forming or
shaping
2. Wrought: alloys that are amenable to mechanical deformation

METALS
IMAGE SOURCE:
Brown, 2012
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CATEGORIES OF ALLOY
1. Substitutional alloy – when atoms of the solute in a solid solution occupy

positions normally occupied by a solvent atom
They are formed when the two metallic components have similar atomic radii and
chemical-bonding characteristics. When two metals differ in radii by more than about
15%, solubility is generally more limited.
IMAGE SOURCE:
Brown, 2012
METALS
CATEGORIES OF ALLOY
2. Interstitial alloy - When the solute atoms occupy

interstitial positions in the “holes” between solvent
atoms.
For an interstitial alloy to form, the solute atoms must

have a much smaller bonding atomic radius than the
solvent atoms.
Typically, the interstitial element is a nonmetal that

makes covalent bonds to the neighboring metal atoms.
The presence of the extra bonds provided by the
interstitial component causes the metal lattice to IMAGE SOURCE:
Brown, 2012
become harder, stronger, and less ductile.
METALS
CATEGORIES OF ALLOY
3. Heterogeneous alloy – when the components in the alloy are not dispersed
uniformly.
In general, the properties of heterogeneous alloys depend on both the composition

and the manner in which the solid is formed from the molten mixture.
IMAGE SOURCE:
Brown, 2012
METALS
CATEGORIES OF ALLOY
4. Intermetallic compounds- are compounds rather than mixtures; hence, they

have definite properties and their composition cannot be varied.
Unlike the atoms in substitutional and interstitial alloys, the different types of atoms
in an intermetallic compound are ordered rather than randomly distributed.
The ordering of atoms in an intermetallic compound generally leads to better

structural stability and higher melting points than what is observed in the constituent
metals.
On the negative side, intermetallic compounds are often more brittle than
substitutional alloys.
METALS
IMAGE SOURCE:
Brown, 2012
METALS
IMAGE SOURCE:
Brown, 2012
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IMAGE SOURCE:
Brown, 2012
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IMAGE SOURCE:
Callister, 2007
METALS
IMAGE SOURCE:
Callister, 2007
METALS
For a 40 wt% Sn–60 wt% Pb alloy at 150 C (300 F), (a) What phase(s) is (are)
present? (b) What is (are) the composition(s) of the phase(s), in terms of mass
fraction?
IMAGE SOURCE:
Callister, 2007
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REFERENCES
Brown, T.L., Lemay Jr., H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., and Woodward, P.M.
(2012) Chemistry: The Central Science, 12th Ed., USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Brown, L.S. and Holme, T.A. (2011) Chemistry for Engineering Students, 2nd Edition,
USA, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Callister Jr., W., (2007) Material Science and Engineering: An Introduction, USA,
John Wiley & Sons

Metals: The Chemistry of Engineering Materials Lecture Notes 05 Chemistry For Engineers

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Metals: The Chemistry of Engineering Materials Lecture Notes 05 Chemistry For Engineers

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METALS

The Chemistry of Engineering Materials

Electron sea model

1. Malleable: ability to be hammered or

2. Ductile: ability to be drawn into wire

3. Good electrical and thermal

4. High melting point

5. Dense IMAGE SOURCE:

6. Has a high characteristic of luster

THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF METALS

An alloy is a material that is composed of two or more metals, or sometimes a metal

1. Base metal: element present in major proportions

2. Alloying elements: other elements present in minor proportions

2. Wrought: alloys that are amenable to mechanical deformation

1. Substitutional alloy – when atoms of the solute in a solid solution occupy

2. Interstitial alloy - When the solute atoms occupy

For an interstitial alloy to form, the solute atoms must

Typically, the interstitial element is a nonmetal that

In general, the properties of heterogeneous alloys depend on both the composition

4. Intermetallic compounds- are compounds rather than mixtures; hence, they

The ordering of atoms in an intermetallic compound generally leads to better

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