OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming model that organizes software

design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. An object can be defined as a data
field that has unique attributes and behavior.

OOP focuses on the objects that developers want to manipulate rather than the logic required to
manipulate them. This approach to programming is well-suited for programs that are large,
complex and actively updated or maintained. This includes programs for manufacturing and
design, as well as mobile applications; for example, OOP can be used for manufacturing system
simulation software.

The organization of an object-oriented program also makes the method beneficial to

collaborative development, where projects are divided into groups. Additional benefits of OOP
include code reusability, scalability and efficiency.

The first step in OOP is to collect all of the objects a programmer wants to manipulate and
identify how they relate to each other -- an exercise known as data modeling.

Examples of an object can range from physical entities, such as a human being who is described
by properties like name and address, to small computer programs, such as widgets.

Once an object is known, it is labeled with a class of objects that defines the kind of data it
contains and any logic sequences that can manipulate it. Each distinct logic sequence is known as
a method. Objects can communicate with well-defined interfaces called messages.

Structure of object-oriented programming

The structure, or building blocks, of object-oriented programming include the following:

 Classes are user-defined data types that act as the blueprint for individual objects, attributes
and methods.
 Objects are instances of a class created with specifically defined data. Objects can
correspond to real-world objects or an abstract entity. When class is defined initially, the
description is the only object that is defined.

 Methods are functions that are defined inside a class that describe the behaviors of an object.
Each method contained in class definitions starts with a reference to an instance object.
Additionally, the subroutines contained in an object are called instance methods.
Programmers use methods for reusability or keeping functionality encapsulated inside one
object at a time.

 Attributes are defined in the class template and represent the state of an object. Objects will
have data stored in the attributes field. Class attributes belong to the class itself.

This image shows an example of the structure and naming in OOP.

Main principles of OOP

Object-oriented programming is based on the following principles:

 Encapsulation: This principle states that all important information is contained inside an

object and only select information is exposed. The implementation and state of each object
are privately held inside a defined class. Other objects do not have access to this class or the
authority to make changes. They are only able to call a list of public functions or methods.
 This characteristic of data hiding provides greater program security and avoids
unintended data corruption.

 Abstraction: Objects only reveal internal mechanisms that are relevant for the use of other
objects, hiding any unnecessary implementation code. The derived class can have its
functionality extended. This concept can help developers more easily make additional
changes or additions over time.

 Inheritance: Classes can reuse code from other classes. Relationships and subclasses
between objects can be assigned, enabling developers to reuse common logic while still
maintaining a unique hierarchy. This property of OOP forces a more thorough data analysis,
reduces development time and ensures a higher level of accuracy.

 Polymorphism: Objects are designed to share behaviors and they can take on more than one
form. The program will determine which meaning or usage is necessary for each execution
of that object from a parent class, reducing the need to duplicate code. A child class is then
created, which extends the functionality of the parent class. Polymorphism allows different
types of objects to pass through the same interface.

Examples of object-oriented programming languages

While Simula is credited as being the first object-oriented programming language, many other
programming languages are used with OOP today. But some programming languages pair with
OOP better than others. For example, programming languages considered pure OOP languages
treat everything as objects. Other programming languages are designed primarily for OOP, but
with some procedural processes included.

For example, popular pure OOP languages include:

 Ruby

 Scala

 JADE

 Emerald
Programming languages designed primarily for OOP include:

 Java

 Python

 C++

Other programming languages that pair with OOP include:

 Visual Basic .NET

 PHP

 JavaScript

Benefits of OOP
Benefits of OOP include:

 Modularity: Encapsulation enables objects to be self-contained, making troubleshooting and

collaborative development easier.

 Reusability: Code can be reused through inheritance, meaning a team does not have to write
the same code multiple times.

 Productivity: Programmers can construct new programs quicker through the use of multiple
libraries and reusable code.

 Easily upgradable and scalable: Programmers can implement system functionalities

independently.

 Interface descriptions: Descriptions of external systems are simple, due to message passing

techniques that are used for objects communication.

 Security: Using encapsulation and abstraction, complex code is hidden, software

maintenance is easier and internet protocols are protected.
 Flexibility: Polymorphism enables a single function to adapt to the class it is placed in.
Different objects can also pass through the same interface.

Criticism of OOP
The object-oriented programming model has been criticized by developers for multiple reasons.
The largest concern is that OOP over emphasizes the data component of software development
and does not focus enough on computation or algorithms. Additionally, OOP code may be more
complicated to write and take longer to compile.

Alternative methods to OOP include:

 Functional programming. This includes languages such as Erlang and Scala, which are
used for telecommunications and fault tolerant systems.

 Structured or modular programming. This includes languages such as PHP and C#.

 Imperative programming. This alternative to OOP focuses on function rather than models

and includes C++ and Java.

 Declarative programming. This programming method involves statements on what the task

or desired outcome is but not how to achieve it. Languages include Prolog and Lisp.

 Logical programming. This method, which is based mostly in formal logic and uses
languages such as Prolog, contains a set of sentences that express facts or rules about a
problem domain. It focuses on tasks that can benefit from rule-based logical queries.

Most advanced programming languages enable developers to combine models, because they can
be used for different programming methods. For example, JavaScript can be used for OOP and
functional programming.

 –