Enrollment No:190160116157

Practical 3
Aim: Study Various Network components like Modem,
Switch, Router, Bridge, Gateway and Repeater.
Modem
1. Modem stands for Modulation Demodulation.

2. Modulate means to convert computer’s digital data signals into analog data
signals so the data can travel on the internet and Demodulate means to
convert analog data signals from the internet into digital data signals so a
computer can understand it.

3. A modem is a network hardware device. It works as a signal translator

because it translates one signal to another signal.

4. The essential function of modem is to create an easily transmitted and

decoded signal that allows digital data to be sent from place to place without
the loss of Information.

5. Error Correction in modem :

When information is transmitted between modems, it can sometimes be
damaged.Which means that parts of the data are altered or lost. To get
around this, modems use error correction. Information is grouped into
batches, called frames. Each frame is tagged with a checksum, a small piece
of data derived from the information in the frame. The modem that receives
the information derives its own checksum from the frame it has been sent,
then compares its checksum data with the checksum sent by the transmitting
modem. If the checksums match, the information is undamaged. If they don't
match, the data has been corrupted in transmission.
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6. The speed of a modem is typically classified by the amount of data it can

send in a specific length of time. This is generally expressed in terms of bits
per second (bps). An alternative way of classifying modem speed is the
change in the state of the signal per unit time -- the number of times a
modem sends a new signal in a given length of time.

7. There are frequently two types of Modems:

Standard Modem
The standard modems use generic device drivers, and they can be internal
and external ones. The internal modems do not need much physical
structure. They can be installed into a compatible development slot. The
external modem is connected through one of the COM port to the
computer through a cable called a null-modem cable.
Window Modem
A window modem is a private plug and plays tool. It requires a particular
device driver supported by the window operating framework to function
correctly.
8. Flow Control in modem:
Individual modems send information at different speeds. It's necessary for
faster modems to slow down so that slower modems can catch up, otherwise
the slower modem will receive more data than it can process. To stop this
when the slow modem is ready for more data, it sends a different character
that signals to the fast modem that it can start transmitting again. In this way,
the two modems can match their speeds.

9. Data Compression in modem:

To reduce the amount of time it takes to send data and to cut down on the
amount of error in the signal, modems need to employ data compression.
Data compression techniques reduce the size of the signal needed to send the
required data.
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10.Depending on direction of data transmission, modem can be of these types:

Simplex − A simplex modem can transfer data in only one direction, from
digital device to network or network to digital device.
Half duplex − A half-duplex modem has the capacity to transfer data in both
the directions but only one at a time.
Full duplex − A full duplex modem can transmit data in both the directions
simultaneously.

Switch

1. A network switch is a small device that centralizes communications among

several connected devices in LAN.

2. Switches are networking devices operating at a data link layer of the OSI
model. Some switches can also process data at the network layer by
combining routing functions. Normally, a switch provides a large number of
ports for cable connections, allowing for star topology routing. It is usually
used to connect multiple PCs to the network.
3. It is an intelligent network device. It uses packet switching technique to
receive and forward data packets from the source to the destination device. It
uses MAC addresses to send data packets to selected destination ports.
4. Transmission mode in switch is full duplex, which means that
communication in the channel occurs in both the directions at the same time.
Collisions do not occur since the communication is full duplex.
5. Switch in networking can manage traffic either coming into or exiting the
network and can connect devices like computers and access points with ease.
A switch divides a LAN into multiple collision domains with independent
broadband, thus greatly increasing the bandwidth of the LAN.
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6. Switches can perform error checking before forwarding data to the destined
port.
7. Switch examines the destination address, performs necessary checks and
sends the frame to the corresponding device.

8. It is supports unicast, multicast and broadcast. But, generally it is used for

unicast purpose.

9. Nowadays, switches are used almost everywhere from small office/home

office (SOHO) to major ISPs (Internet Service Providers). It can be use at
home office or small-sized area.

10.Types of Switches :There are variety of switches that can be broadly

categorised into 4 types:
Unmanaged Switch : These are inexpensive switches commonly used
in home networks and small businesses. They can be set up by simply
plugging in to the network, after which they instantly start operating.
Managed Switch : These are costly switches that are used in
organisations with large and complex networks, since they can be
customized to augment the functionalities of a standard switch.
LAN Switch : These switches connects devices in the internal LAN of
an organization. They are also referred as Ethernet switches or data
switches.
PoE Switch : These switches are used in PoE Gogabit Ethernets. PoE
technology combine data and power transmission over the same cable
so that devices connected to it can receive both electricity as well as
data over the same line.
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Router

1. Routers connects different networks together and sends data packets from
one network to another.

2. Routers are networking devices operating at a network layer of the OSI

model.

3. A router can be used both in LANs (Local Area Networks) and WANs
(Wide Area Networks).

4. It transfers data in the form of IP packets. In order to transmit data, it uses IP

address mentioned in the destination field of the IP packet.

5. Router forwards the packet based on the information available in the routing
table.

6. It determines the best path from the available paths for the transmission of
the packet.

7. Transmission rate is very high. Because it use some algorithm to findout

congestion free path.
8. Routers have a routing table in it that is refreshed periodically according to
the changes in the network. In order to transmit data packets, it consults the
table and uses a routing protocol. In order to prepare or refresh the routing
table, routers share information among each other.
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9. Types of Routers:
Static Routers: It basically uses in small networks. Static Routers enables the
network administrator to enter the route information manually in the routing
table. But this process is very time consuming.
Dynamic Routers: It is basically used in a large network. Dynamic Routers
Update the routing table automatically according to the changes in network
topology and information received from other routers. This process is not
timeconsuming and less susceptible to error. This job is accomplished with
the help of routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IGRP.

10.Main function of router is spread the Wi-Fi signals or other kind of

information to one network to other network. Divided big domain data into
many sub nets or sub networks for maintain the quality. Wi-Fi routers
connect one or more big data network in same point or end.

Bridge

1. A bridge is a network device that connects multiple LANs. The process of

aggregating networks is called network bridging.

2. Bridges operate at the data link layer of the OSI model.

3. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering content by

reading the MAC addresses of source and destination.

4. Since they operate at data link layer, they transmit data as data frames. If the
frame has a destination MAC address in the same network, the bridge passes
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the frame to that node and then discards it and If the frame has a destination MAC
address in a connected network, it will forward the frame toward it.

5. Bridges also connect virtual LANs (VLANs) to make a larger VLAN.

6. Some types of bridges connect the networks with the help of architectures &
types of media. It avoids waste BW (bandwidth). The length of the network
can be increased.

7. It extend a network Network traffic on a segment can be reduced by

subdividing it into network communications,So, Collisions can be reduced.

8. It store the MAC address in PC used in a network and also used for
diminishing the network traffic.

9. General, types of Bridges:

Transparent Bridges:
It is also called learning bridges. Bridge construct its table of terminal addresses on
its own as it implements connecting two LANs. It facilitates the source location to
create its table. It is self-updating. It is a plug and plays bridge.
Source Routing Bridge:
This sending terminal means the bridges that the frames should stay. This type of
bridge is used to prevent looping problem.
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10.Use :
Bridges are used to divide large busy networks into multiple smaller
and interconnected networks to improve performance.
Bridges also can increase the physical size of a network.
Bridges are also used to connect a LAN segment through a
synchronous modem relation to another LAN segment at a remote
area.

Gateway

1. A gateway is a passage to connect two networks together that may work

upon different transmission protocols.

2. The most common type of gateways, the network gateway operates at

network layer of the OSI model.

3. The feature that differentiates a gateway from other network devices is that
depending upon the functionality, it can operate at any layer of the OSI
model.

4. A gateway operates as a protocol converter, providing compatibility between

the different protocols used in the two different networks. It also stores
information about the routing paths of the communicating networks.

5. It acts as the entry and exit point for a network since all traffic that flows
across the networks should pass through the gateway. Only the internal
traffic between the nodes of a LAN does not pass through the gateway.
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6. It uses packet switching technique to transmit data across the networks.

7. A gateway is generally implemented as a node with multiple NICs

connected to different networks. However, it can also be configured using
software.

8. Gateway is located at the boundary of a network and manages all data that
inflows or outflows from that network.

9. Types on the basis of direction of data flow:

Unidirectional Gateways : They allow data to flow in only one
direction. Changes made in the source node are replicated in the
destination node, but not vice versa. They can be used as archiving
tools.
Bidirectional Gateways : They allow data to flow in both directions.
They can be used as synchronization tools.

10.Types on the basis functionalities:

Network Gateway − This is the most common type of gateway that

provides as interface between two dissimilar networks operating with
different protocols.
Cloud Storage Gateway − It is a network node or server that translates
storage requests with different cloud storage service API calls, such as
SOAP or REST.
Internet-To-Orbit Gateway (I2O) − It connects devices on the Internet
to satellites and spacecraft orbiting the earth.
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IoT Gateway − IoT gateways assimilates sensor data from devices in

the field and translates between sensor protocols before sending it to
the cloud network.
VoiP Trunk Gateway − It facilitates data transmission between plain
old telephone service devices like landline phones and fax machines,
with VoIP network.

Repeater

1. Repeaters amplify or regenerate an incoming signal before retransmitting it.

So, they are also known as signal boosters.

2. Repeaters are network devices operating at physical layer of the OSI model.

3. When an electrical signal is transmitted via a channel, it gets weakened

depending upon the nature of the channel. Repeaters amplifies the weakened
signal and then retransmits it.

4. Digital repeaters can even reconstruct signals distorted by transmission loss.

So, repeaters are popularly incorporated to connect between two LANs thus
forming a large single LAN.
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5. Repeaters are simple to install and can easily extend the length or the
coverage area of networks.They are cost effective.Repeaters don’t require any
processing overhead. They can connect signals using different types of cables.

6. Repeaters cannot connect dissimilar networks. They cannot differentiate

between actual signal and noise.They cannot reduce network traffic or
congestion.

7. The repeaters can frequently monitor the signals that are created between the
two LANs. Repeaters can support dynamic networking.

8. Types of Repeaters according to the types of signals that they regenerate:

Analog Repeaters : They can only amplify the analog signal.
Digital Repeaters : They can reconstruct a distorted signal.

9. Types of Repeaters according to the types of networks that they connect:

Wired Repeaters : They are used in wired LANs.
Wireless Repeaters : They are used in wireless LANs and cellular
networks.

10.Types of Repeaters according to the domain of LANs they connect:

Local Repeaters : They connect LAN segments separated by small
distance.
Remote Repeaters : They connect LANs that are far from each other.
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