Computer Networks

MANAV RACHNA UNIVERSITY
Established, vide Haryana Act no.26 of 2014

(Formerly Manav Rachna College of Engineering,
NAAC Accredited ‘A’ Grade Institute)
Manav Rachna University

Computer Network
Project Report
Title - Simulation of a Computer network using
Ring and Star topology
By – JIYA BHATIA (2K19CSUN01086)

ASHUTOSH (2K19CSUN01128)
OM SINGH (2K19CSUN01154)
Objective
To understand the scenario of a network of networks.
Scope
To simulate the real n/w scenarios for any organization. The
simulation can be helpful before physical implementation.
Project Description
Design a Ring topology with Star topology as a terminal of ring
topology as the terminals of the bus. Consider 192.168.16.0/24 as the
first address of the network, and allocate:
i) 64 addresses to 2-star terminal
ii) 32 addresses to 2-star terminal
iii) 16 addresses to 4 star terminal
Pre-requisite Knowledge
Ring Topology
A ring topology is a network configuration where device connections
create a circular data path. Each networked device is connected to two
others, like points on a circle. Together, devices in a ring topology are
referred to as a ring network. In a ring network, packets of data travel
from one device to the next until they reach their destination. Most
ring topologies allow packets to travel only in one direction, called a
unidirectional ring network. Others permit data to move in either
direction, called bidirectional. The major disadvantage of a ring
topology is that if any individual connection in the ring is broken, the
entire network is affected. Ring topologies may be used in either
LANs (local area networks) or WANs (wide area networks).
Depending on the network card used in each computer of the ring
topology, a coaxial cable or an RJ-45 network cable is used to connect
computers together.
Bus Topology
A bus topology is used in a LAN (Local Area Network) where
different nodes are linked to a particular cable otherwise a single
backbone. A coaxial cable/RJ-45 cable is used to connect different
devices. In a bus topology, when the cable has any problem then the
entire network will not work. For the safety purpose of a network,
there may be alternate cables. This is a very simple type of network
topology as compared to other topologies because it can be arranged
easily. In the bus, topology does not require additional cables
throughout the installation as compared to other kinds of topologies.
If any node within the network stops working then the remaining
nodes will keep working. So, it is very convenient to include the latest
nodes in the network without delaying other types of nodes. For long-
distance networking, this kind of topology is not suitable due to data
loss. If the nodes are spread in different directions then this kind of
topology will not work, so it is better to use other topologies like
mesh, star, or ring.
Star Topology
Star topology is one of the most common network setups. In this
configuration, every node connects to a central network device, like a
hub, switch, or computer. The central network device acts as a server
and the peripheral devices act as clients. In a star topology setup,
either a coaxial or RJ-45 network cable is used, depending on the type
of network card installed in each computer. The image shows how
this network setup gets its name, as it is shaped like a star.
IP Addressing
An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely identify a device
on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits, which can
be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a
subnet mask. The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet =
8 bits). Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period
(dot). For this reason, an IP address is said to be expressed in dotted
decimal format (for example, 172.16.81.100). The value in each octet
ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 - 11111111 binary.
Here is how binary octets convert to decimal: The rightmost bit, or

least significant bit, of an octet, holds a value of 20. The bit just to the
left of that holds a value of 21. This continues until the left-most bit,
or most significant bit, which holds a value of 27. So if all binary bits
are a one, the decimal equivalent would be 255 as shown here:
1 1 1 11111
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
Here is a sample octet conversion when not all of the bits are set to 1.
0 1000001
0 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0+64+0+0+0+0+0+1=65)
And this sample shows an IP address represented in both binary and
decimal.
10. 1. 23. 19 (decimal)

00001010.00000001.00010111.00010011 (binary)
These octets are broken down to provide an addressing scheme that
can accommodate large and small networks. There are five different
classes of networks, A to E. This document focuses on classes A to C,
since classes D and E are reserved and discussion of them is beyond
the scope of this document.
Project Output

Computer Networks

Uploaded by

Computer Networks

Uploaded by

MANAV RACHNA UNIVERSITY

Established, vide Haryana Act no.26 of 2014

Manav Rachna University

By – JIYA BHATIA (2K19CSUN01086)

Here is how binary octets convert to decimal: The rightmost bit, or

10. 1. 23. 19 (decimal)

You might also like