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com/java-programming

Java Exceptions
In this tutorial, we will learn about exceptions in Java. We will cover errors,
exceptions and different types of exceptions in Java.

An exception is an unexpected event that occurs during program execution.

It affects the flow of the program instructions which can cause the program
to terminate abnormally.

An exception can occur for many reasons. Some of them are:

 Invalid user input

 Device failure

 Loss of network connection

 Physical limitations (out of disk memory)

 Code errors

 Opening an unavailable file

Java Exception hierarchy

Here is a simplified diagram of the exception hierarchy in Java.
As you can see from the image above, the  Throwable  class is the root class
in the hierarchy.
Note that the hierarchy splits into two branches: Error and Exception.

Errors

Errors represent irrecoverable conditions such as Java virtual machine

(JVM) running out of memory, memory leaks, stack overflow errors, library
incompatibility, infinite recursion, etc.
Errors are usually beyond the control of the programmer and we should not
try to handle errors.

Exceptions

Exceptions can be caught and handled by the program.

When an exception occurs within a method, it creates an object. This object
is called the exception object.

It contains information about the exception such as the name and

description of the exception and state of the program when the exception
occurred.

We will learn how to handle these exceptions in the next tutorial. In this
tutorial, we will now focus on different types of exceptions in Java.

Java Exception Types

The exception hierarchy also has two
branches:  RuntimeException  and  IOException .

1. RuntimeException

A runtime exception happens due to a programming error. They are also

known as unchecked exceptions.
These exceptions are not checked at compile-time but run-time. Some of
the common runtime exceptions are:

 Improper use of an API -  IllegalArgumentException

 Null pointer access (missing the initialization of a variable)
-  NullPointerException
 Out-of-bounds array access -  ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 Dividing a number by 0 -  ArithmeticException
You can think about it in this way. “If it is a runtime exception, it is your
fault”.

The  NullPointerException  would not have occurred if you had checked

whether the variable was initialized or not before using it.
An  ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException  would not have occurred if you tested the
array index against the array bounds.

2. IOException

An  IOException  is also known as a checked exception. They are checked by
the compiler at the compile-time and the programmer is prompted to handle
these exceptions.
Some of the examples of checked exceptions are:

 Trying to open a file that doesn’t exist results in  FileNotFoundException

 Trying to read past the end of a file

Java Exception Handling

In the tutorial, we will learn about different approaches of exception
handling in Java with the help of examples.

We know that exceptions abnormally terminate the execution of a program.

This is why it is important to handle exceptions. Here's a list of different
approaches to handle exceptions in Java.

 try...catch block

 finally block
  throw and throws keyword

1. Java try...catch block

The try-catch block is used to handle exceptions in Java. Here's the syntax
of  try...catch  block:

try {
// code
}
catch(Exception e) {
// code
}

Here, we have placed the code that might generate an exception inside
the  try  block. Every  try  block is followed by a  catch  block.
When an exception occurs, it is caught by the  catch  block. The  catch  block
cannot be used without the  try  block.
Example: Exception handling using try...catch

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// code that generate exception

int divideByZero = 5 / 0;
System.out.println("Rest of code in try block");
}

catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException => " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}
Output

ArithmeticException => / by zero

In the example, we are trying to divide a number by  0 . Here, this code
generates an exception.
To handle the exception, we have put the code,  5 / 0  inside the  try  block.
Now when an exception occurs, the rest of the code inside the  try  block is
skipped.
The  catch  block catches the exception and statements inside the catch
block is executed.
If none of the statements in the  try  block generates an exception,
the  catch  block is skipped.

2. Java finally block

In Java, the  finally  block is always executed no matter whether there is an
exception or not.
The  finally  block is optional. And, for each  try  block, there can be only
one  finally  block.
The basic syntax of  finally  block is:

try {
//code
}
catch (ExceptionType1 e1) {
// catch block
}
finally {
// finally block always executes
}
If an exception occurs, the  finally  block is executed after
the  try...catch  block. Otherwise, it is executed after the try block. For
each  try  block, there can be only one  finally  block.

Example: Java Exception Handling using finally block

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// code that generates exception
int divideByZero = 5 / 0;
}

catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException => " + e.getMessage());
}

finally {
System.out.println("This is the finally block");
}
}
}

Output

ArithmeticException => / by zero

This is the finally block

In the above example, we are dividing a number by 0 inside the  try  block.
Here, this code generates an  ArithmeticException .
The exception is caught by the  catch  block. And, then the  finally  block is
executed.
Note: It is a good practice to use the  finally  block. It is because it can
include important cleanup codes like,
 code that might be accidentally skipped by return, continue or break
  closing a file or connection
. Is the following code legal?

try {

} finally {

}
Answer: Yes, it's legal. A try statement does not have to have a catch
statement if it has a finally statement.
If the code in the try statement has multiple exit points and no associated
catch clauses,
the code in the finally statement is executed no matter how the try block is
exited.

Java Exception Keywords

https://www.javatpoint.com/exception-handling-in-java

Java provides five keywords that are used to handle the exception. The following
table describes each.

Keywor Description
d

try The "try" keyword is used to specify a block where we should place an exception code. It means
we can't use try block alone. The try block must be followed by either catch or finally.

catch The "catch" block is used to handle the exception. It must be preceded by try block which means
we can't use catch block alone. It can be followed by finally block later.

finally The "finally" block is used to execute the necessary code of the program. It is executed whether an
exception is handled or not.
throw The "throw" keyword is used to throw an exception.

throws The "throws" keyword is used to declare exceptions. It specifies that there may occur an exception
in the method. It doesn't throw an exception. It is always used with method signature.

Common Scenarios of Java Exceptions

There are given some scenarios where unchecked exceptions may occur. They are as
follows:

1) A scenario where ArithmeticException occurs

If we divide any number by zero, there occurs an ArithmeticException.

1. int a=50/0;//ArithmeticException  

2) A scenario where NullPointerException occurs

If we have a null value in any variable, performing any operation on the variable

throws a NullPointerException.

1. String s=null;  
2. System.out.println(s.length());//NullPointerException  

3) A scenario where NumberFormatException occurs

If the formatting of any variable or number is mismatched, it may result into

NumberFormatException. Suppose we have a string variable that has characters;
converting this variable into digit will cause NumberFormatException.

1. String s="abc";  
2. int i=Integer.parseInt(s);//NumberFormatException  

4) A scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs

When an array exceeds to it's size, the ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs.

there may be other reasons to occur ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. Consider the
following statements.

1. int a[]=new int[5];  
2. a[10]=50; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException  
 

 3. Java throw and throws keyword

The Java  throw  keyword is used to explicitly throw a single exception.
When we  throw  an exception, the flow of the program moves from
the  try  block to the  catch  block.
Example: Exception handling using Java throw

class Main {
public static void divideByZero() {

// throw an exception
throw new ArithmeticException("Trying to divide by 0");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

divideByZero();
}
}

Output

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: Trying to divide by 0

at Main.divideByZero(Main.java:5)
at Main.main(Main.java:9)

In the above example, we are explicitly throwing the  ArithmeticException  using

the  throw  keyword.
Similarly, the  throws  keyword is used to declare the type of exceptions that
might occur within the method. It is used in the method declaration.
Example: Java throws keyword

import java.io.*;

class Main {
// declareing the type of exception
public static void findFile() throws IOException {

// code that may generate IOException

 File newFile = new File("test.txt");
FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(newFile);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
findFile();
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

Output

java.io.FileNotFoundException: test.txt (The system cannot find the file specified)

When we run this program, if the file test.txt does not

exist,  FileInputStream  throws a  FileNotFoundException  which extends
the  IOException  class.
The  findFile()  method specifies that an  IOException  can be thrown.
The  main()  method calls this method and handles the exception if it is
thrown.
If a method does not handle exceptions, the type of exceptions that may
occur within it must be specified in the  throws  clause.

Java try...catch
In this tutorial, we will learn about the try catch statement in Java with the
help of examples.

The  try...catch  block in Java is used to handle exceptions and prevents the
abnormal termination of the program.
Here's the syntax of a  try...catch  block in Java.

try{
 // code
}
catch(exception) {
// code
}

The  try  block includes the code that might generate an exception.
The  catch  block includes the code that is executed when there occurs an
exception inside the  try  block.
Example: Java try...catch block

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
int divideByZero = 5 / 0;
System.out.println("Rest of code in try block");
}

catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException => " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output

ArithmeticException => / by zero

In the above example, notice the line,

int divideByZero = 5 / 0;

Here, we are trying to divide a number by zero. In this case, an exception

occurs. Hence, we have enclosed this code inside the  try  block.
When the program encounters this code,  ArithmeticException  occurs. And, the
exception is caught by the  catch  block and executes the code inside
the  catch  block.
The  catch  block is only executed if there exists an exception inside
the  try  block.

Note: In Java, we can use a  try  block without a  catch  block. However, we
cannot use a  catch  block without a  try  block.

Java try...finally block

We can also use the  try  block along with a finally block.
In this case, the finally block is always executed whether there is an
exception inside the try block or not.

Example: Java try...finally block

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int divideByZero = 5 / 0;
}

finally {
System.out.println("Finally block is always executed");
}
}
}

Output

Finally block is always executed

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at Main.main(Main.java:4)
In the above example, we have used the  try  block along with
the  finally  block. We can see that the code inside the  try  block is causing
an exception.
However, the code inside the  finally  block is executed irrespective of the
exception.

Java try...catch...finally block

In Java, we can also use the finally block after the  try...catch  block. For
example,

import java.io.*;

class ListOfNumbers {

// create an integer array

private int[] list = {5, 6, 8, 9, 2};

// method to write data from array to a fila

public void writeList() {
PrintWriter out = null;

try {
System.out.println("Entering try statement");

// creating a new file OutputFile.txt

out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("OutputFile.txt"));

// writing values from list array to Output.txt

for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
out.println("Value at: " + i + " = " + list[i]);
}
}

catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception => " + e.getMessage());
 }

finally {
// checking if PrintWriter has been opened
if (out != null) {
System.out.println("Closing PrintWriter");
// close PrintWriter
out.close();
}

else {
System.out.println("PrintWriter not open");
}
}

}
}

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ListOfNumbers list = new ListOfNumbers();
list.writeList();
}
}

Output

Entering try statement

Exception => Index 5 out of bounds for length 5
Closing PrintWriter

In the above example, we have created an array named  list  and a file
named  output.txt . Here, we are trying to read data from the array and
storing to the file.
Notice the code,

for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {

out.println("Value at: " + i + " = " + list[i]);
}

Here, the size of the array is  5  and the last element of the array is at  list[4] .
However, we are trying to access elements at  a[5]  and  a[6] .
Hence, the code generates an exception that is caught by the catch block.

Since the  finally  block is always executed, we have included code to close
the  PrintWriter  inside the finally block.
It is a good practice to use finally block to include important cleanup code
like closing a file or connection.

Note: There are some cases when a  finally  block does not execute:
 Use of  System.exit()  method
 An exception occurs in the  finally  block
 The death of a thread

Multiple Catch blocks

For each  try  block, there can be zero or more  catch  blocks.
Multiple  catch  blocks allow us to handle each exception differently.
The argument type of each  catch  block indicates the type of exception that
can be handled by it. For example,

class ListOfNumbers {
public int[] arr = new int[10];

public void writeList() {

try {
arr[10] = 11;
}

catch (NumberFormatException e1) {

System.out.println("NumberFormatException => " + e1.getMessage());
}

catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e2) {

System.out.println("IndexOutOfBoundsException => " + e2.getMessage());
 }

}
}

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ListOfNumbers list = new ListOfNumbers();
list.writeList();
}
}

Output

IndexOutOfBoundsException => Index 10 out of bounds for length 10

In this example, we have created an integer array named  arr  of size 10.
Since the array index starts from 0, the last element of the array is at  arr[9] .
Notice the statement,

arr[10] = 11;

Here, we are trying to assign a value to the index 10.

Hence,  IndexOutOfBoundException  occurs.
When an exception occurs in the  try  block,
 The exception is thrown to the first  catch  block. The first  catch  block
does not handle an  IndexOutOfBoundsException , so it is passed to the
next  catch  block.
 The second  catch  block in the above example is the appropriate
exception handler because it handles an  IndexOutOfBoundsException .
Hence, it is executed.

Catching Multiple Exceptions

From Java SE 7 and later, we can now catch more than one type of
exception with one  catch  block.
This reduces code duplication and increases code simplicity and efficiency.

Each exception type that can be handled by the  catch  block is separated
using a vertical bar  | .
Its syntax is:

try {
// code
} catch (ExceptionType1 | Exceptiontype2 ex) {
// catch block
}

To learn more, visit Java catching multiple exceptions.

Java try-with-resources statement

The try-with-resources statement is a try statement that has one or more

resource declarations.
Its syntax is:

try (resource declaration) {

// use of the resource
} catch (ExceptionType e1) {
// catch block
}

The resource is an object to be closed at the end of the program. It must be

declared and initialized in the try statement.

Let's take an example.

try (PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("OutputFile.txt")) {
// use of the resource
}

The try-with-resources statement is also referred to as automatic

resource management. This statement automatically closes all the
resources at the end of the statement.
To learn more, visit the java try-with-resources statement.

Java throw and throws

use throw and throws keyword for exception handling with the help of
examples. https://www.javatpoint.com/exception-handling-in-java

Types of Java Exceptions

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. An error is
considered as the unchecked exception. However, according to Oracle, there are
three types of exceptions namely:

1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception
3. Error
Difference between Checked and Unchecked
Exceptions
1) Checked Exception

The classes that directly inherit the Throwable class except RuntimeException and
Error are known as checked exceptions. For example, IOException, SQLException, etc.
Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception

The classes that inherit the RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions.
For example, ArithmeticException, NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at
compile-time, but they are checked at runtime.

3) Error

Error is irrecoverable. Some example of errors are OutOfMemoryError,

VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.

In Java, exceptions can be categorized into two types:

 Unchecked Exceptions: They are not checked at compile-time but

at run-time.For
example:  ArithmeticException ,  NullPointerException ,  ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExce
ption , exceptions under  Error  class, etc.
 Checked Exceptions: They are checked at compile-time. For
example,  IOException ,  InterruptedException , etc.
Refer to Java Exceptions to learn in detail about checked and unchecked
exceptions.
Usually, we don't need to handle unchecked exceptions. It's because
unchecked exceptions occur due to programming errors. And, it is a good
practice to correct them instead of handling them.
This tutorial will now focus on how to handle checked exceptions
using  throw  and  throws .

Java throws keyword

We use the  throws  keyword in the method declaration to declare the type of
exceptions that might occur within it.
Its syntax is:

accessModifier returnType methodName() throws ExceptionType1, ExceptionType2 … {

// code
}

As you can see from the above syntax, we can use  throws  to declare
multiple exceptions.

Example 1: Java throws Keyword

import java.io.*;
class Main {
public static void findFile() throws IOException {
// code that may produce IOException
File newFile=new File("test.txt");
FileInputStream stream=new FileInputStream(newFile);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

try{
findFile();
} catch(IOException e){
 System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

Output

java.io.FileNotFoundException: test.txt (No such file or directory)

When we run this program, if the file  test.txt  does not

exist,  FileInputStream  throws a  FileNotFoundException  which extends
the  IOException  class.
If a method does not handle exceptions, the type of exceptions that may
occur within it must be specified in the  throws  clause so that methods further
up in the call stack can handle them or specify them using  throws  keyword
themselves.
The  findFile()  method specifies that an  IOException  can be thrown.
The  main()  method calls this method and handles the exception if it is
thrown.

Throwing multiple exceptions

Here's how we can throw multiple exceptions using the  throws  keyword.

import java.io.*;
class Main {
public static void findFile() throws NullPointerException, IOException,
InvalidClassException {

// code that may produce NullPointerException

… … …

// code that may produce IOException

… … …
 // code that may produce InvalidClassException
… … …
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

try{
findFile();
} catch(IOException e1){
System.out.println(e1.getMessage());
} catch(InvalidClassException e2){
System.out.println(e2.getMessage());
}
}
}

Here, the  findFile()  method specifies that it can

throw  NullPointerException ,  IOException , and  InvalidClassException  in
its  throws  clause.
Note that we have not handled the  NullPointerException . This is because it is
an unchecked exception. It is not necessary to specify it in the  throws  clause
and handle it.

throws keyword Vs. try...catch...finally

There might be several methods that can cause exceptions.

Writing  try...catch  for each method will be tedious and code becomes long
and less-readable.
throws  is also useful when you have checked exception (an exception that
must be handled) that you don't want to catch in your current method.
Java throw keyword
The  throw  keyword is used to explicitly throw a single exception.
When an exception is thrown, the flow of program execution transfers from
the  try  block to the  catch  block. We use the  throw  keyword within a method.
Its syntax is:

throw throwableObject;

A throwable object is an instance of class  Throwable  or subclass of

the  Throwable  class.

Example 2: Java throw keyword

class Main {
public static void divideByZero() {
throw new ArithmeticException("Trying to divide by 0");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

divideByZero();
}
}

Output

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: Trying to divide by 0

at Main.divideByZero(Main.java:3)
at Main.main(Main.java:7)
exit status 1

In this example, we are explicitly throwing an  ArithmeticException.

Note:  ArithmeticException  is an unchecked exception. It's usually not
necessary to handle unchecked exceptions.
Example 3: Throwing checked exception

import java.io.*;
class Main {
public static void findFile() throws IOException {
throw new IOException("File not found");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
findFile();
System.out.println("Rest of code in try block");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output

File not found

The  findFile()  method throws an  IOException  with the message we passed to
its constructor.
Note that since it is a checked exception, we must specify it in
the  throws  clause.
The methods that call this  findFile()  method need to either handle this
exception or specify it using  throws  keyword themselves.
We have handled this exception in the  main()  method. The flow of program
execution transfers from the  try  block to  catch  block when an exception is
thrown. So, the rest of the code in the  try  block is skipped and statements
in the  catch  block are executed.
1. write a java program that checks age of a person for voting. if the age is
less than 18 the program should throw an exception to prompt the user
that he/she is not eligible for voting.
 public class Exception7{
void checkAge(int age){
if(age<18)
throw new ArithmeticException("Not Eligible for voting");
else
System.out.println("Eligible for voting");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Example1 obj = new Example1();
obj.checkAge(13);
System.out.println("End Of Program");
}
}

Difference between throw and throws in Java

The throw and throws is the concept of exception handling where the throw keyword
throw the exception explicitly from a method or a block of code whereas the throws
keyword is used in signature of the method.

There are many differences between throw and throws keywords. A list of differences

between throw and throws are given below:

Sr. Basis of Differences throw throws

no.

1. Definition Java throw keyword is used Java throws keyword is used in

throw an exception explicitly in the method signature to declare
the code, inside the function or an exception which might be
the block of code. thrown by the function while the
execution of the code.
2. Type of exception Using throw Using throws keyword, we can
keyword, we can only propagate declare both checked and
unchecked exception i.e., the unchecked exceptions.
checked exception cannot be However, the throws keyword
propagated using throw only. can be used to propagate
checked exceptions only.

3. Syntax The throw keyword is followed The throws keyword is followed

by an instance of Exception to by class names of Exceptions to
be thrown. be thrown.

4. Declaration throw is used within the throws is used with the method
method. signature.

5. Internal implementation We are allowed to throw only We can declare multiple

one exception at a time i.e. we exceptions using throws
cannot throw multiple keyword that can be thrown by
exceptions. the method. For example, main()
throws IOException,
SQLException.

Java throw Example

TestThrow.java

1. public class TestThrow {  
2.     //defining a method  
3.     public static void checkNum(int num) {  
4.         if (num < 1) {  
5.             throw new ArithmeticException("\nNumber is negative, cannot calcula
te square");  
6.         }  
7.         else {  
8.             System.out.println("Square of " + num + " is " + (num*num));  
9.         }  
10.     }  
11.     //main method  
12.     public static void main(String[] args) {  
13.             TestThrow obj = new TestThrow();  
 14.             obj.checkNum(-3);  
15.             System.out.println("Rest of the code..");  
16.     }  
17. }  

Output:

Competitive questions on Structures in Hindi

Keep Watching

Java throws Example

TestThrows.java

1. public class TestThrows {  
2.     //defining a method  
3.     public static int divideNum(int m, int n) throws ArithmeticException {  
4.         int div = m / n;  
5.         return div;  
6.     }  
7.     //main method  
8.     public static void main(String[] args) {  
9.         TestThrows obj = new TestThrows();  
10.         try {  
11.             System.out.println(obj.divideNum(45, 0));  
12.         }  
13.         catch (ArithmeticException e){  
14.             System.out.println("\nNumber cannot be divided by 0");  
15.         }  
16.           
17.         System.out.println("Rest of the code..");  
18.     }  
19. }  
Output:

Java throw and throws Example

TestThrowAndThrows.java

1. public class TestThrowAndThrows  
2. {  
3.     // defining a user-defined method  
4.     // which throws ArithmeticException  
5.     static void method() throws ArithmeticException  
6.     {  
7.         System.out.println("Inside the method()");  
8.         throw new ArithmeticException("throwing ArithmeticException");  
9.     }  
10.     //main method  
11.     public static void main(String args[])  
12.     {  
13.         try  
14.         {  
15.             method();  
16.         }  
17.         catch(ArithmeticException e)  
18.         {  
19.             System.out.println("caught in main() method");  
20.         }  
21.     }  
22. }  

Output:
Java catch Multiple Exceptions
In this tutorial, we will learn to handle multiple exceptions in Java with the
help of examples.

Before Java 7, we had to write multiple exception handling codes for

different types of exceptions even if there was code redundancy.

Let’s take an example.

Example 1: Multiple catch blocks

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int array[] = new int[10];
array[10] = 30 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output

/ by zero

In this example, two exceptions may occur:

 ArithmeticException  because we are trying to divide a number by 0.

 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException  because we have declared a new integer
array with array bounds 0 to 9 and we are trying to assign a value to
index 10.
We are printing out the exception message in both the  catch  blocks i.e.
duplicate code.
The associativity of the assignment operator  =  is right to left, so
an  ArithmeticException  is thrown first with the message  / by zero .

Handle Multiple Exceptions in a catch Block

2. Write a java program that handles the following exceptions
using multiple catch blocks:
 Arithmetic exception
 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 Exception
class Exception5{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int arr[]=new int[7];
arr[10]=10/5;
System.out.println("Last Statement of try block");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("You should not divide a number by zero");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("Accessing array elements outside of the
limit");
In Java SE 7 and later, we can now catch more than one type of exception
in a single  catch  block.
Each exception type that can be handled by the  catch  block is separated
using a vertical bar or pipe  | .
Its syntax is:

try {
// code
} catch (ExceptionType1 | Exceptiontype2 ex) {
// catch block
}

Example 2: Multi-catch block

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int array[] = new int[10];
array[10] = 30 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException | ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output

/ by zero

Catching multiple exceptions in a single  catch  block reduces code

duplication and increases efficiency.
The bytecode generated while compiling this program will be smaller than
the program having multiple  catch  blocks as there is no code redundancy.
Note: If a  catch  block handles multiple exceptions, the catch parameter is
implicitly  final . This means we cannot assign any values to catch
parameters.

Catching base Exception

When catching multiple exceptions in a single  catch  block, the rule is
generalized to specialized.
This means that if there is a hierarchy of exceptions in the  catch  block, we
can catch the base exception only instead of catching multiple specialized
exceptions.
Let’s take an example.

Example 3: Catching base exception class only

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int array[] = new int[10];
array[10] = 30 / 0;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output

/ by zero

We know that all the exception classes are subclasses of

the  Exception  class. So, instead of catching multiple specialized exceptions,
we can simply catch the  Exception  class.
 If the base exception class has already been specified in the  catch  block, do
not use child exception classes in the same  catch  block. Otherwise, we will
get a compilation error.
Let’s take an example.

Example 4: Catching base and child exception classes

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int array[] = new int[10];
array[10] = 30 / 0;
} catch (Exception | ArithmeticException | ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Output

Main.java:6: error: Alternatives in a multi-catch statement cannot be related by

subclassing

In this example,  ArithmeticException  and  ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException  are both

subclasses of the  Exception  class. So, we get a compilation error.
https://www.programiz.com/java-programming/multiple-exceptions

Difference between final, finally and finalize

The final, finally, and finalize are keywords in Java that are used in exception
handling. Each of these keywords has a different functionality. The basic difference
between final, finally and finalize is that the final is an access modifier, finally is the
block in Exception Handling and finalize is the method of object class.

Sr. Key final finally finalize

no.
1. Definition final is the keyword and finally is the block in Java finalize is the method in
access modifier which is Exception Handling to Java which is used to
used to apply execute the important perform clean up
restrictions on a class, code whether the processing just before
method or variable. exception occurs or not. object is garbage
collected.

2. Applicable Final keyword is used Finally block is always finalize() method is used
to with the classes, related to the try and with the objects.
methods and variables. catch block in exception
handling.

3. Functionality (1) Once declared, final (1) finally block runs the finalize method performs
variable becomes important code even if the cleaning activities
constant and cannot be exception occurs or not. with respect to the object
modified. (2) finally block cleans up before its destruction.
(2) final method cannot all the resources used in
be overridden by sub try block
class.
(3) final class cannot be
inherited.

4. Execution Final method is Finally block is executed finalize method is

executed only when we as soon as the try-catch executed just before the
call it. block is executed. object is destroyed.

It's execution is not

dependant on the
exception.

Along with this, there are many differences between final, finally and finalize. A list of
differences between final, finally and finalize are given below:

Java final Example

Let's consider the following example where we declare final variable age. Once
declared it cannot be modified.

FinalExampleTest.java

Hello Java Program for Beginners

1. public class FinalExampleTest {  
2.     //declaring final variable  
 3.     final int age = 18;  
4.     void display() {  
5.       
6.     // reassigning value to age variable   
7.     // gives compile time error  
8.     age = 55;  
9.     }  
10.       
11.     public static void main(String[] args) {  
12.       
13.     FinalExampleTest obj = new FinalExampleTest();  
14.     // gives compile time error  
15.     obj.display();  
16.     }  
17. }  

Output:

In the above example, we have declared a variable final. Similarly, we can declare the
methods and classes final using the final keyword.

Java finally Example

Let's see the below example where the Java code throws an exception and the catch
block handles that exception. Later the finally block is executed after the try-catch
block. Further, the rest of the code is also executed normally.

FinallyExample.java

1. public class FinallyExample {    
2.       public static void main(String args[]){   
3.       try {    
4.         System.out.println("Inside try block");  
5.       // below code throws divide by zero exception  
6.        int data=25/0;    
 7.        System.out.println(data);    
8.       }   
9.       // handles the Arithmetic Exception / Divide by zero exception  
10.       catch (ArithmeticException e){  
11.         System.out.println("Exception handled");  
12.         System.out.println(e);  
13.       }   
14.       // executes regardless of exception occurred or not   
15.       finally {  
16.         System.out.println("finally block is always executed");  
17.       }    
18.       System.out.println("rest of the code...");    
19.       }    
20.     }    

Output:

Java finalize Example

FinalizeExample.java

1. public class FinalizeExample {    
2.      public static void main(String[] args)     
3.     {     
4.         FinalizeExample obj = new FinalizeExample();        
5.         // printing the hashcode   
6.         System.out.println("Hashcode is: " + obj.hashCode());           
7.         obj = null;    
8.         // calling the garbage collector using gc()   
9.         System.gc();     
10.         System.out.println("End of the garbage collection");     
11.     }     
12.    // defining the finalize method   
 13.     protected void finalize()     
14.     {     
15.         System.out.println("Called the finalize() method");     
16.     }     
17. }    

Output:

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