URDANETA CITY COLLEGE OF TEACHER

UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

Teaching Profession
with institutions and individuals. Sixth, teachers are expected to design
and implement assessment and evaluation tools that measure students'
success and learning progress. Seventh, they are also regarded as leaders
in various activities programs. Finally, teachers should plan for their
Lesson 2: General Domains of Teaching professional growth and development.
Competence
This chapter explores significant literatures and theories that will A. Educational Foundations
help teachers in understanding the different domains of teaching
competence. Much of what is written in this chapter is the result of Teachers should have a solid understanding of educational
research in teacher education different teachers in various levels in the foundations-subjects and disciplines that have important contribution to
country. This chapter also includes activities that will encourage pre- the understanding of education as a field of study and educational
service teachers to examine and reflect on the activities do in school, and processes. These subjects and disciplines a follows: History of Education,
in society. The objectives of this chapter are the following: Philosophy, Legal Foundations of Education, Sociological and
Anthropological Foundations of Education, and Educational Psychology.
 Identify domains where teachers should be competent in Over the years, these disciplines and fields have contributed several
doing their job theories, ideas, laws, and principles to enrich education as a field of study.
 Analyze various activities performed be teachers in school The following are some standards that teachers need to know in the area
 Reflect on the importance of developing teachers’ of Educational Foundations:
competence in different domains.
1. Demonstrate understanding of the historical foundations of
The teaching profession is a dynamic field that requires teachers to education, especially on Philippine education, including
excel different domains. contributions and ideas of individuals and groups from diverse
backgrounds. Teachers need to understand how historical events in
First, as professionals, teachers should demonstrate competence the country and in the world helped shape the field of education.
and knowledge in the different disciplines that influence education as a Many educational theories and all educational systems are
field of study, which are what we call educational foundations. Second, productsof individuals and groups who have dedicated their lives in
teachers need to have an understanding learning environments that findings ways' on how to change society and develop human
promote academic excellence and safety. Third, a strong commitment to beings through education.
respect the diversity of learners whom they teach. Fourth, they should
have knowledge and expertise in the areas of curriculum and instruction, Literatures on the history of education would tell us that the
especially in promoting culturally relevant and responsive curriculum and Greeks, the Romans, the Egyptians, and even the ancient
pedagogy for Filipino learners. Fifth, as public servants, teachers need to civilizations in Mesopotamia, Persia, China, and other areas of the
establish good partnership with all stakeholders and develop linkages world have contributed a lot in the development of educational

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ideas. In the Philippines, the educational system of the pre- Spanish
Filipinos, the Roman Catholic Church during the Spanish period and 4. Identify social, cultural, and economic factors that affect the
the Protestant Churches during the American Commonwealth, education of learners. Teachers need to understand the influence
have contributed to the development of Philippine education. The of culture, society, and the economy in the development of the
Americans also established the public school system in the country. field of education.
There are many other events in history that shaped our education
system even to this day. Teachers need to learn, reflect, and Understanding the needs and demands of society will help
unlearn from history. They should develop critical minds and teachers develop curricula and instructions that are relevant and
historical literacy makes education more relevant and responsive to responsive. Moreover, it is also desirable for teachers to understand
the needs of the people and communities. the role of culture in education as one of its functions is to preserve
the positive culture of a particular group of people or society.
2. Analyze educational philosophies, theories, and researches on
education. Teachers should learn how to analyze and interpret In the level of the learners, it is important for teachers to
different educational philosophies. Educational philosophies serve know that the economic condition of each learner is one of the
as a guide in making any curricular and instructional decisions. They determinants of school success or failure. In many areas in the
also influence the beliefs and behaviors of teachers as well as shape Philippines, poverty remains to be one of the reasons for students'
their personalities, teaching styles, and values. failure to get a proper education.

Teachers also need to understand the different educational On a macro level, teachers must understand that education
theories and apply and interpret them in teaching. These theories is said to be one of the pillars of economic progress. This is based
guide teachers in engaging students in meaningful learning. They on the fact that education contributes to the economic growth of
provide alternative solution and explanations to educational issues any country through the development of human resources, ideas,
and concerns. In the same manner, teach need to be updated with and technology. In the Philippines, education is seen as an
latest researches in the field of education and from allied areas, important tool for alleviating poverty and in pushing for economic
such as psychology, neurology, sociology, and others that have progress and human resources development.
influence in the field of education to help them further understand
the learning process and respond to the needs of learners. 5. Integrate ideas and theories to understand the purposes and
nature of education as a discipline. Teachers need to develop an
3. Understand laws and policies related to education, especially in appreciation of the different educational ideas and theories to have
Philippine context. Teachers should seek to understand the a better understanding of the field of education. Education is a very
different laws and policies concerning Philippine education. These dynamic field involving a concrete process of understanding how
laws and policies provide the legal framework that will guide people learn, how an individual think, and how different people
teachers and administrators in making decisions about the school, develop knowledge and skills. It is therefore necessary for teachers
policies, teachers, and students.

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to be engaged in understanding and in continuously building
educational ideas and theories. 2. Understand the role of various agencies, families, and communities
in supporting the development of learners. Teachers should work
closely with different stakeholders. They should develop good
relationships and partnerships with parents, community leaders,
B. Learning Environment
and with public and private institutions surrounding their school.
The learning environment is very important in teaching and learning. Teachers should develop programs and projects that promote
Before a school year starts, all teachers are busy preparing their quality education and positive development of learners where they
classrooms, putting visuals on classroom walls, changing bulletin board can work with individuals and institutions.
displays, and arranging chairs and tables. They all want their classrooms to
be attractive to learners when they come to school as teachers believe 3. Design learning opportunities that nurture learners' talents, critical
that the physical environment of the classroom can influence their thinking, and creativity. Teachers should do their best to design a
students to learn. While this could be true, the learning environment is learning environment that nurtures individual talent, critical
more than the physical environment that teachers prepare for the thinking, and creativity. This means providing effective and efficient
students. It includes the intellectual environment as well as the emotional student support and instructional support programs that nurture
environment that teachers and learners experience in school. They are the potential of students to learn. It is important for teachers to
influential in creating a positive atmosphere of learning and school culture. engage their students in meaningful learning and provide
The following are standards that teachers need to know and practice to opportunities for them to share ideas and develop new forms of
provide a positive learning environment for students at any level: knowledge.

1. Understand types of learning environments that accommodate the 4. Create a safe learning environment for all learners. Teachers need
learners’ various needs and promote the development of different to create a safe physical and psychological learning environment
types of learners. Teachers should understand different educational for their learners. Brain-based principles tell us that students learn
environments that influence the learners’ development. As best when they feel safe and secured.
mentioned previously, these educational environments refer to the
physical and psychological environments provided by the school. 5. Create learning environments that promote intercultural exchange
As for the latter, students need to learn in a safe environment with among learners. Teachers should teach their students to value
conducive classrooms equipped with instructional materials individual differences and cultural diversity. They need to expose
needed for each subject. Meanwhile, the psychological their students to different activities and programs that promote
environment of the school should promote a climate of high interaction among students. It is important for students to develop
expectations, appreciation of diversity, and respect for learner's a high level of cultural literacy. Brodin (2010) observed that the
dignity. It is important for teachers to promote a learning need to educate all citizens and provide them with information
environment that values individual ideas, develops individual talent, about other cultures and countries has become imperative. The
and provides a venue for intellectual discussions and activities. thrust of the pre-service teacher education curriculum should focus

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on the development of teachers who could serve as facilitators for complex and diverse (Shim, 2011). Teachers, therefore, play a significant
understanding various cultures and ideas among different countries role in helping the students become members of a global society.
(Pawilen et al ., 2011).
Understanding the nature of learners empowers every teacher to
6. Commit to nurturing a learning environment that promotes respond to the needs, learning styles, interests, and personality of learners.
respect, equity, and a climate of high expectations. Teachers The quality of information teachers get about learners is helpful in
should ensure that their classes, activities, programs, and rules planning an effective instruction and in implementing learning activities.
promote respect, equity, and a climate of high expectation. Understanding learners is the first thing that teachers should do before
Students should be taught to respect the rights of other people. the planning of instruction.
They should learn how to value the dignity of every human being,
The following are the things that all teachers need to know and
and commit themselves to the pursuit of academic excellence.
practice to understand students in any level:
Because many children came from various cultural
backgrounds and socioeconomic status, a teacher should be fair 1. Cognitive, affective, and psychomotor development of learners.
and just in dealing with young children. Teachers should avoid Psychology provides us with studies, theories, and principles about
culturally biased statements and practices that may lead to the the development and nature of every learner. Each teacher should
negative experience of schooling for young children; instead, each know these developmental tasks and characteristics to understand
child should be treated equally with respect. each individual learner’s needs, motivation, and interests. This task
is also helpful for teachers in handling students’ behaviors and
managing classroom tasks.
C. Diversity of Learners 2. Influence of diversity factors on education. Schools are responding
to culturally diverse individuals. Students are becoming diverse in
Teachers need to integrate various educational ideas, perspectives, terms of language, culture, socioeconomic conditions, learning
and theories in planning instruction for all types of students. The problems styles, talents, family background, religion, and abilities. They have
that we encounter when we teach and the different issues we face different interests and issues, too. Teachers, therefore, need to
regarding learners' behavior show that there is a need to understand understand all these factors that contribute to diversity so they
learners in school. Each learner is unique in many different ways. could teach the students effectively. It is also important for
teachers to instill a global perspective among students, exposing
Ball (2000) pointed out that the enormous complexities of today's them to the histories, languages, religious traditions, and cultures
world require a new vision for schooling that responds to the needs of the of other places or other countries.
global and multicultural society in which we live. There is a need to 3. Learning styles and thinking preferences of learners. Howard
prepare teachers who possess high level of knowledge and skills that Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory (1981) remains to be one of
include a high level of cultural literacy, allowing them to understand the the most influential theories that discuss the idea of every learner
nature and needs of every learner. Our classrooms are becoming more having different learning styles and thinking preferences. According
to Gardner, each individual possesses one or more intelligence:

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verbal-linguistic intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily
kinesthetic intelligence, naturalistic intelligence, logical-
mathematical intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal
intelligence, visual and spatial intelligence, and existentialist
intelligence. Understanding different learning styles and thinking
preferences is essential in designing appropriate learning The following are the standards that teachers should know and do to
experiences, selecting learner-centered strategies, designing fulfill their roles as curriculum and instructional leaders in their schools:
effective assessment tools, and in responding to individual learner’s
learning needs. There is a need for teachers to match their teaching 1. Knowledge of various curriculum models and programs that is
styles to the learning styles and thinking preferences of the developmentally appropriate for learners. Teachers need to know
learners. different curriculum models and programs that are relevant and
responsive to the needs, developmental tasks, and interests of their
learners. They need to know how to plan and implement these
curriculum models and programs and adapt them to their school
D. Curriculum and Instruction
context.
Curriculum is defined as the contents, standards, competencies,
and topics that students learn. It includes the school’s philosophy, mission With the implementation of the K-12 Curriculum in the
and vision, goals, subjects and learning experiences, and assessments and Philippines, it is important for teachers to understand its design so
evaluation tools. Meanwhile, instruction is defined as the means for it could be implemented effectively. Some examples of these are
implementing the curriculum. It includes instructional approaches, standards-based and learner-centered curriculum framework, spiral
methods, strategies, and techniques. curriculum design, curriculum integration, and multicultural
curriculum.
As mentioned earlier in this book, teachers need to know the
curriculum and how to implement it. They are considered curriculum Furthermore, they must know how to plan and implement all
leaders who are engaged in the planning, designing, developing, the curricular innovations that are part of the K-12 program, such as
implementing, and evaluating of curriculum. The role of teachers in the senior high school curriculum tracts, the Mother Tongue-based
curriculum and instruction is so vital that the success of any curriculum or Multilingual Education, the new kindergarten curriculum, and other
effectiveness of any instruction can be attributed to the quality of forms of innovations in the content of the curriculum.
teachers who will implement it. Great institutions of learning around the
world were developed because of adept teachers who have worked in 2. Knowledge of the different learning areas and subjects. As
them. In the same manner, outstanding curriculum and instruction are implementers of curriculum, teachers need to develop a high level
recognized here and abroad because of the quality, creativity, and of content knowledge of the subjects and learning areas that they
commitment of teachers who work on them. are assigned to teach. They need to demonstrate mastery of the
subjects' contents. They need to commit themselves to continuous

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professional development to update the level of their content
knowledge. For example, for a science teacher to be effective,
he/she should know the content and processes of the science 4. Utilization of technology for teaching and learning. Technology is
subject. For kindergarten, all teachers should understand the shaping many things in the society, even people’s value. In the field
content of each learning area prescribed in the official curriculum. of education, technology is making all information accessible for
teachers and learners, and is valuable tool for teaching and
Teachers should not stop reading and learning. Hence, the learning. It is therefore important for teachers should be
habit of lifelong learning must be developed. There are also times technologically literate and can integrate technology in their
when they must unlearn and relearn many things that they have teaching and learning.
known in the past.
5. Development of instructional materials. Instructional materials are
3. Pedagogical knowledge. Pedagogy is defined as the science and art important tools to help in the teaching and learning process. In
of teaching young learners. It includes a large repertoire of teaching private schools, most instructional materials are provided. In the
methods, instructional strategies, teaching approaches, and case of the public school system, the Department of Education
teaching techniques. provides the necessary instructional materials for every subject.
However, not all instructional materials needed by teachers are
With teachers being instructional leaders who plan for the readily available in the classroom. A lot of people share a common
implementation of a curriculum, it is therefore important that they sentiment that teachers, especially those in local communities,
know how to teach different subjects. Possessing a high level of should be creative and be problem-solvers. They should know how
pedagogical knowledge can bring the spark of learning inside the to improvise or develop local materials for instruction as many
classroom. Teachers should know different instructional planning schools do not have enough facilities and instructional materials.
models that consider the unique characteristics and needs of young
children from various cultures and socioeconomic backgrounds. It 6. Effective classroom management. Teachers should know how to
is important for them to select teaching methods, learning manage their classrooms. This means that they should be able to
activities, and instructional materials or resources appropriate to understand learners’ behaviors and how to manage them.
learners and aligned to the objectives of the lesson. Classroom management is now one of the major concerns of public
and private school teachers. It is necessary for teachers to plan how
With the implementation of the K-12 Curriculum, teachers to handle learner’s behavior and characteristics. Classroom rules
need to know how to use the desired pedagogical approaches for should be established and a system for rewarding positive behavior
the implementation of the new curriculum. Some of these should be developed and implemented. As teachers are not
pedagogical approaches are constructivist teaching approaches, supposed to use corporal punishment in disciplining learners, an
ICT integration, integrative teaching and learning, learner-centered efficient way of handling learners’ unwanted behavior inside the
strategies, and standards-based teaching and learning approaches. class should be developed.

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It is also essential for teachers to develop a caring and positive attitude knows how to select appropriate assessment tools for his/her
in dealing with all types of learners, especially young children. Teachers do students.
not just teach content; they help young children develop positive self-
esteem and self-concept. 2. Use evaluation results to provide feedback on learners’ progress.
Reporting learner’s progress through individual progress report
cards or through developmental checklists in the case of
kindergarten learners is an essential duty of the teacher. These
E. Planning, Assessing, and Reporting Learners’ Progress
reports should reflect a fair appraisal and evaluation of each learner,
Measurement is concerned with the statement of performance so teachers should refrain from any biases or unfair grading
usually represented in quantitative terms, but it also includes descriptive practices. Grades serve as basis for selecting honor students and for
data obtained on students’ performances. Assessment involves the identifying those who are ready to be promoted to the next grade
interpretation and representation of measurement data. It assigns level. In the case of gifted students, their grades will serve as basis
quantitative and qualitative marks to the collected measurement for acceleration and in developing individual programs for them. At
information. Evaluation is the process of making value judgments based the end of each academic year, the grades of the students are
on the assessment interpretations of collected data. It is the systematic submitted to the Division Office of the Department of Education.
process of collecting and analyzing data to make decisions.
3. Use alternative forms of assessment. Alternative assessments are
It is the duty of teachers to measure, assess, and evaluate the examples of learner’s individual outputs that could be graded using
learning of students. The results of these processes are used to improve rubrics because not all learning can be measured through quizzes
instruction and to effectively ensure that the students learn from all the and tests. Some competencies and standards are best measured by
subjects in the curriculum. The following are the standards that teachers looking at the individual outputs and actual performance of the
should know and do to measure, assess, and evaluate learners’ progress in students. These learners' outputs are compiled in individual
school: learner's portfolios that are collected at the end of each grading
period.
1. Develop and use different assessment tools that are appropriate to
measure learners’ progress. It is imperative that teachers know how 4. Exercise fairness and professionalism in reporting learner's
to develop, select, and use assessment tools that can measure progress. Teachers should show professionalism in reporting
learners’ progress. Appropriate assessment tools can be designed learners' progress to their parents. When reporting to parents, they
based on the prescribed curriculum standards and competencies. should always show their concern for the development of their
Examples of these assessment tools are traditional assessment, learners. They should include positive comments about each
authentic assessment, or a form of interdisciplinary assessment. learner and identify areas for improvement. Moreover, they should
Teachers should be good in constructing good test items. In the be very careful in responding to parents' questions when they are
case of authentic assessments, they should know how to develop not satisfied with the grades of their child.
rubrics that will truly measure students’ outputs. A good teacher

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In the case of national exams, it is the duty of a professional teacher to professionals and functionally literate citizens. Having said this, teachers
prepare the students. This can be done by teaching the minimum required need to be faithful and trusted partners in the development of students.
standards and competencies. It is important that teachers should protect These are some standards that teachers need to know and do to establish
the integrity of these national examinations. They should avoid giving community linkages:
leakages about the test questions or asking slow learners to be absent
during the examination day.  Culturally responsive behaviors that promote effective
communication and collaboration with individuals, families, social
agencies, and other members of the community. Teachers establish
learning environments that respond to the aspirations of the
F. Establishing Community Linkages community. They respond to the needs and concerns of individuals
and families with professionalism and dignity.
Teachers are expected to establish community linkages to promote
 Collaboration with individuals and groups to support educational
partnership in ensuring quality education for all learners across different
programs in the community. Teachers work with different groups
levels. In the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us
and individuals to rally support on various educational programs in
by Hillary Clinton (1996), the role of the community and different social
different communities. Examples of these are feeding programs,
agencies are recognized as important in educating an individual. For
scholarship programs, literacy programs, health and nutrition
Clinton, educating a person is a collaborative endeavor between a school
programs, and creating a children's protection desk in different
and the community. Teachers serve as bridges between schools and the
communities.
wider community. They are ambassadors of goodwill that represent their
students and their schools to any individual or institution.  Respect for the culture of the individuals and communities.
Teachers always deal with diverse people every day who belong to
In basic education, teachers need to work with government and different families, cultures, religious groups, and socioeconomic
non-governmental organizations to encourage public support to quality classes. Teachers patiently work with these people and groups,
education and protect the welfare of students. Individuals and making them advocates for respecting cultural diversity.
organizations may support projects and programs of the schools and  Commitment to the educational goals of the society. Teachers are
provide professional services needed by the school, teachers, and committed to uphold and implement the educational goals of the
students. They can donate equipment and other instructional materials society. They are leaders, implementers, and advocates of
needed by the school or give financial support for scholarship programs educational programs in the society.
for underprivileged but deserving students. There are also some cases
where institutions and individuals provide or sponsor scholarships for
graduate studies and continuing education of teachers. G. School Leadership
The school is an integral part of society because it develops the Teachers have the potential to exercise dynamic leadership in
minds and character of its future leaders and citizens. It contributes schools, thereby enhancing the possibility of school and social reform. As
significantly to the economic development of society by fostering leaders in their schools, they act with strong principles, values, and

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philosophy to develop the learners to be dynamic citizens, professionals, Arends (1998) pointed out that classroom management and
and great leaders in society. They shape the minds and values of future instruction are interrelated. Classroom management is integrated in
generations. They are confident in providing leadership in instituting and everyday teaching and learning processes. It is a set of interrelated skills
implementing school reforms, especially with the implementation of the and knowledge carefully designed to handle students’ behavior. It is also a
K-12 Education Program of the Philippines. Teacher leadership is an set of classroom rules developed for a system of rewarding positive
important component of students and school success. Crowther, Kaagan, behavior and giving positive intervention on learners’ disruptive behavior.
Ferguson, and Hann (2002) shared this framework for teacher leadership. To master classroom management, teachers need to know their learners
and should be well-informed in psychology to understand their
Teacher leaders are also servant leaders. They contribute and lead development and behavior.
in creating visions for a safe and just society. They support community
programs and projects implemented by the local and national Classroom management is also important in developing an efficient
government. They share their expertise and talents in various committees and effective system to increase students’ motivation to learn. Students
in school and in the community where they belong. They create a need to participate actively in class activities and discussion. They are
nurturing culture in their schools through their commitment to develop expected to do their duties and responsibilities in their classes diligently.
the skills and talents of the students. They promote quality education, It can be observed nowadays that many students are unmotivated to
equity, and positive school reforms that hope to transform the lives of learn. They are more interested in playing with their gadgets rather than
learners. doing their assignments and projects. These mean that there is a need to
empower and equip teachers to be good classroom managers. The
Many teacher leaders do not stop learning and are committed to following are the standards that teachers should know and do to master
continuous professional development to develop their knowledge and classroom management:
skills and keep them informed of the developments in education and in
the subjects they teach. They promote a culture of academic excellence 1. Establishing clear rules and procedures. Teachers should know how
and a climate of high expectations among teachers, staff, and students. to establish a system that will help them handle learner’s behavior.
They give their life, time, and resources for the welfare of their students. This means that classroom rules and procedures are clearly
established and students are well aware of these.
H. Classroom Management 2. Making learners responsible and accountable for their actions and
behaviors. It is necessary that learners be responsible and
When teachers talk about the most difficult problems they
accountable for their academic work and classroom behaviors. It is
experienced in their teaching, they always mention classroom
important for them to realize that every action they do in the
management and student discipline. Although there have been a lot of
classroom affects the whole class.
seminars and trainings given to teachers on these points over the past
3. Planning lessons and learning activities effectively. Classroom
years, many still have anxiety about managing their classrooms. Perhaps,
management is always interrelated with instruction. Effective
the changing family values, society culture, and nature of learners are
teaching requires all students to be engaged in the learning
contributory to the classroom management problems teachers encounter.
process. Planning effective instruction requires teachers to
understand their learner’s behavior and interest.

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4. Developing intervention skills for dealing with different classroom Professional development also includes teachers' participation and
problems. Teachers need to develop techniques and approaches membership in professional organizations. Through these professional
for dealing with different classroom problems. Experienced organizations, teachers become a part of an academic community where
teachers know how to use rewards and punishment effectively. they can be involved in various activities and socialize with other
They also work with parents to understand the environment of the professionals and experts. These local, national, and international
students and seek help from other professionals to understand organizations provide venues for holding academic activities and sharing
learners’ issues and problems. common advocacies.

The following are some of the standards that teachers should know
and do in the area of professional development:
I. Professional Development
1. Building professional links with colleagues and other professionals.
Teachers need to commit themselves to continuous professional Teachers need to establish a good working relationship with their
development. This is important so that they can update themselves with colleagues and other professionals. These can be done through
different curricular and instructional innovations. The professional membership in academic societies and professional organizations
development of teachers involves attending graduate school to take here in the Philippines or abroad. It is through these academic links
advance courses and degrees; attending conferences; and participating in that they get to know more and share best practices in education.
seminars, workshops, and trainings. These professional development 2. Conduct relevant research. Teachers need to conduct basic
activities are commonly known as continuing education programs or in- research or action research to fully understand some educational
service trainings. In these programs and activities, teachers will have the issues and problems, and test the applicability and strength of a
opportunity to discuss educational issues, understand new challenges in particular curriculum or pedagogical models in their settings. In the
teaching and learning processes, appreciate new information related to Philippines, most teachers do not conduct research. If they do, it is
the subjects they teach, learn new instructional methods and strategies, because it is a requirement for promotion. Research is important in
and improve their classroom management skills. the academe. It is through this that we get to know more about
certain issues and areas of interest. Research enables us to validate
These professional development programs are important in molding
theories and see the applicability of these educational theories in
the minds and character of teachers. Everything in education cannot be
our school context.
learned in the pre-service teacher education curriculum. The world of
3. Commitment to lifelong learning. Teachers need to develop the
knowledge is so dynamic that it evolves as time goes by. New knowledge,
habit or culture of lifelong learning. We see teachers as fountains of
skills, and information across different fields and disciplines are developed
knowledge. Hence, they should serve as models of knowledge
and disseminated regularly through journals, books, online sources, and
seekers and producers. Teachers should never stop learning. Their
through conferences and in-service programs. Many of these professional
position in the society requires them to be always knowledgeable
development activities of teachers are conducted during semester or
in their work and in different areas.
summer vacations.

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4. Attendance in in-service programs and activities for teachers. It is
through these activities that their pedagogical skills and content
knowledge are developed and enhanced.
5. Enrolling in graduate and post graduate education courses.
Teachers should enroll in graduate and postgraduate courses not
for promotion purposes but to improve their knowledge and skills.
There are currently several graduate schools in the country that are
diploma mills-that is, they do not offer quality graduate and
postgraduate education. Teachers should be encouraged to take
graduate courses in recognized centers of excellence. Their thesis
and diploma should determine their expertise and specialization in
their chosen fields.

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