ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE & TECHENOLOGY

UNIVERSTY
COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL
ENGINERRING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND
COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Power System Optimization and AI

Assessment III

By: 1 Firaol Temesgen FTP 0522/10

2 Biniyam Degemu FTP 0277/10

Submitted to: Dr. Teshome

30 Jan 2022
Assignment 3:
1. For the given example use the MATLAB programing for both :
a. modified Euler’s method and Runge–Kutta method
b. Give you engineering conclusion based on the results and comparing
it with the classical hand computation
2. Use step-by-step-II MATLAB programing method and determine the
swing curve for the system and ascertain whether the system is stable or
not based on

Example
A three-phase fault occurs at the point F as shown in the figure is cleared by
isolating the faulted circuit simultaneously from both ends. Generator is
delivering 0.8 p.u. power at 0.8 p.f lagging. The fault is cleared in 0.1 s.
Obtain the numeric solution of the swing equation up to 0.15 s using the (a)
modified Euler’s method and (b) Runge–Kutta method with step size of Δt =
0.05 s. Take H = 5 MJ/MVA

Hand calculation

Solution: step 1: draw the single line/reactance diagram , which is given as;

Given parameters:
  Step 2: determine the generator voltage V :

 Step 3: Determine the transient stability parameters(the electrical power)

based on pre-fault, during fault and post-fault conditions

During the fault condition (fault at the middle of the transmission line 2). Using
delta to star conversion, the circuit becomes
 • Post fault condition

Modified Euler’s method

Matlab formulation
%Modified Euler method

function swingmeu(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f, tc, tf, Dt)

%global Pm f H E V X1 X2 X3
clear t
if exist('Pm')~=1
Pm = input('Generator output power in p.u. Pm = '); else, end
if exist('E')~=1
E = input('Generator e.m.f. in p.u. E = '); else, end
if exist('V')~=1
V = input('Infinite bus-bar voltage in p.u. V = '); else, end
if exist('X1')~=1
X1 = input('Reactance before Fault in p.u. X1 = '); else, end
if exist('X2')~=1
X2 = input('Reactance during Fault X2 = '); else, end
if exist('X3')~=1
X3 = input('Reactance after Fault X3 = '); else, end
if exist('H')~=1
H = input('Generator Inertia constant in sec. H = '); else, end
if exist('f')~=1
f = input('System frequency in Hz f = '); else, end
if exist('Dt')~=1
Dt = input('Time interval Dt = '); else, end
if exist('tc')~=1
tc = input('Clearing time of fault in sec tc = '); else, end
if exist('tf')~=1
tf = input('Final time for swing equation in sec tf = '); else, end
Pe1max = E*V/X1; Pe2max=E*V/X2; Pe3max=E*V/X3;
clear t x1 x2 delta
d0 =asin(Pm/Pe1max);
t(1) = 0;
x1(1)= d0;
x2(1)=0;
np=tf /Dt;
Pemax=Pe2max;
ck=pi*f/H;
for k = 1:np
if t(k) >= tc
Pemax=Pe3max;
else, end
t(k+1)=t(k)+Dt;

Dx1b=x2(k);
Dx2b=ck*(Pm-Pemax*sin(x1(k)));
x1(k+1)=x1(k)+Dx1b*Dt;
x2(k+1)=x2(k)+Dx2b*Dt;
Dx1e=x2(k+1);
Dx2e=ck*(Pm-Pemax*sin(x1(k+1)));
Dx1=(Dx1b+Dx1e)/2;
Dx2=(Dx2b+Dx2e)/2;
x1(k+1)=x1(k)+Dx1*Dt;
x2(k+1)=x2(k)+Dx2*Dt;
end
delta=180*x1/pi;

clc
fprintf('\nFault is cleared at %4.3f Sec. \n', tc)
head=[' '
' time delta Dw '
' s degrees rad/s'
' '];
disp(head)
disp([t', delta' x2'])
h=figure; figure(h)
plot(t, delta), grid
title(['One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at ',
num2str(tc),'s'])
xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('Delta, degree')
cctime(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f) % Obtains the critical clearing
time

Solution
>> SWINGMEU
Generator output power in p.u. Pm = 0.8
Generator e.m.f. in p.u. E = 1.13
Infinite bus-bar voltage in p.u. V = 0.854
Reactance before Fault in p.u. X1 = 0.5
Reactance during Fault X2 = 1.3
Reactance after Fault X3 = 0.7i
Generator Inertia constant in sec. H = 5
System frequency in Hz f = 60
Time interval Dt = 0.05
Clearing time of fault in sec tc = 0.1
Final time for swing equation in sec tf = 0.15
Fault is cleared at 0.100 Sec.

time delta Dw
s degrees rad/s

0 24.4878 0
0.0500 25.8170 0.9280
0.1000 29.7626 1.7977

No critical clearing angle could be found.

System can remain stable during this disturbance.
Runge kuta
%% Problem - f = 50hz generator supplying 0.8 p.u with inertia constant 'H' =
5MJ/MVA at rated
% speed. E = 1.13 pu ,V = 0.854 pu, X1 = X2 = 0.4 pu. three phase fault at
line 2.
% (a) plot swing curve for a susteained fault up to a time of 0.1 secs.
% (b) plot swing curve if fault is cleared by isolating line in 0.1 seconds.
% (c) Find the critical clearing angle
% given
E = 1.13; V =0.854; Xd = 0.5; X1 =1.3; X2 = 0.7;H = 5;
% prefault condition
del = 0:pi/10:pi;
del1 =del;
del2 = del;
M = 5/(180*50); % angular momentum = H/180*f
Peo = (1.13/0.4)*sin(del); % Initial power curve
Po = 0.8 ; % power output in pu
delo = asind(0.4/1.13); % initial load angle in degrees //Pe = (E*V/X)
sin(delo)
% During fault
Pe2 = 1.13*sin(del1); % Power curve during fault
%Post fault condition
Pe3 = (1.13/0.9)*sin(del2); % Power curve after clearing fault
%% Primary Power curve plot Figure-1
plot(del,Peo);
set(gca,'XTick',0:pi/10:pi);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'0','','','','','pi/2','','','','','pi'});
title('Power Curve');
xlabel('Load angle');
ylabel('Genpower');
text((2/3)*pi,(1.13/0.4)*sin((2/3)*pi),'\leftarrow intial
curve','HorizontalAlignment','left');
text(pi/2,2.75,'1.93*sin\delta','HorizontalAlignment','center');
hold all
plot(del1,Pe2);
text((2/3)*pi,1.13*sin((2/3)*pi),'\leftarrow during fault
','HorizontalAlignment','left');
text(pi/2,1.80,'1.378*sin\delta','HorizontalAlignment','center');
plot(del2,Pe3);
text((2/3)*pi,(1.13/0.6)*sin((2/3)*pi),'\leftarrow fault
cleared','HorizontalAlignment','left');
text(pi/2,1.1,'0.742*sin\delta','HorizontalAlignment','center');
hold off
%% ------------
t = 0.05; % time step preferably 0.05 seconds
t1 = 0:t:0.5;
%% (a) sustained fault at t = 0
% for discontinuity at t = 0 , we take the average of accelerating power
% before and after the fault
% at t = 0-, Pa1 = 0
% at t = 0+. Pa2 = Pi - Pe2
% at t = 0 ,Pa =Pa1+Pa2/2
Pao = (1 - (1.13*sind(delo)))/2; % at the instant of fault del1 = delo
Pa(1) = Pao;
cdel(1) = 0;
d1 = t^2/M;
for i = 1:11
if i == 1
d2(i) = d1*Pa(i);
del(i) = delo;
else
cdel(i) = cdel(i-1)+d2(i-1);
del(i) = del(i-1)+cdel(i);
Pe(i) = 1.05*sind(del(i));
Pa(i) = 1 - Pe(i);
d2(i) = d1*Pa(i);
end
end
%% swing curve 1 plot
figure (2);
plot(t1,del);
set(gca,'Xtick',0:0.05:0.5);
set(gca,'XtickLabel',{'0','0.05','0.10','0.15'});
title('Swing Curve');
xlabel('seconds');
ylabel('degrees');
text(0.30,150,' Sustained fault','HorizontalAlignment','right');
text(0.001,130,' load angle increases with time -- Unstable
state','HorizontalAlignment','left');
%% (b) Fault cleared in 0.10 seconds ,2nd step ---- 3rd element [1]0
[2]0.05,[3]0.10
Pafo = (1 - (1.13*sind(delo)))/2; % at the instant of fault del1 = delo
Paf(1) = Pao;
cdelf(1) = 0;
d1f = t^2/M;
for i = 1:2
if i == 1
d2f(i) = d1*Pa(i);
delf(i) = delo;
else
cdelf(i) = cdelf(i-1)+d2f(i-1);
delf(i) = delf(i-1)+cdelf(i);
Pef(i) = 1.13*sind(delf(i));
Paf(i) = 1 - Pef(i);
d2f(i) = d1*Paf(i);
end
end
% after clearing fault, power curve shift to Pe3
for i = 3:11
if i == 3
cdelf(i) = cdelf(i-1)+d2f(i-1);
delf(i) = delf(i-1)+cdelf(i);
Pef(i) = 1.13*sind(delf(i));
Paf(i) = 1 - Pef(i);
a1 = Paf(i);
d2f(i) = d1*Paf(i);
a2 = d2f(i);
Pef(i) = 1.75*sind(delf(i));
Paf(i) = 1 - Pef(i);
d2f(i) = d1*Paf(i);
Paf(i) = (Paf(i)+ a1)/2;
d2f(i) = (d2f(i) + a2)/2;
else
cdelf(i) = cdelf(i-1)+d2f(i-1);
delf(i) = delf(i-1)+cdelf(i);
Pef(i) = 1.75*sind(delf(i));
Paf(i) = 1 - Pef(i);
d2f(i) = d1*Paf(i);
end
end
%% ------
figure (3);
plot(t1,delf);
set(gca,'Xtick',0:0.05:0.5);
set(gca,'XtickLabel',{'0','0.05','0.10','0.15'});
title('Swing Curve');
xlabel('seconds');
ylabel('degrees');
text(0.25,57,' Fault Cleared in 0.10 sec','HorizontalAlignment','right');
text(0.15,30,' load angle decreases with time -- Stable
state','HorizontalAlignment','left');
%% (c) critical clearing angle
delo = degtorad(delo); % initial load angle in rad
delm = pi - asin(1/1.75); % angle of max swing
c1 = ((delm-delo)-(1.13*cos(delo))+(1.75*cos(delm)))/(1.75-1.13);
cclang = acos(c1); % critical clearing angle in rad
cclang = radtodeg(cclang); % critical clearing angle in degree
cclang = int16(cclang); % converting to integer
fprintf('\n\n\t\t Critical Clearing angle is %d degree ',cclang);
Step by step II
%swing equation using step by step method–II
Del_delta=0; i=1;
f=input('Enter the frequency :');
H=input('Enter the value of inertia constant :');
delta=input('Enter initial displacement angle :');
Pi=input('Enter initial steadystate power :');
M=H/(180*f);
y=0.05/M;yy=0.05^2/(M);Pu=delta/90;
del_int=delta*pi/180; Pa=1-Pu;
disp('Time Pe Pa 10*Pa Del_angDe')
for t=0:.05:1.05
if t==0
w=0;
del_w=y*Pa;
del_del=0.05*w+yy*Pa;
fprintf('%g-',t);
disp([Pi Pa del_w del_del delta]);
fprintf('%g+',t);
disp([Pu Pa del_w del_del delta])
Pa=Pa/2;
del_w=y*Pa;
del_del=0.05*w+yy*Pa;
fprintf('%gavg',t);
disp([Pu Pa yy*Pa del_del delta])
else
w=w+del_w;
delta=delta+del_del;
Pu=delta/90;
Pa=1-Pu;
del_w=y*Pa;
del_del=0.05*w+yy*Pa;
fprintf('%g',t);
disp([Pu Pa yy*Pa del_del delta])
end
time(i)=t;
del(i)=delta;
delta=delta+Del_delta;
i=i+1;
end
plot(time,del);
title('SWING CURVE');
xlabel('t, sec');
ylabel('delta, elec. deg');

Solution
SBS2
Enter the frequency :60
Enter the value of inertia constant :5
Enter initial displacement angle :45
Enter initial steadystate power :0.8
Time Pe Pa 10*Pa Del_angDe
0- 0.8000 0.5000 54.0000 2.7000 45.0000
0+ 0.5000 0.5000 54.0000 2.7000 45.0000
0avg 0.5000 0.2500 1.3500 1.3500 45.0000
0.05 0.5150 0.4850 2.6190 3.9690 46.3500
0.1 0.5591 0.4409 2.3809 6.3499 50.3190
0.15 0.6297 0.3703 1.9999 8.3497 56.6689
0.2 0.7224 0.2776 1.4989 9.8486 65.0186
0.25 0.8319 0.1681 0.9080 10.7566 74.8672
0.3 0.9514 0.0486 0.2626 11.0192 85.6238
0.35 1.0738 -0.0738 -0.3986 10.6206 96.6429
0.4 1.1918 -0.1918 -1.0358 9.5848 107.2635
0.45 1.2983 -0.2983 -1.6109 7.9739 116.8483
0.5 1.3869 -0.3869 -2.0893 5.8845 124.8222
0.55 1.4523 -0.4523 -2.4424 3.4421 130.7067
0.6 1.4905 -0.4905 -2.6489 0.7932 134.1488
0.65 1.4994 -0.4994 -2.6965 -1.9033 134.9420
0.7 1.4782 -0.4782 -2.5823 -4.4856 133.0387
0.75 1.4284 -0.4284 -2.3132 -6.7988 128.5531
0.8 1.3528 -0.3528 -1.9053 -8.7041 121.7543
0.85 1.2561 -0.2561 -1.3830 -10.0871 113.0502
0.9 1.1440 -0.1440 -0.7778 -10.8649 102.9631
0.95 1.0233 -0.0233 -0.1259 -10.9908 92.0982
1 0.9012 0.0988 0.5336 -10.4572 81.1075
1.05 0.7850 0.2150 1.1610 -9.2962 70.6502