Department of Mathematics

CS220: Database Systems

Class: BESE-11 AB

Lab03: DDL and Constraints

Date: October 4, 2021

Lab Engineer: Sara Mehmood

CLO-1: Create a database schema that incorporates keys and integrity

constraints.

Lab 3: Querying Relational Database

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Introduction
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a high level query language which has inbuilt operators and
functions for different presentation/manipulation of the data that is retrieved.

Objectives
After performing this lab students should be able to:

1. Design SQL queries to retrieve data using SELECT clause and using logical operators, SQL
operator precedence.
2. Explore and learn various inbuilt single row functions of SQL.

Tools/Software Requirement
 MySQL Community Server
 MySQL Workbench
 Sakila Database

Description

1. Open MySQL Workbench and open the default connection instance.

2. A new query window would open from where you can write and execute queries.

3. You can save the query file and can also add comments using //, /* */ symbols.
4. On executing queries, results are displayed in the lower part of the screen.
5. Error or success messages are displayed in action output pane at the bottom.
6. Continue playing with the Workbench and SQL queries till you are comfortable with the
querying mechanism and have learnt the shortcuts to execute queries.

This lab is about querying databases. This lab will cover SQL keywords, functions and logical operators.
You will execute these queries using Sakila database. Modify the examples wrt Sakila database and
practice all operators/functions on the data in Sakila.

ORDER BY CLAUSE

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The SQL ORDER BY clause allows you to sort the records in your result set. The SQL ORDER BY
clause can only be used in SQL SELECT statements.

The syntax for the SQL ORDER BY clause is:

SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE predicates
ORDER BY column ASC/DESC;

The SQL ORDER BY clause sorts the result set based on the columns specified. If the ASC or DESC
value is omitted, it is sorted by ASC.

ASC indicates ascending order. (default)

DESC indicates descending order.

Example 1:

SELECT supplier_city
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name = 'IBM'
ORDER BY supplier_city;

Example 2:

When sorting your result set in descending order, you use the DESC attribute in your ORDER BY clause as follows:

SELECT supplier_city
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name = 'IBM'
ORDER BY supplier_city DESC;

This SQL ORDER BY example would return all records sorted by the supplier_city field in descending order.

SQL ORDER BY - Using both ASC and DESC attributes together

When sorting your result set using the SQL ORDER BY clause, you can use the ASC and DESC attributes in a
single SQL SELECT statement.

For example:

SELECT supplier_city, supplier_state

FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name = 'IBM'
ORDER BY supplier_city DESC, supplier_state ASC;

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This SQL ORDER BY would return all records sorted by the supplier_city field in descending order, with a
secondary sort by supplier_state in ascending order.

SQL Operator Precedence

1. Parentheses - if you group conditional SQL statements together by parentheses, SQL Server
evaluates the contents of these first.
2. Arithmetic - multiplication (using the operators *, /, or %)
3. Arithmetic - addition (using the operators + or -)
4. Other - String Concatenate (+)
5. Logical - NOT
6. Logical - AND
7. Logical - OR

Note: (The order of evaluation at the same precedence level is from left to right.)

1. Execute the following queries using the Sakila schema.

Select customer_id, 100*amount-10

from payment;

Select customer_id, 100*(amount-10)

from payment;

Logical - AND
The AND condition allows you to create an SQL statement based on 2 or more conditions being met. It
can be used in any valid SQL statement - select, insert, update, or delete.

The syntax for the AND condition is:

SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE column1 = 'value1'
AND column2 = 'value2';

The AND condition requires that each condition be must be met for the record to be included in
the result set. In this case, column1 has to equal 'value1' and column2 has to equal 'value2'.

Example #1:

The first example that we'll take a look at involves a very simple example using the AND condition.

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 SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE city = 'New York'
and type = 'PC Manufacturer';

This would return all suppliers that reside in New York and are PC Manufacturers. Because the * is used
in the select, all fields from the supplier table would appear in the result set.

Logical - OR
The OR condition allows you to create an SQL statement where records are returned when any one of the
conditions are met. It can be used in any valid SQL statement - select, insert, update, or delete.

The syntax for the OR condition is:

SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE column1 = 'value1'
or column2 = 'value2';

The OR condition requires that any of the conditions be must be met for the record to be included in the
result set. In this case, column1 has to equal 'value1' OR column2 has to equal 'value2'.

Example #1:

The first example that we'll take a look at involves a very simple example using the OR condition.

SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE city = 'New York'
or city = 'Newark';

This would return all suppliers that reside in either New York or Newark. Because the * is used in the
select, all fields from the suppliers table would appear in the result set.

Example #2:

The next example takes a look at three conditions. If any of these conditions is met, the record will be
included in the result set.

SELECT supplier_id
FROM suppliers
WHERE name = 'IBM'

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or name = 'Hewlett Packard'
or name = 'Gateway';

This SQL statement would return all supplier_id values where the supplier's name is either IBM, Hewlett
Packard or Gateway.

Logical Operator Precedence

Logical operators are executed in the following specified order.

1. Logical - NOT
2. Logical - AND
3. Logical - OR

Combination of And & Or

The AND and OR conditions can be combined in a single SQL statement. It can be used in any valid SQL
statement - select, insert, update, or delete.

When combining these conditions, it is important to use brackets so that the database knows what order to
evaluate each condition.

Example #1:

The first example that we'll take a look at an example that combines the AND and OR conditions.

SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE (city = 'New York' and name = 'IBM')
or (city = 'Newark');

This would return all suppliers that reside in New York whose name is IBM and all suppliers that reside
in Newark. The brackets determine what order the AND and OR conditions are evaluated in.

Example #2:

The next example takes a look at a more complex statement.

SELECT supplier_id
FROM suppliers
WHERE (name = 'IBM')
or (name = 'Hewlett Packard' and city = 'Atlantic City')
or (name = 'Gateway' and status = 'Active' and city = 'Burma');

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This SQL statement would return all supplier_id values where the supplier's name is IBM or the name is
Hewlett Packard and the city is Atlantic City or the name is Gateway, the status is Active, and the city is
Burma.

Single Row Functions

What is a function?

A function is similar to an operator in operation. A function is a name that performs a specific task. A
function may or may not take values (arguments) but it always returns a value as the result. If function
takes values then these values are to be given within parentheses after the function name. The following is
the general format of a function.

function [(argument-1, argument-2,...) ]

If the function doesn’t take any value then function name can be used alone and even parentheses are not
required.

Single-row functions return a single result row for every row of a queried table or view. These functions
can appear in select lists, WHERE clauses, START WITH and CONNECT BY clauses, and HAVING
clauses.

Arithmetic functions perform take numeric data; date functions take date type data and string functions
take strings. Conversion functions are used to convert the given value from one type to another.
Miscellaneous functions perform operations on any type of data. Group functions are used to perform
operations on the groups created by GROUP BY clause.

Character Functions
Character functions operate on values of dataype  CHAR or VARCHAR.

LOWER

Returns a given string in lower case.

select LOWER(first_name)

from actor;

UPPER
Returns a given string in UPPER case.

select UPPER(first_name)
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 from actor;

LENGTH

Returns the length of a given string.

select length(first_name)

from actor;

CONCAT(str1,str2,...)

Returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. May have one or more arguments.

SELECT CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

MySQL

CONCAT_WS(separator,str1,str2,...)

CONCAT_WS() stands for Concatenate With Separator and is a special form of CONCAT(). The first
argument is the separator for the rest of the arguments. The separator is added between the strings to be
concatenated. The separator can be a string, as can the rest of the arguments. If the separator is NULL,
the result is NULL.

SELECT CONCAT_WS(',','First name','Last Name' );

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| CONCAT_WS(',','First name','Last Name' ) |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| First name, Last Name |

LPAD(str,len,padstr)

Returns the string str, left-padded with the string padstr to a length of len characters. If str is longer than
len, the return value is shortened to len characters.

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SELECT LPAD('hi',4,'??');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| LPAD('hi',4,'??') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| ??hi |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

RPAD(str,len,padstr)

Returns the string str, right-padded with the string padstr to a length of len characters. If str is longer
than len, the return value is shortened to len characters.

SELECT RPAD('hi',5,'?');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| RPAD('hi',5,'?') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| hi??? |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

LTRIM(str)

Returns the string str with leading space characters removed.

SELECT LTRIM(' lecture');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| LTRIM(' lecture') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| lecture |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

REPEAT(str,count)

Returns a string consisting of the string str repeated count times. If count is less than 1, returns an empty
string. Returns NULL if str or count are NULL.

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SELECT REPEAT('MySQL', 3);

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| REPEAT('MySQL', 3) |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| MySQLMySQLMySQL |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

RTRIM(str)

Returns the string str with trailing space characters removed.

SELECT RTRIM('barbar ');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| RTRIM('barbar ') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| barbar |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

SUBSTRING(str,pos)

SUBSTRING(str FROM pos)

SUBSTRING(str,pos,len)

SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)

The forms without a len argument return a substring from string str starting at position pos. The forms
with a len argument return a substring len characters long from string str, starting at position pos. The
forms that use FROM are standard SQL syntax. It is also possible to use a negative value for pos. In this
case, the beginning of the substring is pos characters from the end of the string, rather than the
beginning. A negative value may be used for pos in any of the forms of this function.

SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5);

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| SSUBSTRING('Quadratically',5) |

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+---------------------------------------------------------+

| ratically |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

> SELECT SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4);

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4) |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| barbar |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6);

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6) |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| ratica |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

Arithmetic Operators:

Arithmetic operators and functions are available in MYSQL which are used for arithmetic
operations. You can explore them online.

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LAB TASKS

Question No. 1: Select the names of actors whose IDs are between 50 and 150, or those whose last name
starts with A.

Code:

select first_name, last_name from actor where (actor_id between 50 and 150) or
(last_name like 'A%');

Screenshot:

Question No. 2: Write a query to display the names of customers in the following format.

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Code:

select concat_ws(",",last_name, substring(first_name,1,1)) from customer;

Screenshot:

Question No. 3: Retrieve the information showing the details of each of the Films released uptil now in
the format: *Film Academy Dinosaur was released in the year 2006*.

Code:

select concat_ws(" ","Film", title," was released in year", release_year) from film;

Screenshot:

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Question No. 4: Display the usernames and address_ids of customers in the Sakila database.

Code:

select first_name, last_name, address_id FROM customer;

Screenshot:

Question No. 5: Write two queries using the Substring functions on sakila database.

Code: Query to Select first three initials of each language

select substring(name,1,3) from language;

Screenshot:

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Code: Query to select last alphabet of each city

select substring(city,-1) from city;

Screenshot:

Deliverable
Submit a PDF document including the SQL queries to answer above-mentioned information needs as well
as snapshot of their outcome when executed over MySQL using the Workbench.

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