UNIT I – INTRODUCTION TO DBMS – 3 HRS

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Notes By: Raju Poudel (Mechi Multiple Campus)
DBMS Overview
• A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to
define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database.
• A DBMS generally manipulates the data itself, the data format, field names, record
structure and file structure. It also defines rules to validate and manipulate this
data.
• A DBMS relieves users of framing programs for data maintenance. Fourth-
generation query languages, such as SQL, are used along with the DBMS package
to interact with a database.
• Some other DBMS examples include: MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, dBASE,
FoxPro, MS-Access etc.
Database
• A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily
accessed, managed and updated. Data is organized into rows, columns and tables,
and it is indexed to make it easier to find relevant information.
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Notes By: Raju Poudel (Mechi Multiple Campus)
Characteristics of DBMS
• Provides security and removes redundancy (duplication)
• Insulation between programs and data abstraction
• Support of multiple views of the data
• Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
• DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables.
• It follows the ACID concept ( Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and
Durability).
• DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access and
manipulate data in parallel.

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Notes By: Raju Poudel (Mechi Multiple Campus)
DBMS vs. Flat File
DBMS Flat File Management System
Multi-user access It does not support multi-user access
Design to fulfill the need for small and large It is only limited to smaller DBMS system.
businesses
Remove redundancy and Integrity Redundancy and Integrity issues
Expensive. But in the long term Total Cost of It's cheaper
Ownership is cheap
Easy to implement complicated transactions No support for complicated transactions

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Notes By: Raju Poudel (Mechi Multiple Campus)
Objective of DBMS

1. Eliminate redundant data.

2. Make access to the data easy for the user.
3. Provide for mass storage of relevant data.
4. Protect the data from physical harm and un-authorized systems.
5. Allow for growth in the data base system.
6. Make the latest modifications to the data base available immediately.
7. Allow for multiple users to be active at one time.
8. Provide prompt response to user requests for data.

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Notes By: Raju Poudel (Mechi Multiple Campus)
Importance of DBMS
• A database management system is important because it manages data efficiently and
allows users to perform multiple tasks with ease.
• A database management system stores, organizes and manages a large amount of
information within a single software application. Use of this system increases efficiency
of business operations and reduces overall costs.
• Database management systems are important to businesses and organizations
because they provide a highly efficient method for handling multiple types of data.
• Some of the data that are easily managed with this type of system include: employee
records, student information, payroll, accounting, project management, inventory and
library books. These systems are built to be extremely versatile.
• Without database management, tasks have to be done manually and take more time.
Data can be categorized and structured to suit the needs of the company or
organization.
• Data is entered into the system and accessed on a routine basis by assigned users.
Each user may have an assigned password to gain access to their part of the system.
Multiple users can use the system at the same time in different ways.
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Notes By: Raju Poudel (Mechi Multiple Campus)
Advantages of DBMS
• DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data
• DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications
using the same data
• Application programmers never exposed to details of data representation and
storage.
• A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently.
• Offers Data Integrity and Security
• The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection against
prohibited access to data.
• A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only one
user can access the same data at a time
• Reduced Application Development Time

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Notes By: Raju Poudel (Mechi Multiple Campus)
Disadvantages of DBMS
• Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the
budget of your organization.
• Most database management systems are often complex systems, so the
training for users to use the DBMS is required.
• In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database which
can be damaged because of electric failure or database is corrupted on the
storage media
• Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes lead to the
loss of some data.
• DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations

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Notes By: Raju Poudel (Mechi Multiple Campus)
Application of DBMS
Sector Use of DBMS
Banking For customer information, account activities, payments, deposits, loans, etc.

Airlines For reservations and schedule information.

Universities For student information, course registrations, colleges and grades.

Telecommunication It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintaining balances, etc.

Finance For storing information about stock, sales, and purchases of financial
instruments like stocks and bonds.

Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales information.

Manufacturing It is used for the management of supply chain and for tracking production of
items. Inventories status in warehouses.

HR Management For information about employees, salaries, payroll, deduction, generation of

paychecks, etc.

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Notes By: Raju Poudel (Mechi Multiple Campus)