Sgbd

---Display the hire date for the employee with id 110

set serveroutput on
declare
v_emp employees%rowtype;
begin
select * into v_emp from employees where employee_id = 110;
dbms_output.put_line('Employee '|| v_emp.first_name || ' ' || v_emp.last_name || ' was hired
on ' || v_emp.hire_date);
end;
/
or

set serveroutput on

declare

type t_emp is record(

first_name employees.first_name%type,

last_name employees.last_name%type,

hire_date date

);

v_emp t_emp;

begin

select first_name, last_name , hire_date into v_emp from employees where employee_id = 110;

dbms_output.put_line('Employee '|| v_emp.first_name || ' ' || v_emp.last_name || ' was hired

on ' || v_emp.hire_date);

end;

--Change the salary for employee with id 125

set serveroutput on
declare

v_salary number;

begin

select salary into v_salary from employees where employee_id = 125;

dbms_output.put_line('Before: ' || v_salary);

if v_salary < 10000 then

v_salary := v_salary * 1.1; --10%

else

v_salary := v_salary * 1.05; --5%

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('After: ' || v_salary);

end;

When case

declare

v_grade number :=15;

begin

case

when (round(v_grade) <> v_grade) then

dbms_output.put_line('Has decimals!');

when v_grade is null then

dbms_output.put_line('Absent!');

when v_grade between 0 and 4 then

dbms_output.put_line('Failed!');

when v_grade between 5 and 10 then

dbms_output.put_line('Passed!');

--else

-- dbms_output.put_line('Wrong mark!');

end case;

exception when others then null;

end;
--SUM OF ODD AND EVEN NUMBERS FROM STRING

set serveroutput on

declare

v_string varchar2(30) := '42375423854826';

sum_odd number := 0;

sum_even number := 0;

c char;

begin

for i in 1..length(v_string) loop

dbms_output.put_line(i);

c := substr(v_string, i, 1);

if c mod 2 = 0 then

sum_even := sum_even + c;

else

sum_odd := sum_odd + c;

end if;

end loop;

dbms_output.put_line('Sum of evens: ' || sum_even);

dbms_output.put_line('Sum of odd: ' || sum_odd);

end;

--Create a SP that update the salary of a given employee (by substitution) for the following cases:

-- 0 - 3500 (increase of the salary with 10 %)

-- 3501 - 7500 increase of the salary with 5 %)

-- 7501 - 15000 increase of the salary with 2 %)

-- else the salary will have a decrease with 5%.

set serveroutput on

set define on

declare
 v_salary employees.salary%type;

begin

select salary into v_salary from employees where employee_id = &v_id;

dbms_output.put_line('Initial salary: '|| v_salary);

if v_salary between 0 and 3500 then

v_salary := v_salary*1.1;

elsif v_salary between 3501 and 7500 then

v_salary := v_salary* 1.05;

elsif v_salary between 7501 and 1500 then

v_salary := v_salary * 1.02;

else

v_salary := v_salary * 0.95;

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('Final salary: ' || v_salary);

end;

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--1. Delete a row from Product_information table and count the number of deleted ones.

set serveroutput on

declare

nb_r number(2);

begin

delete from product_information where product_id = 100;

nb_r := SQL%ROWCOUNT;

dbms_output.put_line(nb_r || ' rows deleted.');

commit;

end;

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--2.Try to modify the name of the product 113. If the product doesn't exist(the update command
won't modify anything),

--display a message.

begin

update product_information set product_name = 'PC' where product_id = 113;

if SQL%NOTFOUND then

dbms_output.put_line('The product 113 doesn''t exist');

end if;

end;

--3. Display and calculate salary after apply taxes:

if salary > 2000 => apply taxes of 16%

if salary < 2000 => taxes won''t be applied.

declare

cursor c is select salary from employees;

row_c c%rowtype;

begin

open c;

loop

fetch c into row_c;

dbms_output.put_line('Initial salary: ' || row_c.salary);

if row_c.salary > 200 then

row_c.salary := row_c.salary * 0.86;

else row_c.salary := row_c.salary;

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('After taxes: '|| row_c.salary);

exit when c%notfound;

end loop;
 close c;

end;

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- 4. Display the regions that begin with 'A' or 'a'

declare

cursor c is select region_name from regions where upper(region_name) like 'A%';

row_c c%rowtype;

begin

open c;

loop

fetch c into row_c;

exit when c%notfound;

dbms_output.put_line(row_c.region_name);

end loop;

close c;

end;

-- 5. Display the regions that begin with 'A' or 'a' using for loop

********************************************************************************

declare

cursor c is select region_name from regions where upper(region_name) like 'A%';

begin

for region in c loop

dbms_output.put_line(region.region_name);

end loop;

end;

-- 6.Display the products that have a total ordered quantity larger than a value received as a
parameter
declare

cursor c(p_val number) is

select p.product_id prod ,sum(quantity ) total_q

from product_information p, order_items o

where p.product_id = o.product_id

group by p.product_id

having sum( quantity ) > p_val

order by total_q desc;

v_val NUMBER(5);

rec_prod c%rowtype;

BEGIN

v_val:=50;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The products that have a total ordered quantity larger than '|| v_val);

IF NOT c%ISOPEN THEN

OPEN c (v_val);

END IF;

LOOP

FETCH c into rec_prod;

EXIT WHEN c%notfound;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_prod.total_q||' pieces of product '||rec_prod.prod||' were

ordered');

END LOOP;

CLOSE c;

END;

--Display the most expensive 3 products.

declare

cursor c is select product_name, list_price from product_information where list_price is not null
order by list_price desc;

product c%rowtype;

begin
open c;

loop

fetch c into product;

exit when c%notfound or c%rowcount=4;

dbms_output.put_line(product.product_name|| ' ' || product.list_price);

end loop;

close c;

end;

-- Display the total quantity bought for each product.

declare

cursor c is select product_id id, sum(quantity) total from order_items group by product_id order by
total desc;

product c%rowtype;

begin

open c;

loop

fetch c into product;

exit when c%notfound;

dbms_output.put_line(product.id || ' ' || product.total);

end loop;

close c;

end;

OR

begin

dbms_output.put_line('Total quantity for each product:');

for rec in

(select p.product_id prod, sum(quantity) total_quantity

from product_information p, order_items o

where p.product_id=o.product_id

group by p.product_id)

loop
dbms_output.put_line(rec.total_quantity||' pieces of product '||rec.prod||' were ordered');

end loop;

end;

For Orders table update the order_date by adding a week to each date. Use a FOR UPDATE cursor to
block the rows in the table when the cursor is opened.

DECLARE

CURSOR c IS SELECT * FROM orders

FOR UPDATE OF order_date NOWAIT;

BEGIN

FOR rec IN c LOOP

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The order '||rec.order_id||' has the date: '||rec.order_date);

UPDATE orders

SET order_date=order_date+7

WHERE order_id=rec.order_id;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The order '||rec.order_id||' has the date: '||rec.order_date);

END LOOP;

END;

--For Orders table update the order_date by decreasing it by one week. Use FOR UPDATE and
WHERE CURRENT OF clauses.

DECLARE

CURSOR c IS

SELECT *

FROM orders

FOR UPDATE OF order_date NOWAIT;

BEGIN

FOR rec IN c LOOP

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The order '||rec.order_id||' has the date: '||rec.order_date);

UPDATE orders

SET order_date=order_date-7

WHERE CURRENT OF c;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The order '||rec.order_id||' has the date: '||rec.order_date);

END LOOP;
END;

Display all the customers and their orders. Use a cursor to load the customer’s name and another
cursor with parameter to load their orders

declare

cursor c is

select customer_id, cust_first_name, cust_last_name from customers c;

cursor c2 (c_id number) is

select * from orders where customer_id = c_id;

begin

for rec in c loop

dbms_output.put_line(rec.cust_first_name || ' '|| rec.cust_last_name);

for rec2 in c2 (rec.customer_id) loop

dbms_output.put_line(rec2.order_id);

end loop;

end loop;

end;

Display the orders that have the largest value. Stop after the first 5 orders.

declare

cursor c is

select order_id, order_total from orders order by order_total desc;

product c%rowtype;

begin

open c;

loop

fetch c into product;

exit when c%rowcount >5;

dbms_output.put_line(product.order_id || ' ' || product.order_total);

end loop;

close c;

end;
--Display product names for the products that have been orderd at least once

set serveroutput on

declare

cursor c is

select distinct product_name from product_information p join order_items o on p.product_id =

o.product_id order by product_name;

r varchar2(50);

begin

if not c%isopen then

open c;

end if;

loop

fetch c into r;

dbms_output.put_line(c%rowcount || '->' || r);

exit when c%notfound;

end loop;

close c;

end;

-- display the product name and the list_price

set serveroutput on

declare

cursor c is

select product_name, list_price from product_information order by list_price desc;

r c%rowtype;

begin

for r in c loop

dbms_output.put_line(c%rowcount || '->'|| r.product_name || ' has the price: ' || r.list_price);

end loop;

end;

OR
set serveroutput on

declare

cursor c is

select distinct product_name, list_price

from product_information p join order_items o

on p.product_id = o.product_id

order by list_price desc;

r c%rowtype;

begin

if not c%isopen then

open c;

end if;

loop

fetch c into r;

dbms_output.put_line(c%rowcount || '->'|| r.product_name || '-'|| r.list_price);

exit when c%notfound;

end loop;

close c;

end;

--3. Get top 10 products according to mean price

set serveroutput on

declare

cursor c is select distinct product_name, (list_price + min_price)/2 mean_price

from product_information p join order_items o

on p.product_id = o.product_id

order by mean_price desc;

r c%rowtype;

begin

for r in c loop

dbms_output.put_line(r.product_name || ' has the price ' || r.mean_price);

exit when c%notfound or c%rowcount > 9;

end loop;

end;

OR

set serveroutput on

declare

cursor c is select distinct product_name, (list_price + min_price)/2 mean_price

from product_information p join order_items o

on p.product_id = o.product_id

order by mean_price desc;

r c%rowtype;

begin

if not c%isopen then

open c;

end if;

loop

fetch c into r;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(c%rowcount || '=>' || r.product_name || ' has the price ' ||

r.mean_price);

exit when c%notfound or c%rowcount > 9;

end loop;

close c;

end;

OR

set serveroutput on

declare

i pls_integer := 0;

begin
 for r in (select distinct product_name, (list_price + min_price)/2 mean_price

from product_information p join order_items o

on p.product_id = o.product_id

order by mean_price desc)

loop

i := i+1;

exit when i=10;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i || '=>' || r.product_name || ' has the price ' || r.mean_price);

end loop;

end;

Display the department names of the departments which have employees. Under each department
display the names of the employees from that department.

+ the number of employees per department and the total number allover

set serveroutput on

declare

cursor c is

select distinct d.department_name , d.department_id

from departments d

join employees e

on e.department_id = d.department_id;

cursor c2(c_id number) is

select first_name, last_name from employees where department_id = c_id;

nr1 number;

nr2 number :=0;

begin

for r1 in c loop

nr1 := 0;

dbms_output.put_line (r1.department_name);

for r2 in c2(r1.department_id) loop

dbms_output.put_line(' ' || r2.first_name || ' ' || r2.last_name);

 nr1 := nr1 + 1;

nr2 := nr2 + 1;

end loop;

dbms_output.put_line(nr1);

end loop;

dbms_output.put_line(nr2);

end;

Change the salary for the employee with id 50:

set serveroutput on

declare

cursor c is select employee_id, salary

from employees where department_id = 50 for update;

sal_before number;

sal_after number;

begin

select sum(salary) into sal_before from employees where department_id = 50;

for r in c loop

update employees set salary = salary * 1.05 --5%

where current of c;

end loop;

select sum(salary) into sal_after from employees where department_id = 50;

dbms_output.put_line(sal_before || '->' || sal_after);

rollback;

end;

--PRE-DEFINED EXCEPTION

--Display the product 13. If there is no such product, handle the exception.

DECLARE

name VARCHAR2(20);

BEGIN
SELECT product_name INTO name

FROM product_information

WHERE product_id=13;

dbms_output.put_line(name);

EXCEPTION

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

dbms_output.put_line('The product doesn''t exist!');

END;

--NON-PREDEFINED EXCEPTION

--Insert a row in the Locations table. For the location_id use the value 213 and for the coutry_id use
NULL. An exception having the code ORA-01400 will be automatically raised. Handle the exception
regarding violating the integrity constraint.

DECLARE

INSERT_EXCEPT EXCEPTION;

PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(INSERT_EXCEPT, -01400);

BEGIN

insert into locations (location_id, country_id) values ('213', NULL);

EXCEPTION

WHEN insert_except THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('country_id cannot be null');

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);

END;

--USER-DEFINED EXCEPTION

--Raise an error if the user tries to execute the PL/SQL block before 5 o’clock pm.

DECLARE

e_exc1 EXCEPTION;

BEGIN

IF TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24'))<=17 THEN

RAISE e_exc1;

END IF;

EXCEPTION
WHEN e_exc1 THEN

dbms_output.put_line('It is '||TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24'));

dbms_output.put_line('Operation not yet allowed');

END;

User-defined exceptions can also be handled as Oracle exceptions, by giving them error codes and
error messages. In this case, the error code can have values between -20999 and -20000.

DECLARE

e_exc1 EXCEPTION;

PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(e_exc1, -20600);

BEGIN

IF TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24'))<=17 THEN

RAISE_application_error(-20600,'error message');

END IF;

EXCEPTION

WHEN e_exc1 THEN

dbms_output.put_line('It is '||TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24'));

dbms_output.put_line('Operation not yet allowed');

dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm);

END;

--Display 1st 3 products by a category given, orderd by list price

create or replace procedure display_categ(categ varchar2) is

cursor c is select product_name from product_information

where category_id=categ and list_price is not null

order by list_price desc;

begin

for r in c loop

exit when c%rowcount>3;

dbms_output.put_line(r.product_name);

end loop;

end;

/
begin

display_categ(15); --hardware

end;

--Procedure with IN parameters

--Create a procedure that modifies the salary of an employee whose id is given as parameter. Also
the percentage of salary growth is given as a parameter.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE

modify_salary(v_employee_id IN number, percent number)

IS v_salary number;

BEGIN

select salary into v_salary from employees where employee_id = v_employee_id;

dbms_output.put_line('The employee has the salary:'||v_salary);

update employees

set salary=salary*(1+percent/100)

where employee_id=v_employee_id;

select salary into v_salary from employees where employee_id=v_employee_id;

dbms_output.put_line('The employee has the salary:'||v_salary);

END;

EXECUTE modify_salary(176, 10);

begin

modify_salary(176, 10);

end;

--Procedure with OUT parametres

--Create a procedure that returns the name and the salary of an employee whose id is given.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE

proc_employee(p_employee_id IN number,

p_name OUT varchar2,

p_salary OUT number)

IS

BEGIN

select first_name,salary into p_name, p_salary from employees

where employee_id = p_employee_id;

END;

--The call:

DECLARE

v_name varchar2(50);

v_salary number;

BEGIN

proc_employee(150, v_name, v_salary);

dbms_output.put_line('The employee '||v_name||' has the salary: '||v_salary);

END;

--Create a procedure that calculates the average salary and returns it. Use a host variable.

create or replace procedure

avg_salary(p_salary out number)

is

begin

select avg(salary) into p_salary from employees;

end;

declare

v_salary number;

begin

avg_salary(v_salary);

dbms_output.put_line(v_salary);

end;
--Write a SP that display for a specific employee his name, hire date and seniority

create or replace procedure

display_employee(p_id in number, p_name OUT varchar2, p_seniority OUT number)

IS

begin

select first_name, round((sysdate-hire_date)/365,0) into p_name, p_seniority from employees

where employee_id = p_id;

end;

declare

v_name varchar2(20);

v_seniority number;

begin

display_employee(100,v_name,v_seniority);

dbms_output.put_line(v_name || ' ' || v_seniority);

end;

--Create a procedure that modifies the salary of all employees if their salary is smaller than the
average salary.

--The procedure receives the average salary and returns it after the updates have been made. It calls
the modify_salary procedure and uses 15 for the percentage.

create or replace procedure

modify_salary2(avg_salary in out number)

is

cursor c is select employee_id, salary from employees where salary<avg_salary;

begin

for emp in c loop

modify_salary(emp.employee_id,15);

end loop;

select avg(salary) into avg_salary from employees;

end;

declare
avg_salary number;

begin

select avg(salary) into avg_salary from employees;

dbms_output.put_line('The initial average salary: '||round(avg_salary));

modify_salary2(avg_salary);

dbms_output.put_line('The final average salary: '||round(avg_salary));

end;

: Create a function that returns TRUE/FALSE if the employee whose id is given has the salary
higher/smaller than the average. The function returns NULL if the employee doesn’t exist.

create or replace function check_salary(p_id IN employees.employee_id%type)

return boolean

is

v_avg_salary number;

v_salary number;

begin

select avg(salary) into v_avg_salary from employees;

dbms_output.put_line('Avg salary: ' || v_avg_salary);

select salary into v_salary from employees where employee_id = p_id;

if v_salary < v_avg_salary then

return true;

else

return false;

end if;

EXCEPTION

WHEN no_data_found THEN

return NULL;

end;

BEGIN

if check_salary(100) then
dbms_output.put_line('the salary is higher');

elsif (not check_salary(100)) then

dbms_output.put_line('the salary is smaller');

else

dbms_output.put_line('the employee doesn''t exist');

end if;

end;

-- a subprogram that will calculate the total income by department

create or replace procedure

calc_income is

v_sum number;

cursor c is select distinct department_id from employees order by department_id desc;

cursor c2(v_dep number) is select sum(salary) suma from employees where department_id = v_dep;

begin

for r in c loop

dbms_output.put_line(r.department_id);

for r2 in c2( r.department_id) loop

dbms_output.put_line (' ' || r2.suma);

end loop;

end loop;

end;

begin

calc_income;

end;

-- a subprogram that will calculate the total income by department -> nb employees, total income

-- variable for total income by sum of dep

create or replace procedure

calc_income_dep(p_department_id departments.department_id%type, nb_employees out number,
total_income out number) is

v_total_salaries number;

begin

select count(employee_id), sum(income_employee2(salary, commission_pct)) into nb_employees,

total_income

from employees where department_id = p_department_id;

v_total_salaries := v_total_salaries + total_income;

exception

when no_data_found then

dbms_output.put_line('It doesn''t exist a department with this ID!');

end calc_income_dep;

begin

v_total_salaries := 0;

end;

declare

v_nb number;

v_sal_tot number;

begin

p_employee_management.v_total_salaries := 0;

dbms_output.put_line('The department salary ' || p_employee_management.v_total_salaries);

p_employee_management.calc_income_dep(90, v_nb, v_sal_tot);

dbms_output.put_line('In the dep with id=90 are ' || v_nb || ' employees that have salary of ' ||
v_sal_tot);

dbms_output.put_line('The salary of departments is ' ||

p_employee_management.v_total_salaries);

end;
PACKAGE
set serveroutput on

create or replace package p_employee_management is

function search_employee(p_employee_id employees.employee_id%type) return

employees.first_name%type;

function search_employee(p_first_name employees.first_name%type, p_dep_id

departments.department_id%type)

return number;

function income_employee(p_employee_id employees.employee_id%type) return number;

function income_employee(p_salary employees.salary%type, p_com employees.commission_pct

%type) return number;

procedure calc_income_dep(p_department_id departments.department_id%type,

nb_employees out number, total_income out number);

v_total_salaries number;

end;

create or replace package body p_employee_management is

function search_employee(p_employee_id employees.employee_id%type) return

employees.first_name%type is

v_first_name employees.first_name%type;

begin

select first_name into v_first_name from employees where employee_id = p_employee_id;

return v_first_name;

exception

when no_data_found then

return null;

when too_many_rows then

v_first_name := 'Too many employees!';

 return v_first_name;

end search_employee;

function search_employee(p_first_name employees.first_name%type, p_dep_id

departments.department_id%type)

return number is

v_sal number;

begin

select salary into v_sal from employees where first_name = p_first_name and department_id =
p_dep_id;

return v_sal;

exception

when no_data_found or too_many_rows then

return null;

end search_employee;

function income_employee(p_employee_id employees.employee_id%type) return number is

v_com employees.commission_pct%type;

v_sal number;

begin

select salary, commission_pct into v_sal, v_com from employees where employee_id =
p_employee_id;

return v_sal * (1 + nvl(v_com, 0)); -- nvl -> it will put a value everywhere where is null

exception

when no_data_found then

return null;

end income_employee;

function income_employee(p_salary employees.salary%type, p_com employees.commission_pct

%type) return number is

begin

return p_salary * (1 + nvl(p_com, 0));

 end income_employee;

procedure calc_income_dep(p_department_id departments.department_id%type,

nb_employees out number, total_income out number) is

begin

select count(employee_id), sum(income_employee(salary, commission_pct)) into nb_employees,

total_income

from employees where department_id = p_department_id;

v_total_salaries := v_total_salaries + total_income;

exception

when no_data_found then

dbms_output.put_line('It doesn''t exist a department with this ID!');

end calc_income_dep;

begin

v_total_salaries := 0;

end;

-- call the package

declare

v_sal number;

v_nb number;

v_sal_tot number;

v_first_name varchar2(50);

begin

v_first_name := p_employee_management.search_employee(101);

dbms_output.put_line('The name of the employee with the id 101 is ' || v_first_name);

 v_sal := p_employee_management.search_employee('King', 90);

dbms_output.put_line('The King salary is ' || v_sal);

p_employee_management.v_total_salaries := 0;

dbms_output.put_line('The department salary ' || p_employee_management.v_total_salaries);

p_employee_management.calc_income_dep(90, v_nb, v_sal_tot);

dbms_output.put_line('In the dep with id=90 are ' || v_nb || ' employees that have salary of ' ||
v_sal_tot);

dbms_output.put_line('The salary of departments is ' ||

p_employee_management.v_total_salaries);

p_employee_management.calc_income_dep(110, v_nb, v_sal_tot);

dbms_output.put_line('In the dep with id=110 are ' || v_nb || ' employees that have salary of ' ||
v_sal_tot);

dbms_output.put_line('The salary of departments is ' ||

p_employee_management.v_total_salaries);

p_employee_management.calc_income_dep(50, v_nb, v_sal_tot);

dbms_output.put_line('In the dep with id=50 are ' || v_nb || ' employees that have salary of ' ||
v_sal_tot);

dbms_output.put_line('The salary of departments is ' ||

p_employee_management.v_total_salaries);

end;

TRIGGERS
--avoid delete departments

create or replace trigger t_delete_dep

before delete on departments

begin

raise_application_error(-20000, 'You can''t delete data!');

end;
/

delete from departments where department_id = 90;

--disable trigger

alter trigger t_delete_dep disable;

--enagle trigger

alter trigger t_delete_dep enable;

--select trigger

select * from user_triggers where table_name = 'DEPARTMENTS';