Science 10

Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Simple Electric Motor and
Generator

What I Need to Know

During summer afternoons, what do you usually look for? You look for the switch
of a fan as you need to cool down. The moment you switch on the fan, it starts rotating.
Have you ever wondered why the fan is rotating? You may say that it has a motor inside
that makes it rotate. But what is going on inside the motor that makes the fan rotate
that way? In this module, we’ll try to answer all these questions regarding how motor
works and how it is made.

After going through this module, you are expected to attain the following objective:
Learning Competency
Explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator. (S10FE-IIj-54)
This module can somehow assist you in your quest for knowledge. Consider the
following tips for better understanding.
Try to answer the pretest questions. After doing it, you may check your answers
using the key answer provided at the end of the module. This will help you discover
your potential and understand your strengths and weaknesses as an individual.

This module contains several lessons on the Operation of Simple Electric Motors and
Generators. Read thoroughly and understand the nature of the Transformation of
Energy between Electric Motor and Generator and identify some uses of both Electric
Motor and Generators.

Worthwhile and fun-filled activities requiring readily available materials are provided
to better enhance your learning comprehension. The activities will help you grasp
the concepts used in the lessons. If you hardly do the activities by yourself, feel free
to seek assistance from your Science teacher and consult any books in Physics for
supplements.

After finishing all the lessons, you are now equipped with knowledge which you may
use to solve problems related to the topic and ready to answer the questions in the
posttest. It would be really fruitful if you will get higher scores than in the pretest.
Pre – Requisite Skills
This learning material will provide you a chance to apply your background knowledge
on the following topics:
• Simple Electric Motors and Generators;
• Uses of Simple Electric Motors and Generators; and
Transformation of Energy between Electric Motor and Generator.

Lesson
Simple Electric Motor and
1 Generator
What’s In

Directions: Do you still remember your lessons in Grade 9 about energy

transformation? You need to recall these energy sources and how they transform
energy to other forms of energy. This topic is very much related and helpful for you
to easily understand the topics on the generation and transformation of energy
between electric motor and generator. Below are examples of the sources of energy
paired with words having jumbled letters as clue for identifying them. Rearrange
the letters to form a word(s) that will best describe the pictures of the different
sources of energy. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

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 What’s New
“Electric Motor”

What you need:

Clean sheet of paper and ballpen

What you have to do:

1. Below are objects normally found at home. List down which has an electric
motor. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

FLAT IRON
STAND FAN
WALL CLOCK

MOTORCYCLE

VASE WATER DISPENSER

PROJECTOR LAPTOP

GARBAGE BIN

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 ADJUSTABLE WRENCH HELMET

OVEN TOASTER

Directions: On a separate sheet, answer the following questions based from the
activity on page 6.

1. What are those materials with electric motors?

____________________________________________________________________________
__ 2. What are those materials which do not have electric motors?
____________________________________________________________________________
__ 3. Describe the materials with electric motors.
____________________________________________________________________________
__ 4. Describe the materials without electric motors.
____________________________________________________________________________
__
5. What do you think is the role of the electric motor in the
materials/appliances?
____________________________________________________________________________
__

What is It
Have fun in learning Simple Electric Motor and Generator…

You have probably experienced when at one moment you’re watching your favorite
program on TV and on the next minute you’re groping in the dark because of power
interruption. At such time, you may have wished you had a candle or a flashlight
so that you could see in the dark. How can you make a steady flow of electricity?

What is a generator?

• A generator converts Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy.

• It produces an electric current when a coil of wire is wrapped around an iron
core and rotated near a magnet.
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How does a generator work?

• An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained

from an external source into electrical energy as the output.

Principle of Electromagnetic Induction in

Generator

• Modern generators can be attributed to Michael

Faraday’s principle of ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION. Faraday discovered that when a
conductor moves in a magnetic field, electrical
charges could be created and directed to create
a flow of current.

• At its most basic, an electrical generator is Photograph of Michael Faraday by John

Watkins on commons.wikimedia.org
nothing more than an electromagnet – moving fro m https://tinyurl.com/MFaraday
wire near a magnet to direct the flow of
electricity. It’s similar to how a pump pushes water through a pipe.

• It is important to understand that a generator does not actually “create”

electrical energy. Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to
force the movement of electric charges present in the wire of its windings
through an external electric circuit.

• This flow of electric charges constitutes the output electric current supplied
by the generator. This mechanism can be understood by considering the
generator to be similar to a water pump, which causes the flow of water but
does not actually create the water flowing through it.

How water, wind, and steam make electricity through generator?

1. Water – Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate

electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical
energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into
electrical energy.
2. Wind - The wind turns the blades of the windmill, known as the turbine,
which, in turn, spins the shaft that turns the coil inside the magnet, known as the
generator, and it produces the electricity.

3. Fossil Fuel/Steam/Heat - Oil is burned to heat water which makes steam.

Steam moves the turbine blades that turn a shaft inside the generator. The shaft
spins the coil of wire inside a magnet in the generator that produces a current of
electricity.

What are the main components of a DC generator?

A DC generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into

direct current electricity.

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1. Stator - The main function of the
stator is to provide magnetic fields where
the coil spins. A stator includes two
magnets with opposite polarity facing
each other. These magnets are located to
fit in the region of the rotor.
2. Rotor - A rotor in a DC machine
includes slotted iron laminations with
slots that are stacked to shape a
cylindrical armature core. The function of
the lamination is to decrease the loss
caused due to “Eddy Current”.
3. Commutator - A commutator
works like a rectifier that changes AC
voltage to DC voltage within the armature
winding. It is designed with a copper
segment, and each copper segment is
protected from each other with the help
of mica sheets. It is located on the shaft Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator,
of the machine. cutaway view on commons.wikemedia.org from
https://comm ons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wate r
_turbine_(en_2).sv g

4. Brushes – The Brushes are in constant contact with the commutator and
are attached to the wires leading from the generator. The commutator spins while
the brushes remain stationary, transferring current from the commutator.
5. Shaft – The shaft transfers mechanical energy to the generator and turns
the coil through the magnetic field. The shaft may be turned by a turbine that
operates with water, steam or air, or by other means.
Difference between the AC Generator and the DC Generator

• AC generator produces AC electrical power whereas DC generator

produces DC electrical power
• In DC generator the current flows in one direction whereas in the AC
generators current reverses periodically.
• In DC generator split rings are used they wear out quickly in AC
generator slip rings are used, so they have high efficiency.
• AC generators are used for small domestic applications whereas DC
generators used to power large motors.

What are the top Uses of Generator?

• Back -Up power for your house

• Stand-by power for businesses
• Temporary power in a construction site
• Permanent power to a farm
• Helping main source of electricity to supply the total power required
• Pop concerts, events, and exhibitions
• Caravans/Camping in remote locations Outdoor catering facilities
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What is an electric motor?

Figure 1: “Electric Motor” illustrated by Richard C.

Paragas
ELECTRIC MOTOR

 Anything that changes electricity into motion, meaning electrical energy

into mechanical energy is called an electric
motor.

Basic Principles

 Danish physicist HANS CHRISTIAN ØRSTED

began a new scientific era when he discovered
that electricity and magnetism are linked. He
showed by experiment that an electric current
flowing through a wire could move a nearby
H.C. Ørsted by Christoffer
magnet. Wilhelm Eckersberg on
commons.wikimedia.org from
https://tinyurl.com/HCOrste d

 The discovery of ELECTROMAGNETISM set the stage for the eventual

development of our modern technology-based world.

How do Electric Motors work?

 Motors work through the principles of ELECTROMAGNETISM. If you run

electricity through a wire, it creates a magnetic field. If you coil the wire
around a rod and run electricity through the wire, it creates a magnetic
field around the rod. One end of the rod will have a north magnetic pole
and the other will have a south pole. Opposite poles attract one another,
like poles repel. When you surround that rod with other magnets, the rod
will rotate from the attractive and repulsive forces.

What are the parts of an electric motor?

Electric motor designs can vary

quite a lot, though in general they have
three main parts: a rotor, a stator and a
commutator. These three parts use the
attractive and repulsive forces of
electromagnetism, causing the motor to Figure 2: “Parts of the Electric Motor” illustrated by
Richard C. Paragas

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spin continually as long as it receives a steady flow of electric current.

A. THE STATOR

Every electric motor has two essential parts; one stationary, and one that rotates.
The stationary part is the stator. Though configurations vary, the stator is most
often a permanent magnet or row of magnets lining the edge of the motor casing,
which is usually a round plastic drum.

B. THE ROTOR

Inserted into the stator is the rotor, usually consisting of copper wire wound into a
coil around an axle. When electric current flows through the coil, the resulting
magnetic field pushes against the field created by the stator, and makes the axle
spin

C. THE COMMUTATOR

1. BASICS – An electric motor has another important component, the

commutator, which sits at one end of the coil. It is a metal ring divided into two
halves. It reverses the electrical current in the coil each time the coil rotates half a
turn. The commutator periodically reverses the current between the rotor and the
external circuit, or the battery. This ensures that the ends of coils do not move in
opposite directions, and ensures that the axle spins in one direction.

2. MAGNETIC POLES – BRUSHES AND TERMINALS. At one end of the motor

are the brushes and the terminals. They are at the opposite end from where the
rotor exits the motor casing. The brushes send electrical current to the commutator
and are typically made of graphite. The terminals are the locations where the
battery attaches to the motor and sends the currents to spin the rotor.

Difference between the AC Motor and the DC Motor

• In the AC Motor, the source of power is AC mains supply whereas in DC

motor power is obtained from batteries.
• In AC motors no commutators and brushes are used whereas in DC motors
these play an important part in their operation.
• In AC motors the armature is stationary and the magnetic field rotates
whereas in DC motors it is vice versa.
• AC motors are suitable for large industrial applications whereas DC motors
are suitable for domestic applications.

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APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC
MOTOR

Electric motors are extremely

important in modern-day life. They are
used in food processors, vacuum
cleaners, dishwashers,
computer printers, fax machines, video
recorders, machine tools, printing
presses, automobiles, subway systems,
sewage treatment plants, and water
pumping stations, to mention only a few
applications. Figure 3: Example of the applications of Electric motor in automobile and food
processor/blender.

Comparison of Motor and Generator

A motor and generator perform opposite functions, but their fundamental

structure is the same. Their structure is a “coil mounted on an axle within a
magnetic field”. An electric motor is used to produce rotational motion from
electrical supply. In a motor, an electric current is passed through the coil. The coil
then creates a magnetic field that interacts with the already existing magnetic field.
This interaction forces the coil to rotate.

For a motor, the input energy is electrical energy and the useful output
energy is mechanical energy.

The generator is used to produce an electric current from rotational motion (on
large scale power stations a “turbine” is used to provide this rotation). In a
generator, the rotation causes the coil to rotate inside the magnetic field. This
induces an alternating current in the coil.

For generator the input energy is mechanical energy and the useful output
energy is electrical energy.
In power stations, it is usually the magnet which is attached to the axel and rotates
with the coils surrounding the magnet. However, the end result is the same.

The motor and the generator are almost similar from the construction point
of view, as both have stator and rotor.
The differences between Motor and Generator are as follows:

• The motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy, whereas,

generator does the opposite.
• Electricity is used in the motor, but the generator produces the electricity.
• An example of motor is an electric car or bike where electric current is
supplied to the machine or device and it gets converted to mechanical motion
and, as a result, the car or bike moves. The example of generator is that in
power stations, the turbine is used as a device which converts mechanical
energy from the force of water falling from the dam to generate electric
energy.

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 What’s More

Activity 1: “Electric Generator”

What you need:

(Materials locally available at home or nearby)

small plastic board tin can/soda can led lights

plastic bottle cap motor from a broken toy old CD glue

What you have to do:

A. For the base
• Use a small piece of plastic board, one side is attached with a double-sided
sticky tape.
• All other parts will be held to the exposed side of the double-sided sticky
tape (use hot glue for extra strength).
B. Motor Holder
• Use soda can (one side of the can is placed on sticky layer of the tape. To
increase the strength, use hot glue).

C. Light Source
• Use LED panel, having 24 LED lights from a broken lamp.
• LED panel is glued vertically.
• Connections are made from motor to LED panel
• The end of motor shaft should be attached with a plastic bottle cap and hot
glued.

D. For the Fly wheel

• Use old CDs, glued together.
• Glue the other side of the cap to this flywheel Make a handle for rotating
the flywheel.
• Rotate the CD using handle provided until the LED glows.
• If the connection between motor and panel does not work properly then try
rotating counter clockwise.

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Your output from this activity will be rated by your teacher according to the
following criteria:
Completeness of the Parts (Simple Generator) - 5 points
Functionality - 5 points
Neatness of work/Durability - 5 points
Total - 15 points

Assessment 1

Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices in the parenthesis. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A generator is a machine which converts Mechanical Energy into (Chemical,

Electrical).
2. Generator (uses, produces) electricity, hence, the glowing of the LED lights
when rotation takes place.
3. The generator is used to produce an electric current from (rotational,
diagonal) motion of the CD with handle.
4. Generator works on (Michael Faraday’s, Christian Oersted’s) Electromagnetic
induction.
5. On a large scale power station like the hydroelectric power plant (San Roque
Dam) a (propeller, turbine) is used to provide the rotation.

Activity 2: “Simple Electric Motor”

What you need:

(Materials locally available at home or nearby)
AA Battery small magnet scotch tape
a block of wood wire

What you have to do:

1. Coil the wire around an AA battery at least 10 times.

2. Remove the coil from the battery and wrap the ends of the coil 2 times.
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3. Remove the insulation and be careful not to damage the wire.
4. Cut two pieces of wire about 8 inches.
5. Remove the insulation of each end of the wire.
6. Bend each wire and form an S shape.
7. Attach the wire to the wooden block using tape.
8. Each wire bends about 90o.
9. Make sure that the coil is at the center and is balanced.
10. Put the magnet under the coil and connect the battery.

Your output from this activity will be rated by your teacher according to the
following criteria:
Completeness of the Parts (Simple Electric Motor) - 5 points
Functionality - 5 points
Neatness of work/Durability - 5 points
Total - 15 points

Assessment 2

Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices in the parenthesis. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. An electric motor is a machine which converts Electrical Energy into

(Mechanical, Potential) energy.

2. The (battery, wire) supplies the electric current into the coil and it gets
converted into motion.

3. (Christian Oersted, Michael Faraday) discovered that a magnetic field was

produced by a flow of electric current.

4. When battery is connected, the coil creates a magnetic field that interacts
with the already existing magnetic field brought about by the (battery,
magnet).

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 5. The interaction of magnetic fields from the battery and magnet forces the coil
to (stop, rotate).

Activity 3: “Comparison of Electric Motor and Generator”

What you need:

Piece of paper and ballpen

What you have to do:

Compare and contrast the Electric Motor and Generator using the Venn diagram.

Choose the answers from the box below.

Similarities
Electric Motor Generator

1. have stator and rotor 6. converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

2. power turbine 7. coil mounted on axle within a magnetic field

3. electricity is used 8. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy

4. produces electricity
9. input is electrical

5. electric car or bike 10. input is mechanical

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*Note: The Venn diagram must be photocopied or be copied on a separate sheet of
paper.

Assessment 3

Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices in the parenthesis. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Electricity is produced in the (motor, generator).
2. Electric bike, where electric current is supplied to the machine as a result of
a movement, is an example of (motor, generator)
3. The generator transforms mechanical into (radiant, electrical) energy,
whereas electric motor does the opposite.
4. Both motor and generator have stator and (commutator, winding poles).
5. The motor converts electrical energy into (mechanical, chemical) energy,
whereas generator does the opposite.

What I Have Learned

Excellent job! You are almost done with the module. Let’s
summarize what you have learned from the lesson and activities by answering the
following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the similarities and differences between electric motor and
generator?
_____________________________________________________________________

2. How does electric motor and generator work?

_____________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
What you need:

crayons/oil pastel/pencil short coupon bond ruler pencil/pen

What you have to do:

Using your creativity and artistic ability, draw how a simple motor and
generator operates/works.

Your output in the poster making will be rated by your teacher using the following
criteria:

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 Relevance to the Topic 5 points
Creativity 5 points
Neatness 5 points
Color Harmony/Organization 5 points
Total 20 points

Additional Activities

A. “Motors Everywhere”

DIRECTIONS: Look around your house and you will find that it is filled with electric
motors. Here’s an interesting experiment for you to try: Walk through your house
and count all the motors you find in the kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, living room
and finally the garage.

Question: In walking through your house, how many devices with electric motors
have you counted in different areas of your house?

________________________________________________________________________________
_ *Note: Use a separate sheet for your answer.

B. How Does a Generator Work? (YouTube Video) *Note: This is an optional

activity.

Wait there’s more! You might want to view a YouTube video entitled: “How does a
generator work? Here’s the link of the video:
https://tinyurl.com/OperationOfGenerator

C. Electrical Motor and Generator Comparison

Compose a poem/song that explains the operation of simple electric motor and
generator.
*Note: Use a separate sheet for your composition.

Your output in the poem/song will be rated by your teacher using the following
criteria:

Relevance to the Topic 5 points

Creativity/Style and Originality 5 points
Total 10 points

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