Python Full

Python Programming Solved Question Bank [2022] BCA 5th sem
UNIT I
Questions carrying 2 Marks
1. What is Python Virtual Machine?
Python Virtual Machine (PVM) is a program that provides a programming environment. The role of
PVM is to convert the byte code instructions into machine code so the computer can execute those
machine code instructions and display the output.
2. How to view the Python byte code?
To view the byte code instructions that were created internally by the Python compiler, we should
specify the dis module using Python command as:
C:\>python -m dis first.py
3. How to write a comment line in Python? mention two types.
Comments in Python are the lines in the code that the compiler ignores during the execution of the
program. Comments enhance the readability of the code and help the programmers to understand the
code very carefully. There are three types of comments in Python –
Single line Comments
Multiline Comments
Docstring Comments
4. What is docstring?
Python docstring is the string literals with triple quotes that are appeared right after the function. It is used
to associate documentation that has been written with Python modules, functions, classes, and methods.
It is added right below the functions, modules, or classes to describe what they do.
5. What is meant by Garbage Collection in Python?
Garbage collection is to release memory when the object is no longer in use. This system destroys
the unused object and reuses its memory slot for new objects. You can imagine this as a recycling system in
computers. Python has an automated garbage collection.
6. List any four differences between C and Python
Variables are declared in C. Python has no declaration.
C doesn’t have native OOP. Python has OOP which is a part of the language.
Pointers are available in C language. No pointers functionality is available in Python.
C is a compiled language. Python is an interpreted language.
7. List any four differences between Java and Python.
JAVA PYTHON
Java programs contain more number of lines Python program are compact ,containing less
number of lines.
It is compulsory to declare the datatypes of Type declaration is not required in Python.
variables, arrays etc in Java.
Java has switch statement Python doesn’t have switch statement
Indentations are not necessary Indentations are required to represent a block of
statements.
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8. List any four standard data types supported by Python.

• NoneType
• Numeric types
• Sequences
• Sets
• Mappings
9. Differentiate bytes and byte array data type with example

The primary difference is that a bytes object is immutable, meaning that once created, you cannot
modify its elements. By contrast, a bytearray object allows you to modify its elements.
10. List any four types of sequences.
• str
• bytes
• bytearray
• list
• tuple
• range
11. Differentiate tuple and list with example
SR.NO. LIST TUPLE

1 Lists are mutable Tuples are immutable
2 Implication of iterations is Time- The implication of iterations is comparatively
consuming Faster
3 The list is better for performing Tuple data type is appropriate for accessing the
operations, such as insertion and elements
deletion.
4 Lists consume more memory Tuple consume less memory as compared to the
list
5 Lists have several built-in methods Tuple does not have many built-in methods.
Ex: Ex:
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12. Differentiate set and frozenset it with example.

Set is a most basic level datatype, It supports all the method operations of the set such as add(),
remove(), and so on.
A = {1,2,3,4}
# Perform add() operation
A.add(8)
print(A)
#Output
>>>{1,2,3,4,8}
The Frozen set is immutable, it does not support any operations like add(), remove(), and so on.
A = frozenset([1,2,3,4])
# Perform add() operation
A.add(8)
print(A)
#output
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 9, in <module>
AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'
13. How to retrieve the key and values of a dictionary? Give example.
14. How to determine the data type of a variable? Give the syntax and example
To know the datatype of a variable or object, we can use the type() function. For example, type(a)
displays the datatype of the variable ‘a’.
a=15
print(type(a))
<class ‘int’>
15. What is the purpose of membership operators? Give example

The membership operators are useful to test for membership in a sequence such as strings, lists,
tuples, or dictionaries. For example, if an element is found in this sequence or not, can be asserted using
these operators. There are 2 membership operators:
• in
• not in
example:
names = [‘Rani’,’Yamini’,’Ram’]
for name in names:
print (name)
16. What is the purpose of the pass statement? Give its syntax
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In Python, pass is a null statement. The interpreter does not ignore a pass statement, but nothing
happens and the statement results into no operation. The pass statement is useful when you don't write
the implementation of a function but you want to implement it in the future.
Syntax: pass
17. What is the purpose of the assert statement? Give its syntax.
assert statement is used to check types, values of argument, and the function’s output. assert
statement is used as a debugging tool as it halts the program when an error occurs. Its syntax is: assert
expression, message
18. What is the purpose of else suit in Python loops? Give example
Python allows the else keyword to be used with the for and while loops too. The else block appears
after the body of the loop. The statements in the else block will be executed after all iterations are
completed. The program exits the loop only after the else block is executed.
for i in range(5):
print (“yes”)
else:
print (“no”)
19. Give two methods of importing array modules.
• Importing entire array module using import statement:

import array
• Importing array module by giving alias name as :
import array as arr
20. What do you mean by array slicing? Give example

Slicing in python means taking elements from one given index to another given index. We pass slice
instead of index like this: [start:end] . We can also define the step, like this: [start:end:step] .
Ex: arr[1:4]
21. What is array indexing? Give example
Python arrays are variables that consist of more than one element. In order to access specific
elements from an array, we use the method of array indexing. The first element starts with index 0 and
followed by the second element which has index 1 and so on.
from array import *
x=array(‘i’,[10,20,30,40])
n=len(x)
i=0
while i<n:
print(x[i])
i++
22. What is the purpose of reshape() and flatten() methods?

The reshape() method is useful to change the shape of an array. The new array should have the
same number of elements as in the original array.
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The flatten() method is useful to return a copy of the array collapsed into one dimension.
5 marks Questions
1. Explain any five features of Python
• Simple: Python is a simple programming language. When we read a Python program, we

feel like reading English sentences. Hence, developing an understanding programs will
become easy.
• Easy to learn: Python uses very few keywords. It’s program use very simple structure. So
developing programs in Python becomes easy.
• Open source: there is no need to pay for Python software. Python can be freely downloaded
from its website. Its source code can be read. Modified and can be used in programs as
desired by the programmers.
• High level language: Programming languages are of 2 types: low level and high level. High
level languages use English words to develop program. These are easy to learn and use.
Example: COBOL., PHP., Java. Python.
• Dynamically typed: in Python, we need not declare anything. An assignment statement
binds a name to an object. And the object can be of any type.
2. Explain the execution of a Python program by PVM

Python Virtual Machine (PVM) is a program which provides programming environment. The role of
PVM is to convert the byte code instructions into machine code so the computer can execute those
machine code instructions and display the output.
An interpreter which is present inside the PVM, converts the byte code(.pyc or .pyo) into machine
code(0&1) and sends that machine code to the computer processor for execution.
The Python interpreter performs following tasks to execute a Python program :
• The interpreter reads a python code or instruction. Then it verifies that the instruction is
well formatted, i.e. it checks the syntax of each line.If it encounters any error, it
immediately halts the translation and shows an error message.
• If there is no error, i.e. if the python instruction or code is well formatted then the
interpreter translates it into its equivalent form in intermediate language called “Byte
code”.Thus, after successful execution of Python script or code, it is completely translated
into Byte code.
• Byte code is sent to the Python Virtual Machine(PVM).Here again the byte code is
executed on PVM.If an error occurs during this execution then the execution is halted
with an error message.
3. Explain any five flavors of Python

CPython:
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This is the standard Python compiler implemented in C language. This is the Python software being
downloaded and used by programmers directly from CPython . In this, any Python program is internally
converted into byte code using C language functions. This byte code is run on the interpreter available in
Python Virtual Machine (PVM) created in C language. The advantage is that it is possible to execute C and
C++ functions and programs in CPython.
Jython:
This is earlier known as JPython. This is the implementation of Python programming language which is
designed to run on Java platform. Jython compiler first compiles the Python program into Java byte code.
This byte code is executed by Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to produce the output. Jython contains libraries
which are useful for both Python and Java programmers.
RubyPython:
This is a bridge between the Ruby and Python interpreters. It encloses a Python interpreter inside Ruby
applications.
Pythonxy:
This is pronounced as Python xy and written as Python(X,Y). This is the Python implementation that we get
after adding scientific and engineering related packages.
AnacondaPython:
When Python is redeveloped for handling large-scale data processing, predictive analytics and scientific
computing, it is called Anaconda Python. This implementation mainly focuses on large scale of data.
4. Explain the concept of Python Virtual Machine [refer long ans 2]
5. Write a note on memory management in Python

In Python, memory allocation and deallocation are done during runtime automatically. The programmer
need not allocate memory while creating objects or deallocate memory while deleting the objects. Pythons
PVM will take care of such issues.
In Python, strings list functions everything are considered as objects. Even modules are objects. For every
object, memory should be allocated. Memory manager inside the PVM, allocates memory required for the
objects created in a Python program. All these objects are stored on a separate memory called heap. Heap
is the memory which is allocated during runtime. Its size depends on RAM of our computer and it can
increase or decrease its size depending and it can increase or decrease its size depending on the
requirement of the program.
The actual memory(RAM) is allocated by the underlying operating system. On top of the operating system,
rock memory allocator overseas whether enough memory is available for storing objects. On the top of the
raw memory allocator, there are several objects specific allocators operate on the same heap. These
memory allocators will implement different types of management policies depending on the type of the
objects.
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6. Write a note on the purpose of Docstring in Python with an example

In Python, if we write strings inside “”” or ‘’’ and if these things are written as first statements in a
module, class, function, or a method, then these strings are called documentation strings or docstrings.
These docstrings are useful to create an API documentation file from a Python program. An API
documentation file is a text file or HTML file that contains description of all the features of software,
language, or the product.
When a new software is created, it is the duty of the developers to describe all the classes, modules,
functions etc which are written in that software so that the user will be able to understand the software
and use it in a proper way. These descriptions are provided in a separate file, either as a text file or an
HTML file. So we can understand that the API documentation file is like a help file for the end user.
7. Explain numeric data type and bool data type in Python .
Numeric
In Python, numeric data type represent the data which has numeric value. Numeric value can be integer,
floating number or even complex numbers. These values are defined as int, float and complex class in
Python.
Integers – This value is represented by int class. It contains positive or negative whole numbers (without
fraction or decimal). In Python there is no limit to how long an integer value can be.
Float – This value is represented by float class. It is a real number with floating point representation. It is
specified by a decimal point. Optionally, the character e or E followed by a positive or negative integer may
be appended to specify scientific notation.
Complex Numbers – Complex number is represented by complex class. It is specified as (real part) +
(imaginary part)j. For example – 2+3j
Boolean
Data type with one of the two built-in values, True or False. Boolean objects that are equal to True are
truthy (true), and those equal to False are falsy (false). But non-Boolean objects can be evaluated in
Boolean context as well and determined to be true or false. It is denoted by the class bool. True and False
with capital ‘T’ and ‘F’ are valid booleans otherwise python will throw an error.
8. Explain the various sequence data types in Python with Syntax and example
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• str : In Python, str represents string data type. A string is represented by a group of characters.
Strange are enclosed in single or double-quotes. Both are valid.
Example: str=”welcome”
str=’welcome’
• bytes : the bytes datatype represents a group of byte numbers just like an array does. A byte
number is any positive integer from 0 to 255. It cannot store negative numbers. We cannot modify
or edit any element in the bytes array.
Example: elements=[10,20,30,40]
x=bytes(elements)
print(x[0])
• bytearray: the bytearray datatype is similar to bytes datatype. The difference is that the bytes type
array cannot be modified but the bytearray type can be modified. It means any elements of the
bytearray type can be modified. To create a bytearray type array, we can use the function bytearray
as:
elements=[10,20,0,50]
x=bytearray(elements)
print(x[0])
We can modify or edit the elements of the btearray as follows:
x[0]=88
x[1]=77
• list: A list represents a group of elements. The main difference between a list and an array is that a
list can store different types of elements but an array can store only one type of elements. List can
grow dynamically in memory. Buy the size of arrays is fixed and they cannot grow at runtime. They
are represented using square brackets [ ] and the elements are separated using commas.
List = [10, -20, 15.5, ‘vijay’ ,”ram” ]
• tuple: A tuple is similar to a list. A tuple contains a group of elements which can be of different
types. Elements in the tuple are separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses{} . Whereas the
list elements can be modified, it is not possible to modify the tuple elements. That means a tuple
can be treated as a read-only list. Let’s Create a tuple as;
tp1 = (10,-20,10.5,’vijay’,”mary”)
The individual elements of the tuple can be referenced using braces as tp1[1], tp1[2]…., Now,if we
try to modify the 0th element as:
tp1[0]=99
• range: The range datatype represents a sequence of numbers. The numbers in the range are not
modifiable. Generally, range is used for repeating a for loop for a specific number of times. To
create a range of numbers, we can simply write:
r=range(10)
9. List any five naming conventions in Python
• Modules: Modules names should be written in all lower case letters. When multuple words are
used for a name, we should separate them using an underscore (_ ) .
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• Classes: Each word of a class name should start with a capital letter. This rule is applicable for the
classes created by us. Python's built-in class names use all lowercase words. When a class
represents exception, then its name should end With a word 'Error'
• Global variables or Module-level variables: Global variables names should be all lower case letters.
When multiple words are used for a name, we should separate them using an underscore ( _ )
• Instance variables: Instance variables names should be all lower case letters. When multiple words
are used for a name, we should separate them using an underscore ( _). Non-public instance
variable name should begin with an underscore.
• Functions: Function names should be all lower case letters. When multiple words are used for a
name, we should separate them using an underscore (_).
• Methods: Method names should be all lower case letters. When multiple words are used for a
name, we should separate them using an underscore ( _ )
• Method arguments: In case of instance methods, their first argument name should be 'Self'. In case
of class methods, their first argument name should be 'cls'.
• Constants: Constants names should be written in all capital letters. If a constant has several words,
then each word should be separated by an underscore ( _ ).
10. Write a note on assignment, unary minus operator in Python.
• Assignment Operators
These operators are useful to store the right side value into a left side variable. They can also be
used to simple arithmetic operations like addition,subtraction. etc., and then Store the result into a
variable.
Operator Description Syntax
= Assign value of right side of expression to left side operand x=y+z
+= Add AND: Add right-side operand with left side operand and then a+=b a=a+b
assign to left operand
-= Subtract AND: Subtract right operand from left operand and then a-=b a=a-b
*= Multiply AND: Multiply right operand with left operand and then a*=b a=a*b
/= Divide AND: Divide left operand with right operand and then a/=b a=a/b
%= Modulus AND: Takes modulus using left and right operands and a%=b a=a%b
assign the result to left operand
//= Divide(floor) AND: Divide left operand with right operand and a//=b a=a//b
then assign the value(floor) to left operand
**= Exponent AND: Calculate exponent(raise power) value using a**=b a=a**b
operands and assign value to left operand
&= Performs Bitwise AND on operands and assign value to left a&=b a=a&b
operand
|= Performs Bitwise OR on operands and assign value to left a|=b a=a|b
operand
^= Performs Bitwise xOR on operands and assign value to left a^=b a=a^b
operand
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>>= Performs Bitwise right shift on operands and assign value to left a>>=b a=a>>b
operand
<<= Performs Bitwise left shift on operands and assign value to left a <<= b a= a <<
operand b
• Unary Minus operator

The unary minus operator is denoted by the symbol minus ( - ). When this operator is used before a
variable, its value is negated. That means if variable value is positive, it will be converted into
negative For example,
n=10
print(-n) #displays -10
num=-10
num = -num
Print(num) #displays 10
11. Explain the Arithmetic operators and membership operators available in Python with example[refer
notes for example]
• Arithmetic operators: These operators are used to perform basic arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, division, etc.
Operator Meaning
+ Addition operator. Adds two values.
- Subtracts one value from another.
* Multiplies values on either side of the operator.
/ Divides left operand by right operand.
% Modulus gives the remainder of division.
** Exponent operator calculates exponential power value.
// Integer division performs division and gives only integer quotient.
• Membership operators
in and not in are the membership operators; used to test whether a value or variable is in a
sequence.
in True if value is found in the sequence

not in True if value is not found in the sequence
12. Explain the logical and relational operators with an example
• Relational operators
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• Logical operators
13. Explain the bitwise operators

Bitwise operators:
These operators act on individual bits (O and I ) of the operands. We can use bitwise operators directly on
binary numbers or on integers also. When we use these operators on integers, these numbers are
converted into bits (binary number system) and then bitwise operators act upon those bits. The results
given by these operators are always in the form of integers.
We use decimal number system in our daily life. This number system consists Of 10 digits from O to 9. We
count all numbers using these 10 digits only, But in case Of binary system that is used computers internally,
there only 2 digits, i.e. 0 and 1 which are called bits[binary digits]. All values are represented only using
these two bits. It is possible to convert a number into binary number and Vice versa.
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14. Explain the following mathematical functions with an example:

a) ceil(x) : Return the Ceiling value. It is the smallest integer, greater or equal to the number x.
b) floor(x) : Return the Floor value. It is the largest integer, less or equal to the number x.
c) fabs(x) : Returns the absolute value of x.
d) fmod(x) : fmod() function is one of the Standard math library function in Python, which is used to
calculate the Module of the specified given arguments.
e) pow(x,y): Return the x to the power y value.
15. How to read different types of input from the keyboard. Give example
To accept input from keyboard, Python provides the input() function. This function takes a value from the
keyboard and returns it as a string. It is better to display a message to the user so that the user
understands what to enter. This can be done by writing a message inside the input() function as:
str=input("Enter your name")
Enter your name: Anu
print(str)
Anu
We can use the int() function before the input() function to accept an integer from the keyboard as:
a=int(input("Enter the age: "))
Enter the age: 22
print(a)
22
Similarly, to accept a float value from the keyboard, we can use the float() function along with the input()
function as:
m1=float(input("Enter the marks: "))
Enter the age: 15.5
print(m1)
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15.5
16. How to read multiple values from the keyboard using the split() method. Give example.
Using split() method :
This function helps in getting multiple inputs from users. It breaks the given input by the specified
separator. If a separator is not provided then any white space is a separator. Generally, users use a split()
method to split a Python string but one can use it in taking multiple inputs.
Syntax : input().split(separator, maxsplit)
Example: x, y, z = input("Enter three values: ").split()
print("Total number of students: ", x)
print("Number of boys is : ", y)
print("Number of girls is : ", z)
print()
Output:
Enter a tree value: 30 10 20
Total number of students: 30
Number of boys: 10
Number of girls: 20
17. Write a note on different formats of print() function

18. Explain passing command-line arguments with a program example
19. Explain the different functions used to create an Array using the numpy package.
Numpy is a package that contains several classes,functions,variables etc. to deal with a scientific
calculations in Python. Numpy is useful to create abd also process single and multidimensional arrays.
Numoy also contains a huge library of mathematical functions. Creating an array in numpy can be done in
the following ways:
• Using linspace() function: It is used to create an array with evenly spaced points between a starting
point and ending point.
linspace(start,stop,n)
ex: a=linspace(0,10,5)
• Using logspace(): this function produces the evenly spaced points on a logarithmically spaced scale.
logspace(start,stop,n)
ex: a=logspace(1,4,5)
• Using arange() function: this is same as range() function in python.

arange(start,stop,stepsize)
ex: arange(10)
arange(1,10,3)
• Using zeros() and ones() function: we can use zeros() function to create an array with all zeros. The
ones() function is used to creater an array with all 1s. they are written in the following format:
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zeros(n,datatype)
ones(n,datatype)
20. Explain any five attributes of numpy array

(1) ndarray.ndim: ndim represents the number of dimensions (axes) of the ndarray.
e.g. for this 2-dimensional array [ [3,4,6], [0,8,1]], value of ndim will be 2. This ndarray has two dimensions
(axes) - rows (axis=0) and columns (axis=1)
(2) ndarray.shape : shape is a tuple of integers representing the size of the ndarray in each dimension.
e.g. for this 2-dimensional array [ [3,4,6], [0,8,1]], value of shape will be (2,3) because this ndarray has two
dimensions - rows and columns - and the number of rows is 2 and the number of columns is 3
(3) ndarray.size: size is the total number of elements in the ndarray. It is equal to the product of elements
of the shape. e.g. for this 2-dimensional array [ [3,4,6], [0,8,1]], shape is (2,3), size will be product
(multiplication) of 2 and 3 i.e. (2*3) = 6. Hence, the size is 6.
(4) ndarray.dtype: dtype tells the data type of the elements of a NumPy array. In NumPy array, all the
elements have the same data type.
e.g. for this NumPy array [ [3,4,6], [0,8,1]], dtype will be int64
(5) ndarray.itemsize : itemsize returns the size (in bytes) of each element of a NumPy array.
e.g. for this NumPy array [ [3,4,6], [0,8,1]], itemsize will be 8, because this array consists of integers and
size of integer (in bytes) is 8 bytes.
UNIT II
1. How to create multiline strings in Python? Give example.
Use triple quotes to create a multiline string. It is the simplest method to let a long string split into
different lines. You will need to enclose it with a pair of Triple quotes, one at the start and second in the
end. Anything inside the enclosing Triple quotes will become part of one multiline string.
Ex: """Learn Python
Programming"""
2. Give the general format and example of slicing strings.
Slicing the Strings :A slice represents a part or piece Of a string. The format of slicing is:
Stringname[start: Stop: stepsize]
Ex: str='Core Python'
str[0:9:1]
Core pyth
3. How to compare and Concatenate two strings in Python? Give one example for each.
Comparing Strings
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We can use the relational operators like > ,<,<=,>=,= Or != operators to compare two strings. They return
Boolean value, i.e. either True or False depending on the strings being compared
S1='Box
S2='Boy'
if(s1==s2):
print('Both are same')
else:
print('Not same')
You can concatenate string literals ('...' or "...") and string variables with the + operator.
s = 'aaa' + 'bbb' + 'ccc'
print(s)
# aaabbbccc
s1 = 'aaa'
s2 = 'bbb'
s3 = 'ccc'
s = s1 + s2 + s3
print(s)
# aaabbbccc
s = s1 + s2 + s3 + 'ddd'
print(s)
# aaabbbcccddd
4. Give the output of the following Python code:

str1 = 'This is Pyhton'
print "Slice of String : ", str1[1 : 4 : 1]
print "Slice of String : ", str1[0 : -1 : 2]
output:
Slice of String : his
Slice of String : Ti sPho
5. Give the syntax and purpose of the find() method.

The find() method returns -1 if the sub string is not found in the main string. The format of find() method
is:
mainstring.find(substring, beginning, ending)
6. Differentiate count and len methods of string.

length method= len() => It's return number of element from value of variable.
count method = count() =>It's return how many times appeared from value of variable which you are
specified value.
7. List 4 types of actual arguments use in Python function calls.
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The actual arguments used in a function call are of 4 types:

• Positional arguments.
• Keyword arguments.
• Default arguments.
• Variable length arguments.
8. What is the purpose of the global keyword?

In Python, global keyword allows you to modify the variable outside of the current scope. It is used to
create a global variable and make changes to the variable in a local context.
9. What is Anonymous / Lambda function? How it is defined in Python?
In Python, an anonymous function is a function that is defined without a name. While normal functions are
defined using the def keyword in Python, anonymous functions are defined using the lambda keyword.
Hence, anonymous functions are also called lambda functions.
10. What is a function decorator?
Decorators are a very powerful and useful tool in Python since it allows programmers to modify the
behaviour of function or class. Decorators allow us to wrap another function in order to extend the
behaviour of the wrapped function, without permanently modifying it. But before diving deep into
decorators let us understand some concepts that will come in handy in learning the decorators.
11. What is generator function?
Python generators are a simple way of creating iterators. All the work we mentioned above are
automatically handled by generators in Python. Simply speaking, a generator is a function that returns an
object (iterator) which we can iterate over (one value at a time).
12. Write a python code to create a list using the range() function
# Create a list in a range of 10-20
My_list = [*range(10, 21, 1)]
# Print the list

print(My_list)
13. How to add and remove list elements? Give example

Appending an element means adding an element at the end of the list. To append a new element to the
list, we should use the append() method.
lst=list(range(1,5))
print(lst)
We can delete an element using the remove() method.

lst.remove(11)
print(lst)
14. What are indexing and negative indexing in Tuple?

Indexing represents the position number of the element in the tuple. Now, tup[0], represents 0 th
element,tup[1] represents 1st element and so on.
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Similarly, negative indexing is also possible. Like, tup[-1] represents last element, tup[-2] represents the
second element from the end and so on.
15. List two advantages of Tuple over List
The advantages of tuples over the lists are as follows:
1. Tuples are faster than lists.
2. Tuples make the code safe from any accidental modification.
If a data is needed in a program which is not supposed to be changed, then it is better to put it in ‘tuples’
than in ‘list’.
16. Write the output of the given python code :

aList = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc'];
aList.insert (3,2009)
print ("Final List:", aList)
output:
Final List: [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 2009, 'abc']
17. What is the output of

print (tuple[1:3])
if tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )?
Output: (786, 2.23)
18. What is a dictionary? Give example

A dictionary represents a group of elements arranged in the form of key-value pairs. In the dictionary, the
first element is considered as 'key' and the immediate next element is taken as its 'value'.
Ex: dict = {'Name': 'Chandra', 'Id': 200, 'Salary': 9080.50}
19. What is meant by key-value pairs in a dictionary?
Dictionary holds pairs of values, one being the Key and the other corresponding pair element being its
Key:value. Values in a dictionary can be of any data type and can be duplicated, whereas keys can't be
repeated and must be immutable
20. Write a Python code to print key-value pairs from a dictionary using for loop
colors = {'r': "Red", 'g': "Green", 'b': "Blue", 'w': "White"}
for k in colors:
print (k)
for k in colors:
print (colors[k])
for k, v in colors.items():
print('Key= {} Value= {}'. format(k, v))
21. Write a Python code to convert a string into Dictionary.

str = "Vijay=23,Ganesh=20,Lakshmi=19,Nikhil=22"
lst=[]
for x in str.split(','):
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y= x.split('=')
lst.append(y)
d = dict(lst)
d1={}
for k, v in d.items():
d1[k] = int(v)
print(d1)
22. How does del operation work on dictionaries? Give an example.

We can use del on a dictionary. We pass the key we want to remove. It removes both the key and its
associated value. Only one entry can be removed at a time.
Ex:
colors = {"red" : 100, "blue" : 50, "purple" : 75}
# Delete the pair with a key of "red."
del colors["red"]
print(colors)
output: {'blue': 50, 'purple': 75}
5 marks Questions
1. Explain different ways of slicing strings with examples
A slice represents a part or piece of a string. The format of slicing is:
stringname[start: stop: stepsize]
If 'start' and 'stop' are not specified, then slicing is done from 0th to n-1th elements. If 'stepsize' is not
written, then it is taken to be 1.
str = 'Core Python'
str = 'Core Python'
print( str[0:9:1] ) #'Core Pyth'

print( str[0:9:2] ) # 'Cr yh'
print( str[::] ) # 'Core Python'
print( str[2:4:1] ) # 're'
print( str[::2] ) #'Cr yhn'
print( str[2::] ) # 're Python'
print( str[:4:] ) # 'Core'
print( str[-4:-1] ) # 'tho'
print( str[-6::] ) # 'Python'
print( str[-1:-4:-1] ) # 'noh'
print( str[-1::-1] ) # 'nohtyPeroC'
print( str[::-1] ) # 'nohtyPeroC'
2. With an example explain find() and index() methods of the string object.
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Python find() method finds substring in the whole string and returns index of the first match. It returns -1 if
substring does not match.
find(sub[, start[, end]])
Parameters
o sub : substring
o start : start index a range
o end : last index of the range
ex:
# Python find() function example
# Variable declaration
str = "Welcome to the Javatpoint."
# Calling function
str2 = str.find("the")
# Displaying result
print(str2)
Python string method index() determines if string str occurs in string or in a substring of string if starting
index beg and ending index end are given. This method is same as find(), but raises an exception if sub is
not found.
Syntax: str.index(str, beg = 0 end = len(string))

Parameters
str − This specifies the string to be searched.
beg − This is the starting index, by default its 0.
end − This is the ending index, by default its equal to the length of the string.
Ex:
str1 = "this is string example....wow!!!";
str2 = "exam";
print str1.index(str2)
print str1.index(str2, 10)
print str1.index(str2, 40)
3. Explain string splitting and string joining with examples.

split() method in Python split a string into a list of strings after breaking the given string by the specified
separator.
Syntax : str.split(separator, maxsplit)
Parameters :
separator : This is a delimiter. The string splits at this specified separator. If is not provided then any white
space is a separator.
maxsplit : It is a number, which tells us to split the string into maximum of provided number of times. If it is
not provided then the default is -1 that means there is no limit.
Ex:
text = 'geeks for geeks'
# Splits at space
print(text.split())
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word = 'geeks, for, geeks'

# Splits at ','
print(word.split(','))
word = 'geeks:for:geeks'
# Splitting at ':'
print(word.split(':'))
When a group of strings are given. it is possible to join them all and make a single string. For this purpose,
we can use join() method as: separator .join(str)
where, the 'separator' represents the character to be used between the strings in the output. 'str'
represents a tuple Or list of strings. In the following example, are taking a tuple that contains 3 strings as:
('one', 'two', 'three')
Wc want to join the three strings and form a single string. Also, we want to use hyphen (-)between the
three strings in the output. The join() method can be written as:
str="-".join(str)
Print(str1)
4. Explain with syntax and example defining, calling function in Python.

Defining a Function
We can define a function using the keyword def followed by function name. After the function name, we should
write parentheses () which may contain parameters. Consider the syntax of function, as shown below
we can write a function to add two values as:

def sum(a, b):
Here, 'def' represents the starting of function definition. 'sum' is the name of the function. After this
name, parentheses () are compulsory as they denote that it is a function and not a variable or something else.
In the parentheses, we wrote two variables 'a' and 'b'. These variables are called 'parameters'. A parameter is a
variable that receives data from outside into a function. So, this function can receive two values from outside
and those values are stored in the variables 'a' and 'b'.
After parentheses, we put a colon (:) that represents the beginning of the function body. The function body
contains a group of statements called 'suite'.
Calling a Function
A function cannot run on its own. It runs only when we call it. So, the next step is to call the function using its
name. While calling the function, we should pass the necessary values to the function in the parentheses as:
sum(10, 15)
Here, we are calling the 'sum' function and passing two values 10 and 15 to that function. When this statement
is executed, the Python interpreter jumps to the function definition and copies the values 10 and 15 into the
parameters 'a' and 'b' respectively.
A function that accepts two values and finds their sum.
def sum(a, b):
c = a+b
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print('Sum=', c)
sum(10, 15)
sum(1.5, 10.75)
5. With an example explain returning multiple values from a function.

A function returns a single value in the programming languages like C or Java. But in Python, a function can
return multiple values. When a function calculates multiple results and wants to return the results, we can
use the return statement as: return a, b, c
Here, three values which are in 'a', 'b' and 'c' are returned. These values are returned by the function as a
tuple. Please remember a tuple is like a list that contains a group of elements. To grab these values, we can
use three variables at the time of calling the function as:
x, y, z = function()
def sum_sub(a, b):
c=a+b
d=a-b
d=a-b
return c, d
A function that returns the results of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
def sum_sub_mul_div(a, b):
c=a+b
d=a-b
e=a*b
f = a/ b
return c, d, e, f
t = sum_sub_mul_div(10, 5)
print('The results are:')
for i in t:
print(i, end='\t')
6. Explain different types of actual arguments used in the function call with examples.
The actual arguments used in a function call are of 4 types:
1. Positional arguments
2. Keyword arguments
3. Default arguments
4. Variable length arguments
1) Positional Arguments
These are the arguments passed to a function in correct positional order. Here, the number of arguments
and their positions in the function definition should match exactly with the number and position of the
argument in the function call. For example, take a function definition with two arguments as:
def attach(s1, s2)
attach('New', 'York')
Also, if we try to pass more than or less than 2 strings, there will be an error. For example, if we call the
function by passing 3 strings as:
attach('New', 'York', 'City') #results error
2) Keyword Arguments
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Keyword arguments are arguments that identify the parameters by their names. For example, the
definition of a function that displays grocery item and its price can be written as:
def grocery(item, price):
At the time of calling this function, we have to pass two values and we can mention which value is for
what. For example,
grocery(item='Sugar', price=50.75)
Here, we are mentioning a keyword 'item' and its value and then another keyword 'price' and its value.
Please observe these keywords are nothing but the parameter names which receive these values. We can
change the order of the arguments as:
grocery(price=88.00, item='Oil')
3.Default Arguments
We can mention some default value for the function parameters in the definition. Let's take the definition
of grocery() function as:
def grocery(item, price=40.00):
Here, the first argument is 'item' whose default value is not mentioned. But the second argument is 'price'
and its default value is mentioned to be 40.00.
At the time of calling this function, if we do not pass 'price' value, then the default value of 40.00 is taken.
If we mention the 'price' value, then that mentioned value is utilized. So, a default argument is an
argument that assumes a default value if a value is not provided in the function call for that argument.
4.Variable Length Arguments

Sometimes, the programmer does not know how many values a function may receive. In that case, the
programmer cannot decide how many arguments to be given in the function definition.
If the programmer wants to develop a function that can accept 'n' arguments, that is also possible in
Python. For this purpose, a variable length argument is used in the function definition. A variable length
argument is an argument that can accept any number of values.
The variable length argument is written with a' * ' symbol before it in the function definition as:
def add(farg, *args):
Here, 'farg' is the formal argument and '*args' represents variable length argument. We can pass 1 or more
values to this '*args' and it will store them all in a tuple.
7. Explain How to define lambdas in Python with an example program.

A function without a name is called 'anonymous function'. So far, the functions we wrote were defined
using the keyword 'def'.But anonymous functions are not defined using 'def'. They are defined using the
keyword lambda and hence they are also called 'Lambda functions'. Let's take a normal function that
returns square of a given value.
def square(x):
return x*x
The same function can be written as anonymous function as: lambda x: x*x
The format of lambda functions is: lambda argument_list: expression
Normally, if a function returns some value, we assign that value to a variable as:
y = square(5)
But, lambda functions return a function and hence they should be assigned to a function as:
f = lambda x: x*x
Here, 'f' is the function name to which the lambda expression is assigned. Now, if we call the function f()
as:
value = f(5)
Now, 'value' contains the square value of 5, i.e. 25
Ex:
f = lambda x: x*x
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value = f(5)
print('Square of 5 =', value)
8. Explain use of filter() , map() and reduce() methods with suitable examples
Using Lambdas with filter() Function
The filter() function is useful to filter out the elements of a sequence depending on the result of a function.
We should supply a function and a sequence to the filter() function as:
filter(function, sequence)
Here, the 'function' represents a function name that may return either True or False; and 'sequence'
represents a list, string or tuple. The 'function' is applied to every element of the 'sequence' and when the
function returns True, the element is extracted otherwise it is ignored. Before using the filter() function,
let's first write a function that tests whether a given number is even or odd.
Ex:
def is_even(x):
if x%2==0:
return True
else:
return False
Using Lambdas with map()

Function The map() function is similar to filter() function but it acts on each element of the sequence and
perhaps changes the elements. The format of map() function is:
map(function, sequence)
The 'function' performs a specified operation on all the elements of the sequence and the modified
elements are returned which can be stored in another sequence.
Ex:
def squares(x):
return x*x
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
lst1 = list(map(squares, lst))
print(lst1)
Using Lambdas with reduce() Function

The reduce() function reduces a sequence of elements to a single value by processing the elements
according to a function supplied. The reduce() function is used in the format:
reduce(function, sequence)
For example, we write the reduce() function with a lambda expression, as:
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, lst)
The lambda function is taking two arguments and returning their product. Hence, starting from the 0th
element of the list 'lst', the first two elements are multiplied and the product is obtained. Then this product
is multiplied with the third element and the product is obtained.
9. Explain function decorators with an example program.
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Python developers can extend and modify the behavior of a callable functions, methods or classes without
permanently modifying the callable itself by using decorators. In short we can say they are callable objects
which are used to modify functions or classes.
Function decorators are functions which accepts function references as arguments and adds a wrapper
around them and returns the function with the wrapper as a new function.
Ex:
@decorator
def func(arg):
return "value"
So from above, we can see a decorator is simply another function which takes a function as an argument
and returns one.
Decorators basically “decoratre” or “wrap” another function and let you execute code before and after the
wrapped function runs.
10. Explain different ways of creating lists with examples
We can use range() function to generate a sequence of integers which can be stored in a list. The format of
the range() function is:
range(start, stop, stepsize)
If we do not mention the 'start', it is assumed to be 0 and the 'stepsize' is taken as 1.
Ex:
list1 = range(10)
for i in list1:
print(i,',', end='')
print() #throw cursor to next line
#create list with integers from 5 to 9
list2 = range(5, 10)
for i in list2:
print(i,',', end='')
print()
#create a list with odd numbers from 5 to 9
list3 = range(5, 10, 2) #step size is 2
for i in list3:
print(i, ',' , end='')
11. Explain Indexing and Slicing operation for the list with example in python.
Indexing means referring to an element of an iterable by its position within the iterable. Each of a string’s
characters corresponds to an index number and each character can be accessed using their index number.
We can access characters in a String in Two ways :
• Accessing Characters by Positive Index Number

• Accessing Characters by Negative Index Number
1. Accessing Characters by Positive Index Number: In this type of Indexing, we pass a Positive index(which
we want to access) in square brackets. The index number start from index number 0 (which denotes the
first character of a string).ex:
str = "Geeks for Geeks !"
# accessing the character of str at 0th index
print(str[0])
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2. Accessing Characters by Negative Index Number : In this type of Indexing, we pass the Negative
index(which we want to access) in square brackets. Here the index number starts from index number -1
(which denotes the last character of a string). Ex:
# declaring the string
str = "Geeks for Geeks !"
# accessing the character of str at last index
print(str[-1])
Slicing in Python is a feature that enables accessing parts of sequence. In slicing string, we create a
substring, which is essentially a string that exists within another string. We use slicing when we require a
part of string and not the complete string.
Syntax :
string[start : end : step]
start : We provide the starting index.
end : We provide the end index(this is not included in substring).
step : It is an optional argument that determines the increment between each index for slicing.
Ex:
str ="Geeks for Geeks !"
# slicing using indexing sequence
print(str[: 3])
print(str[1 : 5 : 2])
12. Explain any five methods to process the list.

append(): Used for appending and adding elements to List.It is used to add elements to the last position of
List.
Syntax: list.append (element)
Ex: List = ['Mathematics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
List.append(20544)
print(List)
insert(): Inserts an elements at specified position.

Syntax: list.insert(<position, element)
Ex:
List = ['Mathematics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
# Insert at index 2 value 10087
List.insert(2,10087)
print(List)
extend(): Adds contents to List2 to the end of List1.

Syntax: List1.extend(List2)
Ex:
List1 = [1, 2, 3]
List2 = [2, 3, 4, 5]
# Add List2 to List1
List1.extend(List2)
print(List1)
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sum() : Calculates sum of all the elements of List.

Syntax: sum(List)
Ex: List = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(sum(List))
count():Calculates total occurrence of given element of List.

Syntax: List.count(element)
Ex:
List = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
print(List.count(1))
13. Explain different ways of creating tuple and accessing tuple elements.
Creating Tuples:
We can create a tuple by writing elements separated by commas inside parentheses (). The elements can
be of same datatype or different types. For example, to create an empty tuple, we can simply write empty
parenthesis, as:
tup1 = () #empty tuple
If we want to create a tuple with only one element, we can mention that element in parentheses and after
that a comma is needed, as:
tup2 = (10,)
Here is a tuple with different types of elements:
tup3 = (10, 20, -30.1, 40.5, 'Hyderabad', 'New Delhi')
We can create a tuple with only one of type of elements also, like the following:
tup4 = (10, 20, 30) #tuple with integers
If we do not mention any brackets and write the elements separating them by commas, then they are
taken by default as a tuple. See the following example:
tup5 = 1, 2, 3, 4 #no braces
The point to remember is that if do not use any brackets, it will become a tuple and not a list or any other
datatype.
It is also possible to create a tuple from a list. This is done by converting a list into a tuple using the tuple()
function.
list = [1, 2, 3] #take a list
tpl = tuple(list) #convert list into tuple
print(tpl) #display tuple
Another way to create a tuple is by using range() function that returns a sequence.
tpl= tuple(range(4, 9, 2)) #numbers from 4 to 8 in steps of 2
print(tpl)
The preceding statements will give: (4, 6, 8)
Accessing the Tuple Elements:

Accessing the elements from a tuple can be done using indexing or slicing. This is same as that of a list.
tup = (50,60,70,80,90,100)
Indexing represents the position number of the element in the tuple. Now, tup[0] represents the 0th
element, tup[1] represents the 1st element and so on.
print(tup[0])
The preceding will give: 50
print(tup[:])
print(tup[1:4])
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print(tup[::2])
print(tup[-4:-1])
student = (10, 'Naresh kumar', 50,60,65,61,70)
rno, name = student[0:2]
print(rno, name)
marks = student[2:7]
for i in marks:
print(i)
14. Explain any five methods to process the tuple elements.
15. Explain any five methods to process elements of the dictionary.
16. Write a note on converting lists and strings into a dictionary.

Python Lists to Dictionary
When we have two lists, it is possible to convert them into a dictionary. For example, we have two lists
containing names of countries and names of their capital cities.
countries = ["USA", "India", "Germany", "France"]
cities = ['Washington', 'New Delhi', 'Berlin', 'Paris']
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We want to create a dictionary out of these two lists by taking the elements of 'countries' list as keys and
of 'cities' list as values.
There are two steps involved to convert the lists into a dictionary. The first step is to create a 'zip' class
object by passing the two lists to zip() function as:
z = zip(countries, cities)
The zip() function is useful to convert the sequences into a zip class object.
The second step is to convert the zip object into a dictionary by using dict() function.
d = dict(z)
ex:
countries = ["USA", "India", "Germany", "France"]
cities = ['Washington', 'New Delhi', 'Berlin', 'Paris']
z = zip(countries, cities)
d = dict(z)
print('{:15s} -- {:15s}'.format('COUNTRY', 'CAPITAL'))
for k in d:
print('{:15s} -- {:15s}'.format(k, d[k]))
Python Strings to Dictionary

When a string is given with key and value pairs separated by some delimiter (or separator) like a comma (,)
we can convert the string into a dictionary and use it as dictionary.
str = "Sujay=23, Rajesh=20, Lahari=19,Nithin=22"
To convert such a string into a dictionary, we have to follow 3 steps.
First, we should split the string into pieces where a comma is found using split() method and then brake
the string at equals (=) symbol. This can be done using a for loop as:
for x in str.split(','):
y= x.split('=')
Each piece of the string is available in 'y'. The second step is to store these pieces into a list 'lst' using
append() method as: lst.append(y)
The third step is to convert the list into a dictionary 'd' using dict() function as: d = dict(lst)
UNIT III
1. What is the purpose of the self variable?
we can use 'self' to refer to all the instance variables and instance methods. When an instance to the class
is created, the instance name contains the memory location of the instance. This memory location is
internally passed to 'self'.
2. Give the General format of defining constructor in Python.
Constructors are generally used for instantiating an object. The task of constructors is to initialize(assign
values) to the data members of the class when an object of the class is created. In Python the __init__()
method is called the constructor and is always called when an object is created.
3. Differentiate between accessor methods and mutator methods.
• Accessor methods simply access or read data of the variables. They do not modify the data in the
variables. Accessor methods are generally written in the form of getXXX() and hence they are also
called getter methods.
• mutator methods are the methods which not only read the data but also modify them. They are
written in the form of setXXX() and hence they are also called setter methods.
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4. What is an accessor method? Give example.

Accessor methods simply access or read data of the variables. They do not modify the data in the variables.
Accessor methods are generally written in the form of getXXX() and hence they are also called getter
methods. For example,
def getName(self):
return self.name
5. What is a mutator method? Give example.

mutator methods are the methods which not only read the data but also modify them. They are written in
the form of setXXX() and hence they are also called setter methods. For example,
def setName(self, name):

self.name = name
6. Differentiate between an instance variable and a class variable.

Instance variables are declared without static keyword. Class variables are common to all instances of a
class. These variables are shared between the objects of a class. Instance variables are not shared between
the objects of a class.
7. How to define a static method? Give example
Static methods are written with a decorator @staticmethod above them. Static methods are called in the
form of classname.method().
Ex:
class Calculator:
def add_numbers(num1, num2):
return num1 + num2
# convert add_numbers() to static method
Calculator.add_numbers = staticmethod(Calculator.add_numbers)
sum = Calculator.add_numbers(5, 7)
print('Sum:', sum)
# Output: Sum: 12
8. Define method overloading and method overriding.

In the method overloading, methods or functions must have the same name and different signatures.
Whereas in the method overriding, methods or functions must have the same name and same signatures.
9. What is polymorphism?
The literal meaning of polymorphism is the condition of occurrence in different forms. Polymorphism is a
very important concept in programming. It refers to the use of a single type entity (method, operator or
object) to represent different types in different scenarios.
10. What is the purpose of the super() method?
The super() function is used to give access to methods and properties of a parent or sibling class. The
super() function returns an object that represents the parent class.
11. What is an abstract class?
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A class is called an Abstract class if it contains one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a
method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and its
abstract methods must be implemented by its subclasses
12. What is an exception? List any two built-in exceptions in Python.
An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of
the program's instructions. In general, when a Python script encounters a situation that it cannot cope
with, it raises an exception. An exception is a Python object that represents an error.
Exception Description
TabError Raised when indentation consists of tabs or
spaces
SystemError Raised when a system error occurs
SystemExit Raised when the sys.exit() function is called
TypeError Raised when two different types are combined
13. What is a regular expression? Give an example

A regular expression is a special sequence of characters that helps you match or find other strings or sets of
strings, using a specialized syntax held in a pattern.
Ex: re.compile(r’m\w\w’)
14. What do \w and $ represent in the regular expression?
\w Matches word characters.
$ Matches end of line.
15. Write a regular expression that matches a 5-character string starting with 'a' and ends with 's'
16. Write the output of the following Python code:

s= 'one two three four five nine ten eight seven 8 9'
result=re.findall(r '\b\w{4,}\b',s)
print(result)
output: ['three', 'four', 'five', 'nine', 'eight', 'seven']
17. List any two different ways to create a thread. [write any 2]
• Creating a thread without using a class
• Creating a thread by creating a sub class to Thread class
• Creating a thread without creating subclass to Thread class
18. What is a thread? Which method is used to return the name of the currently Running Thread?
Python threads are used in cases where the execution of a task involves some waiting. One example would
be interaction with a service hosted on another computer, such as a webserver. Threading allows python
to execute other code while waiting; this is easily simulated with the sleep function.
getName() − The getName() method returns the name of a thread.
19. What is the daemon thread?
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The threads which are always going to run in the background that provides supports to main or non-
daemon threads, those background executing threads are considered as Daemon Threads. The Daemon
Thread does not block the main thread from exiting and continues to run in the background
20. What is the use of the join () method in thread class?
join() is used to join a thread with the main thread i.e. when join() is used for a particular thread the main
thread will stop executing until the execution of joined thread is complete.
5 marks Questions
1. What is a class? How to create a class and object in Python? Give example
A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. Classes provide a means of
bundling data and functionality together.
Syntax:
class classname:
‘optional class documentation string’
class suite
The class has a documentation string, which can be accessed via class name. The class suit consists of a
component statements defining class members, data attributes and functions.
Ex:
class Employee
empcount=0
def __init__(self,name,sal):
self.name=name
self.sal=sal
Employee.empcount+=1
Creating instance objects: To create instance of a class, you call the class using class name and pass in
whatever argument its __init__ method accepts.
Class Objects
An Object is an instance of a Class. A class is like a blueprint while an instance is a copy of the class with
actual values. It’s not an idea anymore, it’s an actual dog, like a dog of breed pug who’s seven years old.
You can have many dogs to create many different instances, but without the class as a guide, you would be
lost, not knowing what information is required.
An object consists of :
• State: It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an object.
• Behavior: It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an object to
other objects.
• Identity: It gives a unique name to an object and enables one object to interact with other objects.
Declaring Objects (Also called instantiating a class)

When an object of a class is created, the class is said to be instantiated. All the instances share the
attributes and the behavior of the class. But the values of those attributes, i.e. the state are unique for
each object. A single class may have any number of instances.
Example:
class Dog:
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# A simple class
# attribute
attr1 = "mammal"
attr2 = "dog"
# A sample method
def fun(self):
print("I'm a", self.attr1)
print("I'm a", self.attr2)
# Driver code
# Object instantiation
Rodger = Dog()
# Accessing class attributes

# and method through objects
print(Rodger.attr1)
Rodger.fun()
In the above example, an object is created which is basically a dog named Rodger. This class only has two
class attributes that tell us that Rodger is a dog and a mammal.
2. Write a note on the Constructor and self-variable.

Python Constructor: A constructor is a special method that is used to initialize the instance variables of a
class. In the constructor, we create the instance variables and initialize them with some starting values. The
first parameter of the constructor will be 'self' variable that contains the memory address of the instance.
For example,
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'Vishnu'
self.marks = 900
Here, the constructor has only one parameter, i.e. 'self'. Using 'self.name' and 'self.marks', we can access
the instance variables of the class.
Python Self Variable

'self' is a default variable that contains the memory address of the instance of the current class. So, we can
use 'self' to refer to all the instance variables and instance methods. When an instance to the class is
created, the instance name contains the memory location of the instance. This memory location is
internally passed to 'self'.
1. The 'self' variable is used as first parameter in the constructor as:

def __init__(self):
2. 'self' can be used as first parameter in the instance methods as:

def talk(self):
Here, talk() is instance method as it acts on the instance variables. If this method wants to act on the
instance variables, it should know the memory location of the instance variables. That memory location is
by default available to the talk() method through 'self'.
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3. Explain the different types of variables in Python with the example.

The variables are of 2 types:
• Instance variable
• Class variable or static variable
Instance variables are the variables whose separate copy is created in every instance. For example, if X is
an instance variable and if we create 3 instances, there will be 3 copies of X in these 3 instances. When we
modify the copy of X in any instance, it will not modify the other 2 copies.
#instance example
class Sample:
def __init__(self):
self.x=10
#create 2 instances
s1=Sample()
s2=Sample()
print(‘x in s1= ‘,s1.x)
#modify x in s1
s1.modify()
Unlike instance variables, class variables are the variables whose single copy is available to all the instances
of the class. If we modify the copy of class variable in an instance, it will modify all the copies in the other
instances. For example, if X is a class variable and if we create 3 instances. The same copy of X is passed to
these 3 instances. When we modify the copy of x in any instance using a class method, the modified copy is
sent to the other 2 instances. Class variables are also called static variables.
class Sample:
x=10
@classmethod
def modify(cls):
cls.x+=1
#create 2 instances
s1=Sample()
s2=Sample()
#modify x in s1
s1.modify()
4. Explain the different types of methods in Python with an example.

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The purpose of a method is to process the variables provided in the class or in the method. We already
know that the variables declared in the class are called class variables (or static variables) and the variables
declared in the constructor are called instance variables. We can classify the methods in the following 3
types:
1. Instance Methods
o (a)Accessor methods
o (b)Mutator methods
2. Class Methods
3. Static Methods
Instance Methods
Instance methods are the methods which act upon the instance variables of the class. Instance methods
are bound to instances (or objects) and hence called as:
instancename.method().
Since instance variables are available in the instance, instance methods need to know the memory address
of the instance. This is provided through 'self' variable by default as first parameter for the instance
method. While calling the instance methods, we need not pass any value to the 'self' variable.
Instance methods are of two types:
(a)accessor methods and

(b)mutator methods.
Accessor methods simply access or read data of the variables. They do not modify the data in the variables.
Accessor methods are generally written in the form of getXXX() and hence they are also called getter
methods. For example,
def getName(self):
return self.name
Here, getName() is an accessor method since it is reading and returning the value of 'name' instance
variable. It is not modifying the value of the name variable.
On the other hand, mutator methods are the methods which not only read the data but also modify them.
They are written in the form of setXXX() and hence they are also called setter methods. For example,
def setName(self, name):
self.name = name
Here, setName() is a mutator method since it is modifying the value of 'name' variable by storing new
name. In the method body, 'self.name' represents the instance variable 'name' and the right hand side
'name' indicates the parameter that receives the new value from outside.
Class Methods
These methods act on class level. Class methods are the methods which act on the class variables or static
variables. These methods are written using @classmethod decorator above them. By default, the first
parameter for class methods is 'cls' which refers to the class itself. For example, 'cls.var' is the format to
refer to the class variable. These methods are generally called using the classname.method().
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Python Static Method

We need static methods when the processing is at the class level but we need not involve the class or
instances. Static methods are used when some processing is related to the class but does not need the
class or its instances to perform any work.
Setting environmental variables, counting the number of instances of the class or changing an attribute in
another class, etc. are the tasks related to a class. Such tasks are handled by static methods. Also, static
methods can be used to accept some values, process them and return the result. In this case the
involvement of neither the class nor the objects is needed.
Static methods are written with a decorator @staticmethod above them. Static methods are called in the
form of classname.method().
5. Write a note on inner classes with an example.

Writing a class within another class is called creating an inner class or nested class. For example, if we write
class B inside class A, then B is called inner class or nested class. Inner classes are useful when we want to
sub group the data of a class. For example, let's take a person's data like name, age, date of birth etc. Here,
name contains a single value like 'Karthik', age contains a single value like '30' but the date of birth does
not contain a single value. Rather, it contains three values like date, month and year. So, we need to take
these three values as a sub group. Hence it is better to write date of birth as a separate class Dob inside the
Person class. This Dob will contain instance variables dd, mm and yy which represent the date of birth
details of the person.
class Person:
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'Karthik'
self.db = self.Dob() #this is Dob object
EXAMPLE:
#inner class example
class Person:
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'Karthik'
self.db = self.Dob()
def display(self):
print('Name=', self.name)
class Dob:
def __init__(self):
self.dd = 10
self.mm = 5
self.yy = 1988
def display(self):
print('Dob= {}/{}/{}'.format(self.dd, self.mm, self.yy))
p = Person()
p.display()
x = p.db
x.display()
6. What is inheritance? How to implement inheritance in Python? Give an example
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Inheritance is the capability of one class to derive or inherit the properties from another class. Inheritance
allows us to define a class that inherits all the methods and properties from another class.
• Parent class is the class being inherited from, also called base class.
• Child class is the class that inherits from another class, also called derived class.
class Person(object):
# Constructor
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
# To get name
def getName(self):
return self.name
# To check if this person is an employee

def isEmployee(self):
return False
# Inherited or Subclass (Note Person in bracket)

class Employee(Person):
# Here we return true

def isEmployee(self):
return True
# Driver code
emp = Person("Geek1") # An Object of Person
print(emp.getName(), emp.isEmployee())
emp = Employee("Geek2") # An Object of Employee

print(emp.getName(), emp.isEmployee())
7. Explain with example overriding superclass constructor and method

When the programmer writes a constructor in the sub class, the super class constructor is not available to
the sub class. In this case, only the sub class constructor is accessible from the sub class object. That means
the sub class constructor is replacing the super class constructor. This is called constructor overriding.
Similarly in the sub class, if we write a method with exactly same name as that of super class method, it
will override the super class method. This is called method overriding.
A Python program to override super class constructor and method in sub class.
class Father:
def __init__(self):
self.property = 800000.00
def display_property(self):
print('Father\'s property=', self.property)
class Son(Father):
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def __init__(self):
self.property = 200000.00
def display_property(self):
print('Child\'s property=', self.property)
s = Son()
s.display_property()
In this case, how to call the super class constructor so that we can access the father's property from the
Son class? For this purpose, we should call the constructor of the super class from the constructor of the
sub class using the super() method.
When there is a method in the super class, writing the same method in the sub class so that it replaces the
super class method is called 'method overriding'.
The programmer overrides the super class methods when he does not want to use them in sub class.
Instead, he wants a new functionality to the same method in the sub class.
A Python program to override the super class method in sub class.
#method overriding
import math
class Square:
def area(self, x):
print('Square area= %.4f'% x*x)
class Circle(Square):
def area(self, x):
print('Circle area= %.4f'% (math.pi*x*x))
c = Circle()
c.area(15)
8. Explain any 2 types of inheritance in Python with an example for each

Types of Inheritance depends upon the number of child and parent classes involved. There are four types
of inheritance in Python:
Single Inheritance: Single inheritance enables a derived class to inherit properties from a single parent
class, thus enabling code reusability and the addition of new features to existing code.
Example:
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# Python program to demonstrate

# single inheritance
# Base class
class Parent:
def func1(self):
print("This function is in parent class.")
# Derived class
class Child(Parent):
def func2(self):
print("This function is in child class.")
# Driver's code
object = Child()
object.func1()
object.func2()
Multiple Inheritance: When a class can be derived from more than one base class this type of inheritance
is called multiple inheritance. In multiple inheritance, all the features of the base classes are inherited into
the derived class.
Example:
# Python program to demonstrate

# multiple inheritance
# Base class1
class Mother:
mothername = ""
def mother(self):
print(self.mothername)
# Base class2
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class Father:
fathername = ""
def father(self):
print(self.fathername)
# Derived class
class Son(Mother, Father):
def parents(self):
print("Father :", self.fathername)
print("Mother :", self.mothername)
# Driver's code
s1 = Son()
s1.fathername = "RAM"
s1.mothername = "SITA"
s1.parents()
9. Explain multiple inheritance in Python with an example.[refer 8th ans]

10. Explain method overloading and overriding with example
Python Method Overloading
If a method is written such that it can perform more than one task, it is called method overloading.We see
method overloading in the languages like Java. For example, we call a method as:
sum(10, 15)
sum(10, 15, 20)
In the first call, we are passing two arguments and in the second call, we are passing three arguments. It
means, the sum() method is performing two distinct operations: finding sum of two numbers or sum of
three numbers.This is called method overloading.
A Python program to show method overloading to find sum of two or three numbers.
#method overloading
class Myclass:
def sum(self, a=None, b=None, c=None):
if a!=None and b!=None and c!=None:
print('Sum of three=', a+b+c)
elif a!=None and b!=None:
print('Sum of two=', a+b)
else:
print('Please enter two or three arguments')
#call sum() using object
m = Myclass()
m.sum(10, 15, 20)
m.sum(10.5, 25.55)
m.sum(100)
Here the sum() method is calculating sum of two or three numbers and hence it is performing more than
one task. Hence it is an overloaded method. In this way, overloaded methods achieve polymorphism.
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When there is a method in the super class, writing the same method in the sub class so that it replaces the
super class method is called 'method overriding'.
The programmer overrides the super class methods when he does not want to use them in sub class.
Instead, he wants a new functionality to the same method in the sub class.
A Python program to override the super class method in sub class.

#method overriding
import math
class Square:
def area(self, x):
print('Square area= %.4f'% x*x)
class Circle(Square):
def area(self, x):
print('Circle area= %.4f'% (math.pi*x*x))
c = Circle()
c.area(15)
11. Explain abstract class and abstract method with an example.

An abstract method is a method whose action is redefined in the sub classes as per the requirement of the
objects. Generally abstract methods are written without body since their body will be defined in the sub
classes anyhow. But it is possible to write an abstract method with body also. To mark a method as
abstract, we should use the decorator @abstractmethod. On the other hand, a concrete method is a
method with body.
An abstract class is a class that generally contains some abstract methods. Since, abstract class contains
abstract methods whose implementation (or body) is later defined in the sub classes, it is not possible to
estimate the total memory required to create the object for the abstract class. So, PVM cannot create
objects to an abstract class.
Once an abstract class is written, we should create sub classes and all the abstract methods should be
implemented (body should be written) in the sub classes. Then, it is possible to create objects to the sub
classes.
In next Program, we create Myclass as an abstract super class with an abstract method calculate(). This
method does not have any body within it. The way to create an abstract class is to derive it from a meta
class ABC that belongs to abc (abstract base class) module as:
class Abstractclass(ABC):
Since all abstract classes should be derived from the meta class ABC which belongs to abc (abstract base
class) module, we should import this module into our program. A meta class is a class that defines the
behavior of other classes.
The meta class ABC defines that the class which is derived from it becomes an abstract class. To import abc
module's ABC class and abstractmethod decorator we can write as follows:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
or
from abc import *
Now, our abstract class 'Myclass' should be derived from the ABC class as:
classs Myclass(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def calculate(self, x):
pass #empty body, no code
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This class has an abstract method calculate() that does not contain any code. We used @abstractmethod
decorator to specify that this is an abstract method. We have to write sub classes where this abstract
method is written with its body (or implementation).
12. What is an interface? Explain how to convert class as an interface with an example.
At a high level, an interface acts as a blueprint for designing classes. Like classes, interfaces define
methods. Unlike classes, these methods are abstract. An abstract method is one that the interface simply
defines. It doesn’t implement the methods. This is done by classes, which then implement the interface
and give concrete meaning to the interface’s abstract methods.
Python’s approach to interface design is somewhat different when compared to languages like Java, Go,
and C++. These languages all have an interface keyword, while Python does not. Python further deviates
from other languages in one other aspect. It doesn’t require the class that’s implementing the interface to
define all of the interface’s abstract methods.
13. Differentiate abstract classes and interfaces.

An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only
declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior and all methods are
implicitly abstract. An interface has all public members and no implementation
14. Explain exception handling in Python with an example.

The purpose of handling errors is to make the program robust. The word 'robust' means 'strong'. A robust
program does not terminate in the middle. Also, when there is an error in the program, it will display an
appropriate message to the user and continue execution. Designing such programs is needed in any
software development. For this purpose, the programmer should handle the errors. When the errors can
be handled, they are called exceptions. To handle exceptions, the programmer should perform the
following three steps:
Step 1: The programmer should observe the statements in his program where there may be a possibility of
exceptions. Such statements should be written inside a 'try' block. A try block looks like as follows:
try:
statements
The greatness of try block is that even if some exception arises inside it, the program will not be
terminated. When PVM understands that there is an exception, it jumps into an 'except' block.
Step 2: The programmer should write the 'except' block where he should display the exception details to
the user. This helps the user to understand that there is some error in the program. The programmer
should also display a message regarding what can be done to avoid this error. Except block looks like as
follows:
except exceptionname:
statements #these statements form handler
The statements written inside an except block are called 'handlers' since they handle the situation when
the exception occurs.
Step 3: Lastly, the programmer should perform clean up actions like closing the files and terminating any
other processes which are running. The programmer should write this code in the finally block. Finally
block looks like as follows:
finally:
statements
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The specialty of finally block is that the statements inside the finally block are executed irrespective of
whether there is an exception or not. This ensures that all the opened files are properly closed and all the
running processes are properly terminated. So, the data in the files will not be corrupted and the user is at
the safe-side.
Performing the above 3 tasks is called 'exception handling'.
A Python program to handle the ZeroDivisionError exception.
#an exception handling example

try:
f = open("myfile", "w")
a, b = [int(x) for x in input("Enter two numbers: ").split()]
c = a/b
f.write("writing %.2f into myfile" %c)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('Division by zero happened')
print('Please do not enter 0 in denominator')
finally:
f.close()
print('File closed')
15. List and describe any five built-in exceptions in Python. [any 5]
Exception Class
Description
Name
Exception Represents any type of exception. All exceptions are sub classes of this class.
AssertionError Raised when an assert statement gives error.
AttributeError Raised when an attribute reference or assignment fails.
Raised when input() function reaches end of file condition without reading any
EOFError
data.
FloatingPointError Raised when a floating point operation fails.
GeneratorExit Raised when generator's close() method is called.
Raised when an input or output operation failed. It raises when the file opened is
IOError
not found or when writing data disk is full.
ImportError Raised when an import statement fails to find the module being imported.
IndexError Raised when a sequence index or subscript is out of range.
KeyError Raised when a mapping (dictionary) key is not found in the set of existing keys.
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KeyboardInterrupt Raised when the user hits the interrupt key(normally control-C or Delete).
NameError Raised when an identifier is not found locally or globally.
RuntimeError Raised when an error is detected that doesn't fall in any of the other categories.
StopIteration Raised by an iterator's next() method to signal that there are no more elements.
Raised when the compiler encounters a syntax error.Import or exec statements

SyntaxError
and input() and eval() functions may raise this exception.
IndentationError Raised when indentation is not specified properly.
Raised by the sys.exit() function. When it is not handled, the Python interpreter
SystemExit
exits.
Raised when an operation or function is applied to an object of inappropriate

TypeError
datatype.
Raised when a reference is made to a local variable in a function or method, but

UnboundLocalError
no value has been bound to that variable.
Raised when a built-in operation or function receives an argument that has right
ValueError
datatype but wrong value.
ZeroDivisionError Raised when the denominator is zero in adivision or modulus operation.
16. Explain user-defined exceptions with suitable example

Like the built-in exceptions of Python, the programmer can also create his own exceptions which are called
'User- defined exceptions' or 'Custom exceptions'.We know Python offers many exceptions which will raise
in different contexts. For example, when a number is divided by zero, the ZeroDivisionError is raised.
Similarly, when the datatype is not correct, TypeError is raised.
Steps to be followed for User Defined Exceptions
1. Since all exceptions are classes, the programmer is supposed to create his own exception as a class.
Also, he should make his class as a sub class to the in-built 'Exception' class.
2. class MyException(Exception):
3. def __init__(self, arg):
self.msg = arg
Here, 'MyException' class is the sub class for 'Exception' class.This class has a constructor where a
variable 'msg' is defined.This 'msg' receives a message passed from outside through 'arg'.
4. The programmer can write his code; maybe it represents a group of statements or a function.
When the programmer suspects the possibility of exception, he should raise his own exception
using 'raise' statement as: raise MyException('message')
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Here, raise statement is raising MyException class object that contains the given 'message'.
5. The programmer can insert the code inside a 'try' block and catch the exception using 'except' block
as:
6. try:
7. code
8. Except MyException as me:
print(me)
Here, the object 'me' contains the message given in the raise statement.
A Python program to create our own exception and raise it when needed.
class MyException(Exception):
def __init__(self,arg):
self.msg = arg
def check(list):
for i in list:
print(i,end='\t')
if(i<0 or i>=100):
raise MyException('Exception Occured at %d'%i)
age=[25,78,65,94,112,77,49]
try:
check(age)
except MyException as me:
print(me)
17. Write a note on logging the exceptions.

Python provides a module 'logging' that is useful to create a log file that can store all error messages that
may occur while executing a program.
There may be different levels of error messages. For example, an error that crashes the system should be
given more importance than an error that merely displays a warning message. So, depending on the
seriousness of the error, they are classified into 6 levels in 'logging' module, as shown in Table.
Table : Logging Error Level and their Predefined Numeric Values
Level Numeric value Description
CRITICAL 50 Represents a very serious error that needs high attention.
ERROR 40 Represents a serious error
WARNING 30 Represents a warning message,some caution is needed.
INFO 20 Represents a message with some important information.
DEBUG 10 Represents a message with debugging information.
NOTSET 0 Represents that the level is not set.
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As we know, by default, the error messages that occur at the time of executing a program are displayed on
the user's monitor.Only the messages which are equal to or above the level of a WARNING are
displayed.That means WARNINGS, ERRORS and CRITICAL ERRORS are displayed.It is possible that we can
set this default behavior as we need.
To understand different levels of logging messages, we are going to write a Python program. In this
program, first we have to create a file for logging (storing) the messages. This is done using basicConfig()
method of logging module as:
logging.basicConfig(filename='mylog.txt', level=logging.ERROR)
Here, the log file name is given as mylog.txt'.The level is set to ERROR. Hence the messages whose level will
be at ERROR or above, (i.e. ERROR or CRITICAL) will only be stored into the log file. Once, this is done, we
can add the messages to the 'mylog.txt' file as:
logging.methodname('message')
The methodnames can be critical(), error(), warning(), info() and debug(). For example, we want to add a
critical message, we should use critical() method as:
logging.critical('System crash - Immediate attention required')
Now, this error message is stored into the log file, i.e. 'mylog.txt'.
18. Explain the sequence characters used in regular expressions. give example
Special sequences do not match for the actual character in the string instead it tells the specific location in
the search string where the match must occur. It makes it easier to write commonly used patterns.
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19. Explain the quantifiers used in regular expressions. Give an example.
In regular expressions, quantifiers match the preceding characters or character sets a number of times. The
following table shows all the quantifiers and their meanings:
Quantifier Name Meaning
* Asterisk Match its preceding element zero or more times.
+ Plus Match its preceding element one or more times.
? Question Mark Match its preceding element zero or one time.
{n} Curly Braces Match its preceding element exactly n times.
{ n ,} Curly Braces Match its preceding element at least n times.
{n,m} Curly Braces Match its preceding element from n to m times.
20. Explain the special characters used in a regular expression. Give an example.
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21. Explain findall() and search() methods used to the regular expression.
re.findall()
Return all non-overlapping matches of pattern in string, as a list of strings. The string is scanned left-to-
right, and matches are returned in the order found.
Example: Finding all occurrences of a pattern
# findall()
import re
string = """Hello my Number is 123456789 and
my friend's number is 987654321"""
regex = '\d+'
match = re.findall(regex, string)

print(match)
re.search() : This method either returns None (if the pattern doesn’t match), or a re.MatchObject contains
information about the matching part of the string. This method stops after the first match, so this is best
suited for testing a regular expression more than extracting data.
Example: Searching an occurrence of the pattern
# A Python program to demonstrate working of re.match().
import re
regex = r"([a-zA-Z]+) (\d+)"

match = re.search(regex, "I was born on June 24")
if match != None:
print ("Match at index %s, %s" % (match.start(), match.end()))
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print ("Full match: %s" % (match.group(0)))

print ("Month: %s" % (match.group(1)))
print ("Day: %s" % (match.group(2)))
else:
print ("The regex pattern does not match.")
23. Explain creating a thread without using a class with an example.

We can create a thread by creating an object of Thread class and pass the function name as target for
the thread as
T=Thread(target=functionname,[args=(arg1,arg2,…..)])
We are creating the Thread class object t that represents our thread. The target represents the function on
which the thread will act. Args represents the tuple of arguments which are passed to the function.
Once the thread is created , it should be started by calling the start() method as:
t.start(). The thread t will jump to the target function
24. Explain creating a thread by creating a subclass to the Thread class. Give an example.
Thread class is already created by Python people in the threading module. We can make our class as a sub
class to Thread so that we can inherit the functionality of Thread class.
class MyThread(Thread)
Here MyThread represents the subclass of Thread class . .Any methods of the Thread class are also
available to the sub class. The Thread class has the run() method which is also available to the sub class So
by overriding the run() method we can make the threads run our own run() method.
The step is to create the object of the MyThread class which contains a copy of the super class i.e the
Thread class
t1=MyThread()
Here t1 is the object of MyThread class which represents our thread.
We can run this thread by calling the start() method as t1.start()
#creating our own thread
from threading import thread
class MyThread(Thread)
def run(self):
for i in range(1,6):
print(i)
t1=MyThread()
t1.start()
t1.join()
25. Explain creating a thread without creating a subclass to the Thread class. Give an example.
We can create an independent class say MyThread that does not inherit from Thread class . Then we can
create an object obj to MyThread class as
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obj=MyThread(‘Hello’)
The next step is to create a thread by creating an object to Thread class and specifying the method of the
MyThread class as its Target as
t1=Thread (target=obj.display,arg(1,2))
Here t1 is our thread which is created as an object of thread class.Target represents the display() method
of ‘MyThread’ object obj ,’args’ represents a tuple of values passed to the method. When the thread t1 is
started ,it will execute the display() method of MyThread class.
from threading import *
class MyThread :
def _init_(self,str)
self.str=str
def display(self,x,y)
print(self.str)
print(‘The args are :’,x,y)
obj=MyThread(‘Hello’)
t1=Thread(target=obj.display,args=(1,2))
t1.start()
26. List and describe any five methods associated with the Thread class [any 5]
Thread class methods
run() − The run() method is the entry point for a thread.
start() − The start() method starts a thread by calling the run method.
join([time]) − The join() waits for threads to terminate.
isAlive() − The isAlive() method checks whether a thread is still executing.
getName() − The getName() method returns the name of a thread.
setName() − The setName() method sets the name of a thread
name : This is the property that represents the threads name
setDaemon(flag):Make a thread a daemon if the flag is true.
27. What is thread synchronization? Explain different techniques used for thread synchronization?
When a thread is already acting on an object ,preventing any other thread from acting on the same object
is called thread synchronization or thread safe. The object on which the threads are synchronized is called
synchronized object or mutex(mutually exclusive lock)
Thread synchronization is done using the following techniques
• Using locks
• Using semaphores
Using locks
Locks :Locks can be used to lock the object on which the thread is acting.
We can create a lock by creating an object of Lock class as
49 | P a g e
l=lock()
To lock the current obect ,we should use acquire
l.Acquire()
To unlock or release the object we should use release
l.release()
Using semaphores
Semaphore: A semaphore is an object that provides synchronization based on a counter . A semaphore is
created as an object of Semaphore class as
l=Semaphore(countervalue). If the counter value is not given ,the default is take as 1
When the acquire method is called the counter gets decremented by 1 and when the release method is
called the counter gets incremented by 1
l.acquire()
l.release()
28. Explain notify() and wait() methods in thread communication.

notify() Method: When we want to send a notification to only one thread that is in waiting state then we
always use notify() method. Here if one thread wants to be condition object up-gradation then notify() is
used.
Syntax :condition_object.notify()
wait(time) Method: The wait() method can be used to make a thread wait till the notification got and also
till the given time will end. In simple words we can say that thread is to wait until the execution of the
notify() method is not done. We can use time in it if we set a certain time then the execution will stop until
time overs after that it will execute still the instructions are remaining.
Syntax: condition_object.wait()
Parameter:Time
UNIT IV
1. What is root window? How it is created in Python?
To display the graphical output, we need space on the screen. This space that is initially allocated to every
GUI program is called 'top level window' or 'root window'.
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
root.mainloop()
2. What is Canvas? How it is created in Python?

The Canvas is a rectangular area intended for drawing pictures or other complex layouts. You can place
graphics, text, widgets or frames on a Canvas.
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x200")
#creating a simple canvas.
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c = Canvas(top,bg = "pink",height = "200",width = 200)

arc = c.create_arc((5,10,150,200),start = 0,extent = 150, fill= "white")
c.pack()
top.mainloop()
3. Write Python code to create rectangle and arc in canvas.

To create an arc we have the create_arc() method.
Id=c.create_arc(100,100,400,300,width=3,start=270,extent=180,outline=‘red’,style=‘arc’)
4. Write a Python code to display an image in the canvas.

root = Tk()
canvas = Canvas(root, width = 300, height = 300)
canvas.pack()
img = PhotoImage(file="ball.ppm")
canvas.create_image(20,20, anchor=NW, image=img)
mainloop()
5. Differentiate Canvas and frame.

A Canvas is primarily for drawing shapes and things on, whereas a frame is for organising a collection of
tkinter widgets inside. While it's possible to put some tkinter widgets into a Canvas that's not its main use
case, and a Frame isn't capable of drawing things like lines or circles or whatnot.
6. How to add a scrollbar to a Text widget?
it is useful to add scroll bars to the Text widget. A scroll bar is a bar that is useful to scroll the text either
horizontally or vertically.For example, we can create a vertical scroll bar by creating an object to Scrollbar
class as:
s = Scrollbar(root, orient=VERTICAL, command= t.yview)
7. Differentiate Label and Text Widget.
8. What is an entry widget? How it is created?

Entry widget is useful to create a rectangular box that can be used to enter or display one line of text.For
example, we can display names, passwords or credit card numbers using Entry widgets.An Entry widget can
be created as an object of Entry class as:
e1 = Entry(f, width=25, fg='blue', bg='yellow', font=('Arial', 14), show='*')
9. What is a spin box widget? How it is created?

A Spinbox widget allows the user to select values from a given set of values. The spin box appears as a long
rectangle attached with arrowheads pointing towards up and down.The user can click on the arrowheads
51 | P a g e
to see the next value or previous value. To create a spin box with numbers ranging from 5 to 15, we can
write the following statement:
s1 = Spinbox(f, from_= 5, to=15, textvariable=val1, width=15, fg='blue', bg='yellow', font=('Arial', 14,
'bold'))
10. List the values that can be assigned to selectmode property of listbox
The option 'selectmode' may take any of the following values:
• BROWSE
• SINGLE
• MULTIPLE
• EXTENDED
11. Write a Python code to read the source code of a web page.
import requests
url = input('Webpage to grab source from: ')

html_output_name = input('Name for html file: ')
req = requests.get(url, 'html.parser')
with open(html_output_name, 'w') as f:

f.write(req.text)
f.close()
12. Write a Python code to download an image from the internet.

import urllib.request
image_url = 'https://bit.ly/2XuVzB4' #the image on the web

save_name = 'my_image.jpg' #local name to be saved
urllib.request.urlretrieve(image_url, save_name)
13. Write a Python code to download a page

import urllib.request, urllib.error, urllib.parse
url = "The url of the page you want to download"
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
14. Write the Python statements used to connect the Gmail server and send a message.
server=smtplib.SMTP(‘smtp.gmail.com’,587)
server.send_message(msg)
15. List any four types of databases used with Python.
• MySQL
• Oracle
• Microsoft SQL Server
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• Microsoft Access
• Sybase
• Firebird
16. How to connect to MySQL database from Python.
17. What is the use of cursor object?

Cursor class is an instance using which you can invoke methods that execute SQLite statements, fetch data
from the result sets of the queries. You can create Cursor object using the cursor() method of the
Connection object/class.
18. What are the methods used to get a single row and all the rows from the table?
cursor.fetchall() fetches all the rows of a query result. It returns all the rows as a list of tuples. An empty
list is returned if there is no record to fetch.
cursor.fetchone() method returns a single record or None if no more rows are available.
19. How to connect to the oracle database from Python?
20. What are the modules used to work with MySQL and Oracle databases?
5 marks Questions
1. Explain the steps involved in creating a GUI application in Python with a suitable example.
Python offers tkinter module to create graphics programs. The tkinter represents 'toolkit interface' for GUI.
This is an interface for Python programmers that enable them to use the classes of TK module of TCL/TK
language. Let's see what this TCL/TK is. The TCL (Tool Command Language) is a powerful dynamic
programming language, suitable for web and desktop applications, networking, administration, testing and
many more. It is open source and hence can be used by any one freely. TCL language uses TK (Tool
Kit) language to generate graphics. TK provides standard GUI not only for TCL but also for many other
dynamic programming languages like Python. Hence, this TK is used by Python programmers in developing
GUI applications through Python's tkinter module.
The following are the general steps involved in basic GUI programs:
1. First of all, we should create the root window. The root window is the top level window that
provides rectangular space on the screen where we can display text, colors, images, components,
etc.
2. In the root window, we have to allocate space for our use. This is done by creating a canvas or
frame. So, canvas and frame are child windows in the root window.
3. Generally, we use canvas for displaying drawings like lines, arcs, circles, shapes, etc. We
use frame for the purpose of displaying components like push buttons, check buttons, menus, etc.
These components are also called 'widgets'.
4. When the user clicks on a widget like push button, we have to handle that event. It means we have
to respond to the events by performing the desired tasks.
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2. How to create a button widget and bind it to the event handler? Explain with example.
A push button is a component that performs some action when clicked. These buttons are created as
objects of Button class as:
b = Button(f, text='My Button', width=15, height=2, bg='yellow', fg='blue',
activebackground='green', activeforeground='red')
We can also display an image on the button as: #first load the image into file1
file1 = PhotoImage(file="cat.gif")
#create a push button with image
b = Button(f, image=file1, width=150, height=100, bg='yellow', fg='blue', activebackground='green',
activeforeground='red')
A Python program to create a push button and bind it with an event handler function.
def buttonClick(self):
print('You have clicked me')
root = Tk()
f = Frame(root, height=200, width=300)
f.propagate(0)
f.pack()
b = Button(f, text='My Button', width=15, height=2, bg='yellow', fg='blue',
activebackground='green', activeforeground='red')
b.pack()
b.bind("<Button-1>", buttonClick)
root.mainloop()
3. Write a Python GUI program to create three pushbuttons using Tkinter. BackgroundThe color of the
frame should be different when different buttons are clicked.
class MyButton:
def __init__(self, root):
self.f = Frame(root, height=400, width=500)
self.f.propagate(0)
self.f.pack()
self.b1 = Button(self.f, text='Red', width=15, height=2, command=lambda: self.buttonClick(1))
self.b2 = Button(self.f, text='Green', width=15, height=2, command=lambda: self.buttonClick(2))
self.b3 = Button(self.f, text='Blue', width=15, height=2, command=lambda: self.buttonClick(3))
self.b1.pack()
self.b2.pack()
self.b3.pack()
def buttonClick(self, num):
if num==1:
self.f["bg"]= 'red'
if num==2:
self.f["bg"]= 'green'
if num==3:
self.f["bg"]= 'blue'
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root = Tk()
mb = MyButton(root)
root.mainloop()
3. Write a note on arranging Widgets in a frame using layout managers.

Once we create widgets or components, we can arrange them in the frame in a particular manner.
Arranging the widgets in the frame is called 'layout management'. There are three types of layout
managers.
• Pack layout manager

• Grid layout manager
• Place layout manager
Pack layout manager uses pack() method. This method is useful to associate a widget with its parent
component. While using the pack() method, we can mention the position of the widget using 'fill' or 'side'
options.
b.pack(fill=X)
b.pack(fill=Y)
The 'fill' option can take the values: X, Y, BOTH, NONE. The value X represents that the widget should
occupy the frame horizontally and the value Y represents that the widget should occupy vertically. BOTH
represents that the widget should occupy in both the directions. NONE represents that the widget should
be displayed as it is. The default value is NONE. Along with 'fill' option, we can use 'padx' and 'pady' options
that represent how much space should be left around the component horizontally and vertically.
For example, b1.pack(fill=Y, padx=10, pady=15)
Grid layout manager uses the grid() method to arrange the widgets in a two dimensional table that
contains rows and columns. We know that the horizontal arrangement of data is called 'row' and vertical
arrangement is called 'column'. The position of a widget is defined by a row and a column number. The size
of the table is determined by the grid layout manager depending on the widgets size.
b1.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10, pady=15)
Place layout manager uses the place() method to arrange the widgets. The place() method takes x and y
coordinates of the widget along with width and height of the window where the widget has to be
displayed. For example,
b1.place(x=20, y=30, width=100, height=50)
4. Write a note on i)Text Widget ii) Scrollbar Widget

Python Text Widget
Text widget is same as a label or message. But Text widget has several options and can display multiple
lines of text in different colors and fonts.It is possible to insert text into a Text widget, modify it or delete it.
We can also display images in the Text widget. One can create a Text widget by creating an object to Text
class as:
t = Text(root, width=20, height=10, font=('Verdana', 14, 'bold'), fg='blue', bg='yellow', wrap=WORD)
Here, 't' represents the object of Text class.'root' represents an object of root window or frame.'width'
represents the width of the Text widget in characters.'height' represents the height of the widget in
lines.The option 'wrap' specifies where to cut the line.wrap=CHAR represents that any line that is too long
will be broken at any character.wrap=WORD will break the line in the widget after the last word that fits in
the line. wrap=NONE will not wrap the lines. In this case, it is better to provide a horizontal scroll bar to
view the lines properly in the Text widget.
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Python Scrollbar Widget

A scroll bar is a widget that is useful to scroll the text in another widget.For example, the text in the Text,
Canvas, Frame or Listbox can be scrolled from top to bottom or left to right using scroll bars.There are two
types of scroll bars.They are horizontal and vertical.The horizontal scroll bar is useful to view the text from
left to right. The vertical scroll bar is useful to scroll the text from top to bottom.To create a scroll bar, we
have to create Scrollbar class object as:
h = Scrollbar(root, orient=HORIZONTAL, bg='green', command=t.xview)
Here, 'h' represents the Scrollbar object which is created as a child to 'root' window.The option 'orient'
indicates HORIZONTAL for horizontal scroll bars and VERTICAL indicates vertical scroll bars. 'bg' represents
back ground color for the scroll bar.This option may not work in Windows since Window operating system
may force some default back ground color for the scroll bar which will not be disturbed by the tkinter. The
option 'command' represents the method that is to be executed. The method 'xview' is executed on the
object 't'.Here, 't' may represent a widget like Text widget or Listbox.
5. Write a Python code to create 3 check buttons and display the selected option using a label.
class Mycheck:
self.f = Frame(root, height=350, width=500)
self.f.propagate(0)
self.f.pack()
self.var1 = IntVar()
self.c1 = Checkbutton(self.f, bg='yellow', fg= 'green', font=('Georgia', 20, 'underline'), text='Java',
variable= self.var1, command=self.display)
self.c2 = Checkbutton(self.f, text='Python', variable= self.var2,command=self.display)
self.c3 = Checkbutton(self.f, text='.NET', variable= self.var3, command=self.display)
#attach check boxes to the frame
self.c1.place(x=50, y=100)
def display(self):
x = self.var1.get()
y = self.var2.get()
z = self.var3.get()
str = ''
#catch user choice
if x==1:
str += 'Java '
if y==1:
str+= 'Python '
if z==1:
str+= '.NET '
lbl = Label(text=str, fg='blue').place(x=50, y=150, width=200, height=20)
root = Tk()
#create an object to MyButtons class
mb = Mycheck(root)
#the root window handles the mouse click event
root.mainloop()
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6. Write a note on i)Checkbox Widget ii) Radiobutton Widget

Python Checkbutton Widget
Check buttons, also known as check boxes are useful for the user to select one or more options from
available group of options.Check buttons are displayed in the form of square shaped boxes. When a check
button is selected, a tick mark is displayed on the button.We can create check buttons using the
Checkbutton class as:
c1 = Checkbutton(f, bg='yellow', fg= 'green', font=('Georgia', 20, 'underline'), text='Java', variable= var1,
command=display)
Here, 'c1' is the object of Checkbutton class that represents a check button.'f' indicates frame for which the
check button becomes a child. 'bg' and 'fg' represent the back ground and fore ground colors used for
check button.'font' represents the font name, size and style.'text' represents the text to be displayed after
the check button. The option variable represents an object of IntVar() class.'command' represents the
method to be called when the user clicks the check button.
Python Radiobutton Widget

A radio button is similar to a check button, but it is useful to select only one option from a group of
available options.A radio button is displayed in the form of round shaped button. The user cannot select
more than one option in case of radio buttons.When a radio button is selected, there appears a dot in the
radio button.We can create a radio button as an object of the Radiobutton class as:
r1 = Radiobutton(f, bg='yellow', fg= 'green', font=('Georgia', 20, 'underline'), text='Male', variable= var,
value=1, command=display)
The option 'text' represents the string to be displayed after the radio button.'variable' represents the
object of IntVar class.'value' represents a value that is set to this object when the radio button is
clicked.The object of IntVar class can be created as:
var = IntVar()
When the user clicks the radio button, the value of this 'var' is set to the value given in 'value' option, i.e.
1.It means 'var' will become 1 if the radio button 'r1' is clicked by the user.In this way, it is possible to know
which button is clicked by the user.
7. Write a Python program to create Listbox with course names and display selected course in a textbox
class ListboxDemo:
self.f = Frame(root, width=700, height=400)
self.f.propagate(0)
self.f.pack()
self.lbl = Label(self.f, text="Click one or more of the courses below:", font="Calibri 14")
self.lbl.place(x=50, y=50)
self.lb = Listbox(self.f, font="Arial 12 bold", fg='blue', bg='yellow', height=8,
selectmode=MULTIPLE)
self.lb.place(x=50, y=100)
for i in ["BCA", "BBA", "BCOM", "BSC", "BSW"]:
self.lb.insert(END, i)
#bind the ListboxSelect event to on_select() method
self.lb.bind('<<ListboxSelect>>', self.on_select)
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#create text box to display selected items

self.t = Text(self.f, width=40, height=6, wrap=WORD) self.t.place(x=300, y=100)
def on_select(self, event):
self.lst = []
indexes = self.lb.curselection()
#retrieve the items names depending on indexes

#append the items names to the list box
for i in indexes:
self.lst.append(self.lb.get(i))
#delete the previous content of the text box
self.t.delete(0.0, END)
#insert the new contents into the text box
self.t.insert(0.0, self.lst)
root = Tk()
root.title("List box demonstration.")
obj = ListboxDemo(root)
root.mainloop()
8. Explain the process of creating a Listbox widget with a suitable example. Also, explain different values
associated with selectmode option.
A list box is useful to display a list of items in a box so that the user can select 1 or more items.To create a
list box, we have to create an object of Listbox class, as:
lb = Listbox(f, font="Arial 12 bold", fg='blue', bg='yellow', height=8, width=24, activestyle='underline',
selectmode=MULTIPLE)
Here, 'lb' is the list box object.The option 'height' represents the number of lines shown in the list
box.'width' represents the width of the list box in terms of number of characters and the default is 20
characters.The option 'activestyle' indicates the appearance of the selected item.It may be 'underline',
'dotbox' or 'none'.The default value is 'underline'.The option 'selectmode' may take any of the following
values:
• BROWSE: Normally, we can select one item (or line) out of a list box.If we click on an item and then
drag to a different item, the selection will follow the mouse.This is the default value of 'selectmode'
option.
• SINGLE: This represents that we can select only one item( or line) from all available list of items.
• MULTIPLE: We can select 1 or more number of items at once by clicking on the items. If an item is
already selected, clicking second time on the item will un-select it.
• EXTENDED: We can select any adjacent group of items at once by clicking on the first item and
dragging to the last item.
9. How to create a Menu in Python? Explain the process of creating menus in Python with Syntax and
examples.
To create a menu, we should use the following steps:
1. First of all, we should create a menu bar as a child to root window. This is done using Menu class as:
menubar = Menu(root)
2. This menu bar should be attached to the root window using config() method as:
root.config(menu=menubar)
3. The next step is to create a menu with a group of menu items. For this purpose, first of all we
should create Menu class object as:
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filemenu = Menu(root, tearoff=0)

Here, 'filemenu' is the Menu class object. The option 'tearoff' can be 0 or 1.When this option is 1, the menu
can be torn off.In this case, the first position (position 0) in the menu items is occupied by the tear-off
element which is a dashed line. If this option value is 0, then this dashed line will not appear and the menu
items are displayed starting from 0th position onwards.The next step is to add menu items to the filemenu
object using the add_command() method as:
filemenu.add_command(label="New", command=donothing)
When we want to display a horizontal line that separates a group of menu items from another group of
menu items, we can use the add_separator() method, as given in the following
statement: filemenu.add_separator() After adding all menu items to filemenu object, we should give it a
name and add it to menu bar using add_cascade() method as: menubar.add_cascade(label="File",
menu=filemenu) The 'menu' option tells that the 'File' menu is composed of all menu items that are added
already to filemenu object.
10. Explain the functions related to TCP/IP server and TCP/IP Client
11. Explain the functions related to UDP Server and UDP Client
12. Write a Python program to create a File server that receives file name and send the contents of a file.
13. Explain how to connect to the MySQL database and retrieve all the rows from a table with a suitable
example.
14. Explain how records are inserted and deleted from the MySQL database with a suitable example
15. Explain how MySQL database table is created using Python code.
We can create the new table by using the CREATE TABLE statement of SQL. In our database PythonDB, the
table Employee will have the four columns, i.e., name, id, salary, and department_id initially.
The following query is used to create the new table Employee.
import mysql.connector
myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",password = "naveen",database =
"PythonDB")
cur = myconn.cursor()
try:
#Creating a table
dbs = cur.execute("create table Employee(name varchar(20) not null, id int(20) not null primary key,
salary float not null, Dept_id int not null)")
except:
myconn.rollback()
myconn.close()
16. Write a note on using the Oracle database from Python.

17. Explain how records are inserted and deleted from the MySQL database with example
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Python Programming Solved Question Bank [2022] BCA 5th sem

8. List any four standard data types supported by Python.

9. Differentiate bytes and byte array data type with example

10. List any four types of sequences.

SR.NO. LIST TUPLE

12. Differentiate set and frozenset it with example.

15. What is the purpose of membership operators? Give example

19. Give two methods of importing array modules.

• Importing entire array module using import statement:

20. What do you mean by array slicing? Give example

22. What is the purpose of reshape() and flatten() methods?

• Simple: Python is a simple programming language. When we read a Python program, we

2. Explain the execution of a Python program by PVM

The Python interpreter performs following tasks to execute a Python program :

3. Explain any five flavors of Python

5. Write a note on memory management in Python

6. Write a note on the purpose of Docstring in Python with an example

9. List any five naming conventions in Python

10. Write a note on assignment, unary minus operator in Python.

• Unary Minus operator

in True if value is found in the sequence

12. Explain the logical and relational operators with an example

13. Explain the bitwise operators

14. Explain the following mathematical functions with an example:

17. Write a note on different formats of print() function

• Using arange() function: this is same as range() function in python.

20. Explain any five attributes of numpy array

2. Give the general format and example of slicing strings.

4. Give the output of the following Python code:

5. Give the syntax and purpose of the find() method.

6. Differentiate count and len methods of string.

The actual arguments used in a function call are of 4 types:

8. What is the purpose of the global keyword?

# Print the list

13. How to add and remove list elements? Give example

We can delete an element using the remove() method.

14. What are indexing and negative indexing in Tuple?

16. Write the output of the given python code :

17. What is the output of

Output: (786, 2.23)

18. What is a dictionary? Give example

21. Write a Python code to convert a string into Dictionary.

22. How does del operation work on dictionaries? Give an example.

output: {'blue': 50, 'purple': 75}

print( str[0:9:1] ) #'Core Pyth'

Syntax: str.index(str, beg = 0 end = len(string))

3. Explain string splitting and string joining with examples.

word = 'geeks, for, geeks'

4. Explain with syntax and example defining, calling function in Python.

we can write a function to add two values as:

5. With an example explain returning multiple values from a function.

4.Variable Length Arguments

7. Explain How to define lambdas in Python with an example program.

Using Lambdas with map()

Using Lambdas with reduce() Function

9. Explain function decorators with an example program.

• Accessing Characters by Positive Index Number

12. Explain any five methods to process the list.

insert(): Inserts an elements at specified position.

extend(): Adds contents to List2 to the end of List1.

sum() : Calculates sum of all the elements of List.

count():Calculates total occurrence of given element of List.

Accessing the Tuple Elements:

14. Explain any five methods to process the tuple elements.

15. Explain any five methods to process elements of the dictionary.

16. Write a note on converting lists and strings into a dictionary.

Python Strings to Dictionary

4. What is an accessor method? Give example.

5. What is a mutator method? Give example.

def setName(self, name):

6. Differentiate between an instance variable and a class variable.

8. Define method overloading and method overriding.

13. What is a regular expression? Give an example

16. Write the output of the following Python code:

19. What is the daemon thread?

Declaring Objects (Also called instantiating a class)