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Computer Organization

Primary memory stores data and instructions temporarily for processing while secondary storage like hard disks store data permanently in large amounts. RAM is used for temporary storage while programs are running, and data is transferred between RAM and secondary storage using commands like save and open. The basic units of memory are the bit, byte, nibble, word, with bytes being the standard unit and 1EB (exabyte) equaling 1024 petabytes or 1 million terabytes or 1 trillion megabytes.

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Kaun Khelega
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44 views

Computer Organization

Primary memory stores data and instructions temporarily for processing while secondary storage like hard disks store data permanently in large amounts. RAM is used for temporary storage while programs are running, and data is transferred between RAM and secondary storage using commands like save and open. The basic units of memory are the bit, byte, nibble, word, with bytes being the standard unit and 1EB (exabyte) equaling 1024 petabytes or 1 million terabytes or 1 trillion megabytes.

Uploaded by

Kaun Khelega
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRIMARY

MEMORY

READ ONLY MEMORY


RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
Why do we need secondary storage?
1. To store data permanently
2. To store huge data

Sd cards, pen drive, hard disk, CD ROM

SAVE RAM TO HARD DISK


OPEN DISK TO RAM

SAVE saving changes to same file


SAVE AS making another copy of that file
UNITS OF MEMORY
Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. This storage capacity is expressed in terms
of Bytes.

S.No. Unit & Description


Bit (Binary Digit)
1 A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an
active state of a component in an electric circuit.
2
Nibble
A group of 4 bits is called nibble.
Byte
3 A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit,
which can represent a data item or a character.
Word
A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits
processed as a unit, which varies from computer to computer
4
but is fixed for each computer.
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word
length. It may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96
bits. A computer stores the information in the form of computer
words.
Q Arrange units of
memory in ascending or
descending order
EB,PB,TB,BYTE,GB,MB

Q 1EB=_______MB
Operating Language Utility Software
System Translators e,g Antivirus,
1. Compiler Disk Fragmenter
2. Interpreter
3, Assembler
Operating system is system software which gives you environment to work on computer.
It Is interface between hardware and user.

In Mobiles--- iOS, Andoid In Computer - Windows , Mac , Linux, Unix


Language Translators - Compilers, Interpreters and Assemblers
To convert into machine language(0,1)

Three languages high level, assembly , Machine language


Software are mainly categorised into the following categories based on their
licenses:
1. Proprietary
2. Shareware
3. Freeware
4. Open source
5. Free Software

Proprietary
We pay a supplier for a copy of the software which these days may be supplied on physical
media (disks) or downloaded from the Internet. We get the permission to use the software on
one or sometimes more than one machines. Examples of this type of software include
Microsoft Office and Microsoft Windows.
Shareware
Shareware is basically a software for trial purpose that the user is allowed to try for free, for a
specified period of time. It is usually downloaded from the Internet. When the trial period ends,
the software must be purchased or uninstalled.

Freeware
Freeware software is free of cost and is usually bundled up with some operating system or any
other software. Examples of freeware include Microsoft Internet Explorer which comes bundled
up with any Microsoft operating system. The author of the freeware software is the owner of the
software, though people may use it for free. The source code is not available, so no modifications
can be done. Freeware should not be mistaken with Open Source Software or Free Software.
Open source
Open Source Software (OSS) is the software which gives the users freedom to
run/use the software for any purpose and in any manner. They can be used,
modified and even redistributed. In simple terms it can be freely used but it may
not be free of charge. The source code is freely available to the customer.
Python, Tux Paint etc are examples of Open Source Software.

Free Software
This type of software is freely accessible and can be freely used,
modified, copied or distributed by anyone. And no licence fee or any
other form of payment need to be made for a free software. The
source code is also accessible in case of free softwares.

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