SQA

Types of Software Testing

(Manual Testing)

Manual Testing
Manual testing is a software testing process in which test cases are executed
manually without using any automated tool. All test cases executed by the tester
manually according to the end user's perspective. It ensures whether the application
is working, as mentioned in the requirement document or not. Test cases are
planned and implemented to complete almost 100 percent of the software
application. Test case reports are also generated manually.
Manual Testing is one of the most fundamental testing processes as it can find both
visible and hidden defects of the software. The difference between expected output
and output, given by the software, is defined as a defect. The developer fixed the
defects and handed it to the tester for retesting.

Manual testing is mandatory for every newly developed software before automated
testing. This testing requires great efforts and time, but it gives the surety of bug-free
software. Manual Testing requires knowledge of manual testing techniques but not
of any automated testing tool.

Manual testing is essential because one of the software testing fundamentals is

"100% automation is not possible."

Why we need manual testing

Whenever an application comes into the market, and it is unstable or having a bug or
issues or creating a problem while end-users are using it.

If we don't want to face these kinds of problems, we need to perform one round of
testing to make the application bug free and stable and deliver a quality product to
the client, because if the application is bug free, the end-user will use the application
more conveniently.

If the test engineer does manual testing, he/she can test the application as an end-
user perspective and get more familiar with the product, which helps them to write
the correct test cases of the application and give the quick feedback of the
application.

Types of Manual Testing

There are various methods used for manual testing. Each technique is used according
to its testing criteria. Types of manual testing are given below:

o White Box Testing

o Black Box Testing
o Gray Box Testing
White-box testing
The white box testing is done by Developer, where they check every line of a code
before giving it to the Test Engineer. Since the code is visible for the Developer
during the testing, that's why it is also known as White box testing.

Black box testing

The black box testing is done by the Test Engineer, where they can check the
functionality of an application or the software according to the customer /client's
needs. In this, the code is not visible while performing the testing; that's why it is
known as black-box testing.

Gray Box testing

Gray box testing is a combination of white box and Black box testing. It can be
performed by a person who knew both coding and testing. And if the single person
performs white box, as well as black-box testing for the application, is known as Gray
box testing.

How to perform Manual Testing

o First, tester observes all documents related to software, to select testing areas.
o Tester analyses requirement documents to cover all requirements stated by the
customer.
o Tester develops the test cases according to the requirement document.
 o All test cases are executed manually by using Black box testing and white box testing.
o If bugs occurred then the testing team informs the development team.
o The Development team fixes bugs and handed software to the testing team for a
retest.

Software Build Process

o Once the requirement is collected, it will provide to the two different team
development and testing team.
o After getting the requirement, the concerned developer will start writing the code.
o And in the meantime, the test engineer understands the requirement and prepares
the required documents, up to now the developer may complete the code and store
in the Control Version tool.
o After that, the code changes in the UI, and these changes handle by one separate
team, which is known as the build team.
o This build team will take the code and start compile and compress the code with the
help of a build tool. Once we got some output, the output goes in the zip file, which
is known as Build (application or software).Each Build will have some unique number
like (B001, B002).
o Then this particular Build will be installed in the test server. After that, the test
engineer will access this test server with the help of the Test URL and start testing the
application.
o If the test engineer found any bug, he/she will be reported to the concerned
developer.
o Then the developer will reproduce the bug in the test server and fix the bug and
again store the code in the Control version tool, and it will install the new updated
file and remove the old file; this process is continued until we get the stable Build.
o Once we got the stable Build, it will be handed over to the customer.
Note1
o Once we collect the file from the Control version tool, we will use the build tool to
compile the code from high-level language to machine level language. After
compilation, if the file size will increase, so we will compress that particular file and
dumped into the test server.
o This process is done by Build team, developer (if build team is not there, a
developer can do it) or the test lead (if the build team directly handle the zip and
install the application to the test server and inform the test engineer).
o Generally, we can't get a new Build for every bug; else, most of the time will be
wasted only in creating the builds.

Note2

Build team

The main job of the build team is to create the application or the Build and
converting the high-level language into low-level language.

Build
It is software, which is used to convert the code into application format. And it
consists of some set of features and bug fixes that are handed over to the test
engineer for testing purposes until it becomes stable.

Control version tool

It is a software or application, which is used for the following purpose:

o In this tool, we can save different types of files.

o It is always secured because we access the file from the tools using the same login
credentials.
o The primary objective of the tools is to track the changes done for the existing files.

Example of Build process

Let see one example to understand how to build process work on the real scenarios:

As soon as the test engineer gets the bug, they will send it to the developers, and
they need some time to analyze; after that, he/she only fixes the bug (Test engineer
can't give the collection of bug).

The developer is decided how many bugs he can fix according to their time. And the
test engineer is decided, which bug should be fixed first according to their needs
because the test engineers cannot afford to stop testing.

And the test engineer getting the mail, they can only know that which bug is fixed by
the list of the bug fixes.

The time will increase because at the first Build, and developers should write the
code in the different features. And at the end, he/she can only do the bug fixes and
the numbers of days will be decreased.
Note3

Test cycle

The test cycle is the time duration given to the test engineer to test every Build.

Differences between the two build

The bugs found in one build and can be fixed any of the future Build, which depends
on the test engineer's requirement. Each new Build is the modified version of the old
one, and these modifications could be the bug fixes or adding some new features.

How frequently we were getting the new Build

In the beginning, we used to get weekly builds, but in the latest stage of testing,
when the application was getting stable, we used to get the new Build once in 3
days, two days, or a daily basis as well.

How many builds we get

If we consider one year of any project duration, we got 22-26 builds.

When we get the bug fixes

Generally, we understand the bug fixes only after the test cycle is completed, or the
collection of bugs is fixed in one build, and handover in the next builds.

Advantages of Manual Testing

o It does not require programming knowledge while using the Black box method.
o It is used to test dynamically changing GUI designs.
o Tester interacts with software as a real user so that they are able to discover usability
and user interface issues.
o It ensures that the software is a hundred percent bug-free.
o It is cost-effective.
o Easy to learn for new testers.

Disadvantages of Manual Testing

o It requires a large number of human resources.
o It is very time-consuming.
o Tester develops test cases based on their skills and experience. There is no evidence
that they have covered all functions or not.
o Test cases cannot be used again. Need to develop separate test cases for each new
software.
o It does not provide testing on all aspects of testing.
o Since two teams work together, sometimes it is difficult to understand each other's
motives, it can mislead the process.

Manual testing tools

In manual testing, different types of testing like unit, integration, security,
performance, and bug tracking, we have various tools such as Jira, Bugzilla, Mantis,
Zap, NUnit, Tessy, LoadRunner, Citrus, SonarQube, etc. available in the market. Some
of the tools are open-source, and some are commercial.
Let's us understand them one by one:

LoadRunner
It is most commonly used performance testing tools. LoadRunner is mainly used to
support performance testing for the wide range of procedures, number of
approaches, and application environments.

The main purpose of executing the LoadRunner tool is to classify the most common
sources of performance issues quickly.

Features of LoadRunner

o LoadRunner tool contains n-numbers of applications, which reduces the time to

understand and describe the reports.
o We can get thorough performance test reports by using the LoadRunner tool.
 o It will reduce the cost of distributed load testing and also offer the operational tool
for deployment tracking.

Citrus
Citrus is an integration testing tool, which is the most commonly used test
framework. It is written in Java programming language. It is mostly used to request
and respond to server-side and client-side and validate the XML JSON files.

To accomplish the end-to-end use case testing, citrus supports several HTTP, JMS,
and SOAP protocols.

Characteristics of Citrus

Following are some of the important features of Citrus tool:

o It is used to send and receive messages.

o Citrus is available as both an open-source and a licensed in the market.
o It delivers a low-cost solution.
o We can authenticate the database by using the citrus tool.
o It will describe the sequence of messages, offer the test plan, and document the test
coverage.
o It creates the message and verifies the responses.

ZAP
ZAP is an open-source web application security scanner. It is stands for Zed Attack
Proxy. Just like some other tools, it is also written in the JAVA programming
language. It is the most effective Open Web Application Security
Projects [OWASP].
Features of ZAP

o It supports many operating systems such as Windows, Linux, OS X.

o It has a plugin-based architecture.
o It contains an online marketplace that permits us to add new or updated features.
o ZAP's GUI control panel is easy to use.

NUnit
NUnit is one of the most frequently used unit testing tools. It is an open-source tool
and primarily derived from the JUnit.

It was completely written in the C# programming language and suitable for all .Net
languages.

In other words, we can say that the NUnit tool is entirely redesigned to become the
advantage of many .Net language qualities. For example:

o Reflection-related capabilities.
o Other custom attributes.

Characteristics of NUnit

o It allows the assertions as a static method of the advantage class.

o It sustains the data-driven tests.
o It supports several platforms, like .NET core Xamarin mobile, Silverlight, and efficient
framework.
 o The ability of NUnit help us to execute the tests simultaneously.
o It uses a console runner to load and execute the tests.

JIRA
The most regularly used bug tracking tool is JIRA, which is an open-source tool. It is
used for bug tracking, project management, and issue tracking.

In this tool, we can easily track all kinds of bugs or defects related to the software
and produced by the test engineers.

Features of JIRA

o It is a time-saving tool.
o Jira is used to track the defects and issues.
o It is used to establish the documentation tasks.
o Jira is a very useful tool in tracking the improvement of our documentation.

SonarQube
Another testing tool of manual testing is SonarQube, which improves our workflow
with continuous code quality and code security. It is flexible with the use of plug-ins.

It is completely written in the JAVA programming language. It offers fully automated

evaluation and integration with Ant, Maven, Gradle, MSBuild, and constant
integration tools. SonarQube has the ability to record a metrics history and gives the
evolution graph.
Features of Sonarqube

Below are some of the significant features of the SonarQube tool:

o It supports several programming languages like C, C++, Python, JAVA, HTML, CSS,
VB.NET, PHP, COBOL, PL/SQL, etc.
o Under the GNU Lesser General Public License, Sonarqube is freely available.
o SonarQube is affiliate with some important external tools like GitHub, Active
Directory, LDAP, and others.
o SonarQube merged with Visual Studio, Eclipse, and IntelliJ IDEA development
environments due to the SonarLint plug-ins.

JMeter
JMeter is an open-source tool that is used to test the performance of both static and
dynamic resources and dynamic web applications.

It is completely designed on the JAVA application to load the functional test behavior
and measure the application's performance.

It facilitates users or developers to use the source code for the development of other
applications.

Features of JMeter

Below are some of the essential characteristics of JMeter:

o It is platform-independent, which accepts a JVM like Windows, Mac, and Linux, etc.
o It supports a user-friendly GUI, which is interactive and straightforward.
o It is incredibly extensible to load the performance test in multiple types of servers.

Bugzilla
Another bug tracking tool used in manual testing is Bugzilla.
It is most widely used by many organizations to track the various bugs of the
application.

Bugzilla is an open-source tool that helps the customer and the client to keep track
of the defects. Bugzilla is also considered a test management tool because in this, we
can easily link other test case management tools such as ALM, Quality Centre, etc.

Features of Bugzilla

Bugzilla has some additional features which help us to report the bug easily:

o It supports various operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and Mac.

o With the help of Bugzilla, we can list a bug in several formats.
o User preferences can measure email notification.
o Bugzilla has advanced searching capabilities.

Mantis
Mantis is a web-based bug tracking system. ManitsBT stands for Mantis Bug
Tracker. It is used to follow the software defects and performed in the PHP
programming language. It is also an open-source tool.

Features of Mantis

Some of the standard features of the particular tool are as follows:

o With the help of this tool, we have full-text search accessibility.

o Audit trails of changes made to issues.
o It provides the revision control system integration.
 o Revision control of text fields and notes

Tessy
Another integration testing tool is Tessy, which is used to perform the integration
and unit testing for the embedded software. It also helps us to discover the code
coverage of the software or an application.

It can easily manage the entire test organization, including business needs, test
management, coverage quantity, and traceability.

Tessy contains three primary functions, which are as follows:

o Test Interface Editor (TIE)

o Test Data Editor (TDE)
o Workspace.

Features of TESSY

The standard features of the TESSY are as follows:

o It produces the test report for the test execution results.

o It supports various programming languages such as C and C++.
o Tessy is used to evaluate the interface of the function and describes the variable used
by that function.

Overview
In this article, we have seen detailed information about Manual testing, which
includes the definition of manual testing, the need of manual testing, type of
manual testing, manual testing tools, the process of manual testing, and some
important benefits and drawbacks of it.

Finally, we can say that, it is a process where the test engineer needs to be very
persistent, innovative, and responsive.

In manual testing, the test engineer needs to think and perform like end-user
interpretation.

In order to implement manual testing, a test engineer needs productive skill and
imagination. And they need to think of multiple situations or scenarios to test a
specific application.

Even though we can test nearly all applications with the help of automation testing at
present, still manual testing is necessary as it is the base of software testing.