OJT Core Java Interview Questions

1) what is JDK , JRE , JVM ?

Answer :- JDK (Java Development Kit) contains JRE and Some development tools like
javac.exe (Java Compiler), java.exe , native2ascii.exe

JRE ( Java Runtime Enviroment ) contains jVM ( java virtual machine ) and
some jars having some predefined classes and interfaces.

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is responsible for running our java program . It
is different for different OS.

JDK = JRE + some development tools like javac ( Java Compiler ) , java
JRE = JVM + Predefined classes and interfaces ( library )
JVM = A special program responsible for running our java program

2) what is difference between continue , break ?

Answer :- break is used to treminate execution of loop whereas continue is used to

skip some statement execution of current iteration and to go for next iteration .

3) what is jar file ? How to use class from any external jar file ?

Answer :- Jar file is a like zip file of Operating System . It contains packages
having .class files of classes and interfaces .
Zip file ==> Folders ==> files
Jar file ==> Packages ==> files (.class files of classes and interfaces).
It means , Jar file is container where we group different packages having
different classes & interfaces .
To use any external jar file which is not part of JRE , we must keep such
jar file in a build path .For that we need to
right click on project name , then select build path , then select
configure build path , then select libries tab , then
select external jar file and click on browse to select jar file.
If external jar file option is not visble , click on classpath .

4) How eclipse find out location of JDK installion folder ?

Answer :- When we install JDK on windos , it is installed to program files folder

by default. Eclipse checks these folder to find java folder . However new eclipse
versions are coming with default JDK which they install automatically on our
machine when we install eclipse . We don't need to install JDK separately .

5) Is JVM platform dependent ?

Answer :- Yes . JVM is different for different OS . when we submit .class file to
JVM , JVM generates machine code specific to
current machine .

6) Tell me about naming conventions every java programmer must follow ?

Answer :- class name & interface name should begin with upper case and every new
word in it should begin with upper case .
e.g. class DataInputStream , class ObjectOutputStream , interface
HttpSession

variable name & method name should begin with lower case and every new word
in it should begin with upper case .
e.g. int myAge ; // primitive variable
ArrayList arrayList ; // reference variable
void setMyAge(int a);
int getMyAge();

Constants should be written in uppercase letters only .words are seperated

with _ ( underscore )
public static final MAX_PRIORITY=10

7) what is variable ?

Answer :-
Variable is a container where we store some value .
e.g. int a=10;

[ 10 ] a

So here variable a is used to store 10 value inside it . value stored in a

variable keeps on changing . Hence it is called
variable . At a time only one value can be stored in a variable .

a=20; // 10 will removed and 20 will be stored in variable a

Variable cab be thought as name of memory block where value will be saved .

8) What is general syntax of method ? explain with the help of example

Answer :- method is a block of statements performing some tasks.General syntax to

define method is :-

return type method name ( parameters )

{
// programming statements performing some task
}

int add(int a , int b)

{
int c;
c=a+b;
return c;
}

a and b are called as arguments or parameters . we can write any no of

arguments . Arguments means input to method
.method accepts this input , process it and generates output .

// return type of deposit(int amount) is void means it will not return any
value .
 void deposit(int amount)
{
balance=balance+amount;

// return type of withdraw(int amount) is int means it will return int

value .

int withdraw(int amount)

{
balance=balance-amount;
return balance;

9) Difference between local variable & global variable ?

Answer :- local variable is available only within a block where it is declared

whereas global variable is available everywhere inside
a class .global variables are declared at the start of class defination .
local variables are defined inside method or
any other block like try block , catch block .
global variables are of 2 types :- static and non-static .

e.g. class Demo

{
int a;
static int b;

void m1()
{
int c=10;
System.out.println(a + " " + b); // a & b are global
variables
System.out.println(c); // this will give error as c is local
variable of method m1()
}

void m2()
{
System.out.println(a + " " + b); // a & b are global
variables
System.out.println(c); // this will give error as c is
local variable of method m1()
}
}

10) Can we use return keyword in a method whose return type is void ?

Answer :- yes , we can use it to end method execution , but we can not return any
value .

class Test
{
 static void m1(int a)
{
if(a<0)
{
return; // ok
// return 20 ; // NOT ok
}

System.out.println("Hello World");
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
m1(10) ; // it will print Hello World
m1(-10) ; // it will NOT print Hello World as method execution
will get over as a<0 condition will get true
// and return statement will execute which will stop
execution of method
}
}

11) If method returns value of type int , what type of variable we should declare
to store that value ? is this process compulsory ?

Answer :- int type variable should be declared to store this return value .

int add(int a , int b)

{
return a+b;
}

int answer = add(10,20);

Here we have declared answer variable of type int as add(-,-) gave 30

value which is int . It is NOT compulsory
to store return value of a method in a variable .

System.out.println(add(20,30)); // we did not save return value here ,

just printed it .

12) If method returns object then why do we define a reference pointing to that
object ?

Answer :- for calling methods from object we define reference .

ArrayList<String> arrayList = new ArrayList();

arrayList.add("JBK");
arrayList.add("JAVA");
String s = arrayList.get(0); // s==> [ JBK length() toString() ] String
object
s.length();
s.toString();

get(0) will give String object having content JBK and some methods . To
call these method we need to declare reference
pointing to object . s is reference .
 without defining reference also we can call method ,however we can call
only one method in such case

arrayList.get(0).length();

13) If method return type is java.lang.Object then what type of object this method
may return ?

Answer:-It may return any type of object . e.g. ArrayList class has method get()
whose syntax is

Object get(int index)

when we call this method , we may get Student class object if Student objects
are present in ArrayList.
when we call this method , we may get Employee class object if Employee
objects are present in ArrayList.

14) Why type casting is required if method return type is java.lang.Object ?

Answer:- Type casting is required so that we can call methods from child class .
Reference of Parent class can call
methods from parent class only and not child class methods .
To call child class methods we need reference of child class only .

interface List
{
Object get(int index);
}

String s= (String) arrayList.get(1); // s==>[jbk length()] String class

object

System.out.println(s.length());

length() can not be called using reference of Parent class Object.

whenever any method return type is Object , we should create reference of

Child class using type casting

15) What is variable argument method ? what is difference between method with array
argument and method with variable argument ?

Answer :- Variable argument method can be called by passing 0 or any no of

arguments . However a method is defined with array argument then compulsory
we need to pass array or null value while calling that method.

16) public static void main(String... a) is it write syntax for main method ?

Answer :- Yes . variable argument is accepted here .

17) void add(int a , int... b) is it right ?

Answer :- Yes . variable argumet cab be combined with normal arguments but in that
case , we should write variable argument at the end

18) when jVM calls main(String[] args) , does it pass String[] while calling it ?

Answer :- Yes . If programmmer has pass any arguments from arguments tab of eclipse
, JVM creates String[] using those arguments
and pass it to main(String[] a) while calling it .

19) when we do not pass any program argument , what is size of String[] which is
passed to main(String[] args)

Answer :- If no arguments are passed , Still JVM creates an String[] array , but it
is empty array . It's length is 0;

20) Can we write any statement after return statement ? why ?

Answer :- No , as return will end method execution . hence statements below return
will not execute ever .

21) why main() is declared as public ?

Answer :- public methods can be called by any class from any package . main() is
declared public so that it will be called by JVM which may be in any package .

22) why main() is declared static ? what would have happened if it was declared as
non-static method ?

Answer :- main() is declared static so that it will be called by JVM using

classname and object is not required for calling it .
we generally create object inside main() , and if main() was NON-static ,
we would need object to call it . So it would
have been impossible to call main() .

23) How to call main() of one class into another class ?

Answer :-

class A
{
public static void main(String[] a)
{
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
}
}

class B
{
public static void main(String[] a)
{
String[] b = {"Java" , "By" , "Kiran"};
A.main(b);
 }
}

run B class and observe that main() of class A is executed

24) can we overload main() and if done which version of it will be called ?

Answer :- Yes , we can overload main() , However JVM will main(String[] a) . Other
main() methods we need to call manually .

25) Can we run class without main() ? When java progran execution gets over ?

Answer :- No we can not run class without main() . when main() execution gets
finished , we say java program execution is over .

26) what is use of System.exit(0) ?

Answer :- It is used to terminate java program .

27) what is method recursion ? which exception may occur if we don't have
controlled over recursion ?

Answer :- method recursion means calling method inside method defination . we

should control how many times method will be called
recursively otherwise StackOverflowError occurs .

28) How to perform main() recursion ?

Answer :-
public static void main(String[] a)
{

// some statements

main(a); // calling main() inside defination of main() .

}

29) what is use of break and return statement ?

Answer :- break is used to end execution of loop and return is used to end
execution of method.

30) what is use of labelled loop ?

Answer :- we can assign name to loop also just like we assign name to variable ,
method .

outer:
for(;1<10;)
{

}
31) What is difference between while and do-while loop ?

Answer :- while loop checks condition for every iteration . do while loop do not
check condition for first iteration .

32) what is difference between for each loop and for loop ?

Answer :- for each loop is used generally to iterate over array and collection .
for loop is general loop which can be used anywhere.

33) Write syntax of for each loop . give one example

Answer :- General syntax of for each loop is :-

for( type variable : datasource )

int[] a = {10,20,30,'a'};

// we have written int as this array contains int elements .

for(int element : a )
{

System.out.println(element);
}

34) int a=10; if(a) { } will it compile ?

Answer :- NO. Only boolean value is allowed inside condition .

35) How to define infinite loop ? where it is used ?

Answer :- If loop condition is always evaluating to true , then loop becomes

infinite loop.

e.g. while(true) { }
while(10>0) { }

such loops are used when we are not sure how many iteration loop will have
and we want user to take control of
when to stop loop iteration .

36) when else block and else if block is executed ?

Answer :- Else if block condition is checked only if condition in if block is false

. Then one by one all else if block condition is
checked until any condition evaluates to true . However if none of the
condition is evaluated to true then else block is executed .
37) can we write default case as a first case in switch statement ?

Answer :- Yes , we can write default case anywhere in switch block .

38) when default case is executed ? is it compulsory to write it ?

Answer :- default case is executed only if none of the case is executed . It is not
compulsory to have default case in switch block.

39) which types of values are possible as a case value ?

Answer :- int , char , String , enum type of values are possible as case value .

40) what is an object ? what is state and behaviour of a object ? explain with one
example

object is instance of a class . object is any real time entity .

Every object contains 2 things :-

1) state of object :- value of instance variables e.g. eno=1 salary=1000

2) behaviour of an object :- methods

public class Employee

{
int eno ;
int salary ;

public Employee(int e, int s)

{

eno = e;
salary = s;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Employee e1 = new Employee(1,1000);

Employee e2 = new Employee(1,1000);

//e1(1000) ====>[eno=1 salary=1000] Employee class object at address 1000

//e2(2000) ====>[eno=1 salary=1000] Employee class object at address 2000

// 2 types variables:-
// 1. Primitive variable :- it stores value
// int a=10;
// 2. Reference Variable :- It stores address
// e1 & e2 are reference variables because
address is stored into them

}// class ends

41) what is object reference ? what is stored in it ?

Answer :-Reference Variable stores address into it .

e1 & e2 are reference variables because address is stored into them

reference is used to access variables and methods from object.

42) using new and constructor object is created . true/false

Answer :- true . new keyword is used to allocate memory at runtime for object .
constructor constructs object by initializing variables from class . e.g.
1) String s = new String("JBK"); here using new and constructor String
class object is created .

2) object of predefined class Object can be created using it's default

constructor (0-argument constructor)

Object o = new Object();

class Object is defined like below :-

public class Object

{

/**
* Constructs a new object.
*/

public Object() {} // It is constructor of class Object

43) How to call non-static methods using object reference and anonymous object ?

Answer :- String s1 = new String("JBK");

s1.length() ; // calling method using reference
s1.toString();

new String("java").length(); // calling method using anonymous object

44) what is constructor ? explain in detail

Answer :-
constructor is a special method whose name is similar to class name and it
is used to initilize instance variables
constructor method does not have any return type
constructor constructs object
If no constructor is defined by programmer , compiler adds default
constructor

45) can we use static or protected for constructor ?

Answer :- static keyword is not applicable for constructor as constructor is

related to object and static is related to class.
However constructor can be protected , private ,public or even default .
46) can we write return statement in a constructor ?

Answer :- Yes .

47) when default constructor is added in java's class ? why is it added ?

Answer :- If no constructor is defined by programmer , compiler adds default

constructor . It is added by compiler as constructor is required for object
creation as constructor constructs object . we need to create object of a class to
call non-static members of a class and without constructor object creation is
not possible . Hence it is added by compiler if not present .

48) Can we create object of class without constructor ?

Answer :- NO . However we can receive ( get ) object from certain methods , means
method will create object and give it to us . e.g.
newInstance() will create object for us and then give it to us . However we
must remember that even newInstance() also require constructor for object
creation .

49) what are different ways of obtaining object of java's class ?

Answer :- There is only one way of creating java object and that is by using new
and constructor . However we can get ( receive ) object from different
ways :-

1) Class.forName("java.lang.String").newInstance()
2) In deserilization process , we get object .
3) We get object by clonning process also . Employee e =
(Employee)e1.clone()
4) factory methods are also give object . e.g. Calendar c =
Calendar.getInstance() . getInstance() will give object of a child class
of abstract class Calendar . we do not child class name . hence we have to create
reference of parent class Calendar .
5) In some cases , static block of a class also gives us object . e.g. In
JDBC , com.mysql.jdbc.Driver class has a static block which gives us
object of Driver class itself

class Driver
{
static Driver driver = null;
static
{
if(driver==null)
{
driver = new Driver();
DriverManager.registerDriver(driver);
}
}
}

This static block is executed when we call forName() and we get object
of Driver class .
 Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

50) what is constructor overloading ?

Answer :- Having multiple constructor methods with same name but different
arguments is called Constructor overloading . e.g. String class has 15
constructor .

class String
{
/* default constructor will create String class object with empty
content */

String()
{
}

String(String s) { }

String(Char[] c) { }

51) which variable should be declared as non-static variable and which variable
should be decared as static variable . explain with example

Answer :- variables whose value depends on object should be declared as instance

variable / object variable / non-static variable . e.g. empId and salary of
employees dependens on employee . However company name is not dependent on object .
It is common to all employee objects . hence companyName should be declared as
static variable

52) what is gloabl variable and tell me types of global variables ?

Answer :- global variable is available everywhere inside a class . global variables

are declared at the start of class defination . global variables are
of 2 types :- static and non-static .

53) what is local variables ? which modifier we can apply to local variable ?

Answer :- local variable is available only within a block where it is declared .

local variables are defined inside method or
any other block like try block , catch block . for local variable ONLY
final modofier is applicable.

54) Difference between local and global variables ?

Answer :- global variable is available everywhere inside a class . local variable

is available only within a block where it is declared . for global
variable we can use all modifiers but for local variable ONLY final modofier is
applicable .

55) what is use of static block ? How many static block we can write in a class ?
when it is executed ?
Answer :- static block is used to initilize static variables . we can write any no
of static blocks in a class . it is executed when class is loaded into memory
. it is executed even before main() method also.

56) Which method 's call prompts execution of static block ?

Answer :- Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver")

57) what is instance block ? what is difference between instance block and
constructor ?

Answer :- Constructor is used to initilize instance variables . instance block is

used to perform some task which we want to do after initilization . Constructor
accepts arguments , instance block can not . Instance block executes before
constructor .

58) Tell me use of final keyword in detail ?

Answer :- final keyword is used at 3 places :-

1) to declare constant e.g. final int a=10;
2) to declare final method which can not be overriden in child class .
e.g. final void m1(){}
3) to declare a final class which can not child classes . e.g. final class
A { } class B extends A is not possible as final classes do not have child
classes . In java String class , System class, all wrapper classes are declared as
final class .

59) which class other than String class is declared as final class ?

Answer :- In java String class , System class, all wrapper classes are declared as
final class .

60) what is final object reference variable ?

Answer :- address stored in final reference variable can not be changed means this
reference can not point to any other new object .
final String s = new String("jbk"); // s(1000) ==>[jbk] String class
object at address 1000
s=new String("java"); // it will give error as s is final variable

61) final Employee e1 = new Employee(1,1000);

e1.salary=2000;

will this code run ?

Answer :- Yes . as we are changing value present inside object and not address
stored in reference varibale e1

62) Tell me important methods from java.lang.Object class

Answer :- equals(), toString() , hashCode() , notify(),notifyAll(),wait(),clone()

etc
63) why java.lang.Object class's name is Object ?

Answer :- as we can call methods from this class using any java object

64) Object getInstance()

{
return ---;
}

which class's object can be returned by above method ?

Answer :- object of any java class

65) boolean equals(Object o) . Here why o aregument is declared of type Object ?

Answer :- so that we can pass any java object to equals() .

equals(new String("java"));
equals(new StringBuffer("java"));

66) which class is super class of all classes in java ?

Answer :- class Object . by default every java class extends this class.

67) using reference of super class , we can call members of parent and child both .
true / false

Answer :- false , we can call parent class methods only using parent class
reference .

68) Is constructor inherited into child class ?

Answer :- No

69) what is super keyword ? when it is compulsory to use it ?

Answer :- super keyword is used to access super class members inside child class .
super() is used to call super class ( parent class)
constructor inside child class. when super class and sub class both have
member of same name then use of super is compulsory to call super class
members.

class A { int a=10; }

class B extends A {int b=20 ; void m1() { sop(this.a) ; sop(super.a) ;} }

70) what is this keyword ? when it is compulsory to use it ?

Answer :- this keyword is a reference which points to object of a class in which we

have used this keyword. when local variables and global variable names are
same then we must use this with global variables
71) can we use this and super in static context ?

Answer :- NO as this and super are references which points to object means it is
associated with object and static is associated with class

72) can we change static variable value ?

Answer :- Yes unless it is final .

73) why constants are generally declared static final in java ?

Answer :- If constants are declared static means all objects will have same value
for that final variable . Hence compiler replaces name of static variable ,
whenever it is used , with it's value . Hence class loading of class whose static
variable it is , is not required , hence memory is saved .

class A
{
public static final int x=10;
}

class B
{
void m1()
{
System.out.println(A.x);// this statement will be replaced by
System.out.println(10) by compiler
// Hence loading of class is not required
}
}

74) which super class constructor is called by default from child class constructor
, default or parameterized constructor ?

Answer :- by defualt , default constructor of parent class is called from child

class constructor

75) Why multiple inheritance is not possible in java using classes ? How to achieve
it ?

Answer :- one class can extends ONLY ONE class . One class can have only one Parent
class .
class A {} class B {}
class C extends A , B . Not possible . So let's declare class B as
interface B
interface B { }
class C extends A implements B

76) static members are inherited into child class . true / false.

Answer:- true

77) what is polymorphism ? Types of polymorphism ?

Answer:- polymorphism is an ability to exist in multiple forms .
There are 2 types of polymorphism :-
1) compile time polymorphism
2) run time polymorphism

78) why method overloading is called static binding ?

Answer :- having multiple methods with same name but different arguments is method
overloading .It is an compile time polymorphism/early binding/staic
binding as method call is bound with method definition based on arguments

79) why method overriding is called dynamic binding ?

Answer :- redefining method of parent class in a child class , is called method

overriding
polymorphism :- ability to exist in multiple forms
method overriding is run time polymorphism because which method will be called is
decided at runtime based on object.

80) static method , final method , private method can not be overrident in child
class . true/false

Answer :- true . static method / final method / private method of parent class can
not be overriden .

81) can we have same private method in parent and child class ?

Answer :- yes . private methods are not inherited into child class .

82) what is method hiding ?

Answer :- In parent class and Child class , if we have static method with same
signature it is called method hiding .

83) what is method signature ?

Answer :- method signature means name of method and arguments . return type is not
considered in it .

84) difference between overloading and overriding ?

Answer:-overloading is associated with single class , whereas overriding is

associated with parent and child class . overloading is compile time
polymorphism as method call is bound with method defination at compile time based
on arguments . whereas method overriding is run time polymorphism because
which method will called is decided at runtime based on object. In orverloading
method signture must be different whereas in overriding method signature must
be same . return type is not considered in overloading whereas in overriding
return type must be same or covarient .

85) what is covarient return type ?

Answer:- In place parent type return type , we can child type return type in
overriding , it is called co-varient return type .

class A
{
Object m1() { }
}

class B extends A
{
String m1() { }
}

86) what is variable argument method ? can we have 2 variable arguments in one
method ?

Answer:-Variable argument method can be called by passing 0 or any no of

arguments . we can't have method with 2 variable arguments.

void m1(int... a)

m1(10,20);
m1(10,20,30);
m1();

87) m1(int a , String... b) is it write ?

Answer:- yes . Variable argument should be at the end of list of arguments .

88) what is abstratcion ? how it is achieved in java ?

Answer:- abstraction means exposing only required things about abstract methods and
not showing implementation details of these methods . abstraction in java is
achieved by abstract class and interface .e.g. JDBC API contains certain interfaces
which are defined by Driver class . Programmer calls methods from these
interfaces . But they do not know implementation of these methods .e.g. we call
next() from ResultSet interface , but we don't know implementation of next () .
This is abstraction .Sun people exposed methods through interface but they didn't
reveal implementation of theses methods as we don't need to know it .

89) what is interface ? tell me where you have used it in your project .

Answer:-interface is a collection of abstract methods ( undefined methods ) .

abstraction means method implementation details will not be exposed.only method
signature will be exposed .method signature means name of method and arguments of
method. All methods from interface are public and abstract by default.

we can use interface to define DAO ( Data Access Object ) interface .

interface EmployeeDAO
{
void addEmployee(Employee employee);
Employee getEmployee(int empId);
}

90) why interface constants are declared as static final and not just final .

Answer:- So that they will be accessed by interface name . Declaring constants

static also save memory .

91) why interface methods are by default public and abstract ?

Answer:- interface methods are public so that anyone can implements it in any
package . By default interface methods are abstract because interface provides 100%
abstraction by providing all abstract methods whereas in abstract class , there are
some defined methods also .

92) Is it compulsory to define all methods from interface in implementation class ?

Answer:- Not compulsory but then we need to define implementation class as abstract
class as it will abstract method .

93) can we use any other access modifier than public while defining interface
methods in a implementation class .

Answer:- Not possible as interface methods are public and if we use any other
access modifier then it will lower visibility of these methods.

94) why do we declare interface reference and not reference of it's implementation
class ?

Answer:- Because we know interface name but we do not know it's implementation
class .

95) can we have 2 methods with same signature but different return type in 2
different interfaces for which we are writing implementation class ?

Answer :- not possible as implementation class can not have 2 methods with same
signature .
interface A { void m1() }
interface B { char m1() }

class C implements A,B not possible as it will contains 2 methods with same
signature which is not allowed .

interface A { void m1() }

interface B { void m1() }

class C implements A,B { void m1() { } } is right.

96) what is abstract class ? why abstract class contains constructor ? when is it
called ?

Answer :- Abstract class can contain abstract and concrete both methods. Concrete
methods have definition . abstract methods does not have definition .
 We can't create object of abstract class . But we can create abstract
class's subclass object . Abstract class's child class constructor calls
constructor of Parent abstract class .

97) what is difference between interface and abstract class in jdk1.8

Answer :- Subclasses of abstract class must define abstract method from abstract
class .
When we have objects with some common behaviour and some uncommon
behaviour , go for abstract class .when we have only uncommon behaviour , go for
interface .
interface does not have constructor but abstract class have constructor .
interface contains only constants but abstract class can contains constant and
plain variables also .

98) Can we create object of abstract class and interface ? why ?

Answer :- No as their defination is not complete as it contains some abstract

( undefined ) methods .

99) Why do we declare reference of parent abstract class which points to it's child
class object , why not have child class reference

Answer :- because in real time , we know abstract class name but don't know it's
child class names .

100) Tell me any one abstract class from JDK ?

Answer :- Calendar class , InputStream , OutputStream

101) why do we override toString() in every java class ?

Answer :- to return object's data / object's state

102) why do we override equals() and hashcode() in java class ?

Answer :- When we want to have same hashcode for objects having same contents ,
then we must implement equals() and hashcode() both .

103) what is difference between toString() and deepToString() ?

Answer :- toString() gives 1D array's all elements and deepToString() gives 2D

array's all elements

104) what is encapuslation ? what is java bean class ?

Answer :- encapuslation is process of grouping variables and methods acting on

those variables , into one unit called class . Encapsulation suggest to make
variables private and define public setter and getter methods , using which
variables can be accessed . java bean class is pure encapuslated class as it
contains private members and public setter and getter methods . using setter
methods , we can control which value can be applied to member variable .
105) when we should write setter and getters methods in java class ?

Answer :- when class contains private variables , we should define public setter
and getter methods to access these private variables .

106) what is is-a and has-a relationship ?

Answer :- is-a means inheritance and has-a relationship is based on usage than
inheritance . when we want to access members of any class and if our class don't
have any is-a relationship with that class , we can use has-a relationship to
define reference of that class in our class .

107) what is difference between aggregation and composition .

Answer :- In composition , if container object is destroyed then contained object

is also destroyed means it is tight coupling . e.g

class Room { } class Teacher { }

class School
{
Room room = new Room(); // here object is created . It is Composition
}

If School object is destroyed then Room object will also be destroyed .

class School
{
Teacher teacher; // here object is declared not created . It is
aggregation
}

If School object is destroyed then Teacher object will NOT be destroyed as

it not stored inside School object .

108) what is an array ? How to get/read any element from an array ?

Answer :- array is a special variable which can store multiple values in it . To

read array elements we can use any loop .

109) why array is called type safe ?

Answer :- as it contains elements of same type only .

110) int[] a ={10,20,'d'}; is it correct ?

Answer :- Yes . 'd' ascii value 100 will be stored here .

111) How to find out class name of a class which is created internally for java
array ?

Answer :- int[] a ={10,20,'d'}

 String className = a.getClass().getName();

112) getClass() is defined in which class ? why ?

Answer :- in Object class . It is defined in Object class so that it will be

available to all java classes .

113) can we change size of an array ?

Answer :- Not possible as array is fixed size .

114) what is difference between capacity of an array and size of an array ?

Answer :- capacity means how many objects will be saved in an array and size means
actual number of elements stored in an array .

115) what is jagged array ?

Answer :- jagged array means no of rows fixed but no of columns not fixed .
e.g. int[] a = new int[3][];

116) Two dimensional array can be imagined as table having rows and columns and
each row from this table is an single dimensional array . true / false.

Answer :- true

117) what is exception handling ? is it achieved using try and catch block or
throws keyword ?

Answer:-Exception is runtime error ; when exception occurs program is terminated

abnormally .

Preventing abnormal termination of a program due to exception occurrence is

Exception Handling .

In try block we should write error prone statements .

when exception occur in try block , program control is shifted to catch block

Hence We should write user friendly error messages in catch block .

throws is used to delegate responsibilty of exception handling to caller of a

method

118) Difference between checked and unchecked exception ?

Answer :- checked exception is that exception which must be handled using try and
catch block or else we get compile time error stating that you must handle this
exception . When you handle exception only then compiler let you go for execution .
e.g. ClassNotFoundException
unchecked exception handling is optional . e.g. NullPointerException .

119) difference between Exception class and Error class ?

Answer :- Exception occurs due to problem in programmer's logic . whereas Errors

occurs due to problem in system in which program is running .
e.g. NullPointerException occurs due to programmer's fault whereas OutOfMemory
Error will occur due to problem with JVM . Errors normaly can not be recovered but
exception can be handled .

120) Difference between throw and throws keyword ?

Answer :- throw is used to raise exception programatically whereas throws is used

to delegate exception handling responsibility to caller method

121) can we rethorw exception which is already handled ?

Answer :- Yes , it is possible rethrow exception which is already handled .

122) In multiple catch block series , catch(Exception e) should be written at the

start or end ?

Answer :- At the end . Because if we write somewhere else we get compile time
error .

123) What is alternative way for writing multiple catch block ?

Answer :- From JDK 7 , java allows you to catch multiple type exceptions in a
single catch block. You can use vertical bar (|) to separate multiple exceptions
in catch block. It is alternative way to write multiple catch block to handle
multiple exceptions

catch(NullpointerException npe | ArithmaticException ae |

IOException ioe) { }

124) what is try with resource statement ?

Answer :- The try-with-resources statement is a try statement that declares one or

more resources. A resource is an object that must be closed after the program is
finished with it. The try-with-resources statement ensures that each resource is
closed at the end of the statement.

BufferedReader is a resource that must be closed after the program is finished with
it:

static String readFirstLineFromFile(String path) throws IOException

{
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader( new FileReader(path) ) )
{
return br.readLine();
}
}
In this example, the resource declared in the try-with-resources statement is a
BufferedReader. The declaration statement appears within parentheses immediately
after the try keyword.

125) why we must call printStackTrace() in catch block ?

Answer :- printStackTrace() method print details about exeption on console . It

tells us in which method , at which line no exception occured. It also tells us
exception class name and display error message . By reading this information ,
programmer takes corrective action .

126) what is difference between getMessage() and printStackTrace()?

Answer :- getMessage() gives us only error message of exception , whereas

printStatckTrace() gives more details of exception like exact location where
exception occured , exception class name and error message also .

127) why NullPointerException occurs ? how to avoid it ?

Answer :- Whenever we call any member of a class , using null reference ,

NUllPointerException occurs .
e.g. String s=null; --(1)
s.length();
replace line no 1 by to avoid NullPointerException. Make reference
point to some object so that exception will not occur .
String s = new String("JBK");

128) when ClassCastException occurs ?

Answer :- It occurs when we try to type cast parent object to child object . e.g.

Object o = new Object();

String s =(String)o;

Here we will get ClassCastException as we are trying to create reference of

child class by type casting which we want to point to parent object which is not
possible . Parent class reference can point to it's child class object but reverse
is not possible .

Object o = new String("JBK");

String s =(String)o; // it is right

129) what is difference between NoClassDefFoundError and ClassNotFoundException ?

Answer :- NoClassDefFoundError is child class of Error hence it is unchecked and

occurs due to system related issue . It is raise automatically by JVM , whenever
JVM don't find required class . e.g. java Employee and if Employee.class file is
not by JVM then JVM raises NoClassDefFoundError.

ClassNotFoundException is checked exception . It occurs when JVM fails to load

required class , after scanning all jar files in classpath .
130) what is return type of read() of FileInputStream class ?

Answer :- int . read() returns ascii value of char which is read .

131) File f= new File("abc.txt"); This statement will create abc.txt file in disk .
true/false.

Answer :- false .

132) what is use of FileInpuStream and FileOutputStream class ?

Answer :- FileInpuStream is used to read file content . FileOutputStream is used to

write content into file . file can be of any type text or non-text file .

133) why stream should be always closed in finaly block and not try block or catch
block ? is their any other way to do it ?

Answer :- There is no gurantee that all statements from try block will execute .
Hence it is suggested that we should not close stream in try block .
we should do it in finally block which executes always irrespective of exception
occurance . From JDK 7 , we can use try with resource statement , which
automatically closes resource (file) . No need to call close() .

134) what is serlization and deserilization ?

Answer :- serlization is process of writing object's contents into file . Using

serlization we save object's state / object's data in a file . e.g. Employee e =
new Employee(1,1000) . eno=1 , salary=1000 is a object's state , we use serlization
to save this object's state into file . deserilization is process of reading
object's contents from file and constructing new object using that content .

135) What is tagging interface or marker interface . give examples

Answer :- interface which does not have any method is called marker / tagging
interface . e.g. clonable , serilizable interfaces are marker interfaces.

136) what is transient keyword ?

Answer :- transient keyword is used for that variable whose value we do not want to
serilize .

137) what is difference between transient object and persistant object ?

Answer :- transient object is stored in memory as long as program is running . Once

program execution is over , it is not available in a memory . whereas persistent
object's contents are stored in some storage media like file , database , so that
it can be read afterwards . such objects are called persistent objects .
Serilization , JDBC , Hibernate are different ways to achieve it .
138) what is importance of serialVersionUID ?

Answer :- serialVersionUID must be declared as private static final long variable .

If used , we don't get new uid each time we change serilized class defination .

139) Is constructor called in the process of Deserlization ?

Answer :- NO.

140) 1) long a=456L 2) long a=456l . which statement is correct ?

Answer :- Both are correct .

141) what is difference between float and double ?

Answer :- double is more precise than float , as float stores more decimal values
than float . double size is 8 byte whereas float size is 4 byte .
by default every decimal value is considered double in java . to make
decimal value float , we must use letter f . e.g. float a = 3.2f;
float b=4.5 will give error as 4.5 will be considred as double and without
type casting it is not possible to store double value in float variable .

142) why is it required to write f letter for floating values in case of float data
type ?

Answer :- by default every decimal value is considered double in java . to make

decimal value float , we must use letter f . e.g. float a = 3.2f;
float b=4.5 will give error as 4.5 will be considred as double and without
type casting it is not possible to store double value in float variable .

143) why character data type size is 2 bytes in java ?

Answer :- Java support Unicode which support many languages . Hence it needs more
memory . hence char data type size in java is 2 bytes , whereas language like C
support ASCII character set which support only English language .

144) what is Collection ? difference between array and collection in detail

Answer :- Collection is used to group objects in one container . It can group any
no of objects .

Collection is for ONLY objects and not for primitives

Array is for both objects and primitives
Array is fixed size whereas Collection is not fixed size .

Collection is called framework because it provides predefined methods for some

common operations like to add object in a collection we have add(Object o) method ,
to remove object from a collection we have remove(Object o) method
Array does not have such predefined methods

Array is a type safe .

int[] a = {1,2,3.5f}; it will give error float value can't be stored in int array

Collection is NOT type safe as it can accept any type of objects.

145) which methods are declared in Collection interface ?

Answer:-

interface Collection
{
int size();
boolean clear();
boolean remove(Object o)
boolean add(Object o)
boolean addAll(Collection c)
boolean removeAll(Collection c)
boolean contains(Object o)
boolean isEmpty()
Iterator iterator()
Object[] toArray();

default Stream<E> stream()

{
return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), false);
}
}

146) What is difference between Collection and Map interface ?

Answer :- Collection is for grouping single objects whereas Map is for grouping
pair of objects

147) How add() of Collection interface is implemented differently in ArrayList and

HashSet class ?

Answer :- add() of Collection interface is implemented in ArrayList to accept

duplicates whereas in HashSet it is implemented to NOT accept duplicates .

148) Diffference between ArrayList and LinkedList class ?

Answer :- ArrayList should be used when frequent operation is retrieval of object

whereas LinkedList should be used when frequent operation is insertion or deletion
in the middle of list .

149) What is difference between Set and List ?

Answer :-
List accepts duplicates , Set do not.
List has index , Set do not have index.
List provides Random Access using index
List preserve insertion order but Set do not .

150) does set contain index ?

Answer :- NO

151) What is difference between Generic and Non-Generic Collection ?

Answer :- NON-Generic Collection is NOT type safe as it can accept any type of
objects.Hence type casting is required

Generic Collection is type safe . Hence type casting is not required

152) When HashSet should be used?

Answer :- to stote unique objects , hashset should be used .

153) When TreeSet should be used ?

Answer :- to sort unique objects , TreeSet should be used .

154) what is difference between HashSet and LinkedHashSet ?

Answer :- HashSet does not preserve insertion order whereas LinkedHashSet preserve
insertion order .

155) What is difference between comparable and comparator interface ?

Answer :-

Comparable interface given natural sorting order and If we want custom sorting ,
then we need to use Comparator interface

Comparable interface gives SINGLE sorting sequence and Comparator gives multiple
sorting sequence

comparable is from java.lang package and Comparator is from java.util package

String class has already implemented Comparable interface to sort String objects
aplhabatically . default sorting of String objects is alphabatical sorting .

But if we want to sort String objects based on length of String then we need to
go for Comparator interface

156) What is use of Collections and Arrays class ?

Answer :- These classes contains some utility methods for array and collection .
e.g. To sort an array , Arrays class contains sort() method , To sort collection,
Collections class contains sort() method .

157) What is use of keySet() in map ?

Answer :- keySet() gives Set object which contains all keys from the map .

158) what does values() returns ?

Answer :- values() gives Collection , which contains all values from map .

159) what is use of get(Object o) in map ?

Answer :- get(Object key) accept key and gives value associated with key .

160) what is Map.Entry ? How do we get object of it ?

Answer :- Map.Entry is a nested interface , which represent entry of map . To get

it's object , we call entrySet() .

161) what is difference between remove(int index) and remove(Object o) in arraylist

?

Answer :- remove(int index) will accept index of object which we want to remove
from ArrayList whereas remove(Object o) need object itself .

162) which map should be used when you want to have sorted entries ?

Answer :-TreeMap sort entries based on key's value .

163) which map should be used when you want to preserve insrtion order based on
keys ?

Answer :- LinkedHashMap should be used when you want to preserve insrtion order
based on keys .

164) Every class which is used as a Key in HashMap , must implements equals() and
hashcode(). why ?

Answer :- Key in hashmap should be unique . If two key object's contents are equals
then their hashcode must be eqaul so that hashmap will not accept duplicate keys .
But for this equals() and hashCode() must have been implemented by key .

165) What advatntages we get with generic collection ?

Answer :- Generic Collection allows only Homegenous ( same type ) objects . Hence
we don't require type casting as generic makes collection type safe .

166) ArrayList<int> will it work ?

Answer :- NO as type parameter only class name works but no primitives are
supported .

167) ArrayList<? extends Number> which objects can be used as type parameter here ?

Answer :- Any class which extends Number class like Integer , Float can be used
here as a type parameter .

168) Generic is a compile time feature or runtime feature ?

Answer :- Generic is a compile time feature . e.g.

ArrayList<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList();

at right side of = symbol after constructor name we don't need <Integer>

as it is new ArrayList() will be evaluated at runtime , compiler is not bothered
about it .

Here we are informing compiler that we are going to add Integer class
objects in ArrayList . Hence compiler will allow only Integer type objects and not
any other object.

arrayList.add(new Integer(10))
arrayList.add(new Integer(20))
arrayList.add(new String("JBK")) // compile time error

ArrayList<Object> arrayList = new ArrayList();

arrayList.add(new Integer(10))
arrayList.add(new Integer(20))
arrayList.add(new String("JBK")) // NO compile time error as all java
classes are child classes of Object class

169) when you write ArrayList<String> , what message you convey to compiler and
which restrictions are followed after this

Answer :- Here we are informing compiler that we are going to add String class
objects in ArrayList . Hence compiler will allow only String type objects and not
any other object.

170) class MyClass<T> , class MyClass<P> which is correct way of defining Generic
class ?

Answer :- Both as any Letter can be used as a Type Parameter while defining generic
class .

171) what is generic method ?

Answer :- generic method is a method which is not bound to any type .

e.g. class ArrayList<T>
{
T get(int index);
 }

here get(-) can return any type of object , hence it is generic method .

172) Tell me about Arrays.copyOf(-) method .

Answer :- Arrays.copyOf(-) allows you to simply copy content of one array into
another array . new copied array can have greater or lower size than size of
original array .

int[] a = {10,20};

int[] b=Arrays.copyOf(a,4); // copyof() will give us new array with

length 4

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b));// [10, 20, 0, 0]

int[] c=Arrays.copyOf(a,1); // copyof() will give us new array with

length 1

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(c));// [10]

173) what is difference between & and && .

Answer :- & checks both condition even if first condition is false whereas && will
check second condition only if first condition is true . Hence && is called logical
and operator . for and , we need both condition true for true result .

System.out.println((10<2) && (10/0==0) ); // no exception will occur as second

condition will not be evaluated as first condition is false

System.out.println("All is well");

But if we replace && by & , then exception will occur .

174) what is Properties class and properties file ?

Answer :- Properties file contains some configuration related data in the form of
key-value pair . e.g. we can specify database connection related details in
properties file . In java program , we use Properties class's load() to load these
properties in java program .

175) Tell me about Legacy classes from java collection framework ?

Answer :- HashTable , Vector are called as legacy classes because they are in JDK
since 1.1 version . Collection framework was introduced in 1.2 version . All legacy
classes were synchronized ( Thread Safe ) .

176) How to obtain synchronized version of ArrayList class ?

Answer :- Collections.synchronizedList(List list) will accept asynchronized List

and convert it into synchronized List .

177) What is EnumSet ?

Answer :- Set which contains Enum as it's members is called EnumSet .

178) why do we convert Collection into stream .

Answer :- To utilize methods given by Stream interface , we need to convert

Collection into Stream .

179) Which methods are present in Stream interface ?

Answer :- Stream interface contains methods like filter() , map(),reduce() ,

max(),min() etc

180) what is functional interface ?

Answer :- functional interface contains single abstract method .

181) What is use of Lambda Expression ?

Answer :- Lambda expression is used to define abstract method from functional

interface without writing any class . It's syntax is :-
(arguments) -> defination of method

182) what is method reference ?

Answer :-method reference is used to reuse defination of existing method instead of

defining same defination using lambda expression .

e.g. Here we want to convert String to Integer , for this functional

defination which is required is already present in valueOf() .
hence no need to use lambda expression to define new function
defination .

// map() will valueOf() to each string from stream and convert String into
Integer

List<String> lists=Arrays.asList("10","20","30");

Stream<Integer> stream=lists.stream().map(Integer::valueOf);//
Integer.valueOf("10") Integer.valueOf("20") Integer.valueOf("30")

183) what is predicate interface ?

Answer :- predicate interface is a functional interface . It contains single

abstract method boolean test(Object o) .

predicate interface object is passed as a arguement to filter method .

184) what is use of filter() from stream

Answer :- filter() is used to filter stream based on some condition .

185) Tell me example of reduce() of Stream interface ?

Answer :- It is like aggregate functions of SQL . It apply some function to

members from collection and gives us single value as a result .

List<Integer> al4 = Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4);

al4.forEach(System.out::println);// method reference

Optional op=al4.stream().reduce((no1,no2)->no1+no2);

if(op.isPresent())
System.out.println(op.get()); // it will print 10 which is
addition of 1,2,3,4

186) what is difference between map() and flatMap()?

Answer :- map() is used to apply some functionality to every member from collection
.
FlatMap can be used to convert Collection<Collection<T>> to Collection<T> .
It means it is used to convert List of List to single List

// map applies function to each element from stream

List<String> lists=Arrays.asList("10","20","30");

Stream<Integer> stream1=lists.stream().map(Integer::valueOf);//
Integer.valueOf("10") Integer.valueOf("20") Integer.valueOf("30")

List<Integer> resultList=stream1.collect(Collectors.toList());

System.out.println(resultList);

List<Integer> list1=Arrays.asList(1,2,3);
List<Integer> list2=Arrays.asList(4,5,6);
List<Integer> list3=Arrays.asList(7,8,9);

List<List<Integer>> listOfList=Arrays.asList(list1,list2,list3);

System.out.println(listOfList);

List<Integer> flatResult=listOfList.stream().flatMap(list-
>list.stream()).collect(Collectors.toList());

System.out.println(flatResult);

187) what is IdentityHashMap ?

Answer :- In IdentityHashMap , keys are unique or not is checked based on identity

( references ) . In HashMap it is checked based on equals() and hashCode() .

188) tell me about 3 cursor which are used to iterate collection .

Answer :- Itertor , ListIterator , Enumeration .

189) Tell me Arrays.asList(-) use

Answer :- It is used to create list which is having fixed no of objects .

List<Integer> al = Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4);

190) Tell me about forEach() method

Answer :- forEach() method can be used to iterate objects from collection .

List<Integer> al = Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4);
al.forEach(System.out::println);

191) What is difference between iterator and spiltIterator ?

Answer :- Iterator iterate objects from collection one by one . SplitIterator

divides ( splits ) list into smaller parts .Then this parts are processed in
parallel .

List<Integer> al = Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4);

Spliterator<Integer> splitIterator=al.spliterator();

splitIterator.forEachRemaining(System.out::println);

Iterator<Integer> iterator=al.iterator();

while(iterator.hasNext())
{
System.out.println(iterator.next());

192) what is package in java ? what are advatages of packages ?

Answer :- package is a like folder of OS where we group .class files of classes &
interfaces . It java's way of grouping related classes together.

advatages of packages are :-

organisation of classes and interfaces becomes easy

can group related classes together
Searching of classes becomes easy
we can have 2 classes with same name in 2 different packages

193) what is jar file ? Tell me command to create jar file and also to extract jar
file

Answer :- Jar file contains packages . packages contains classes

 e.g. java has given us rt.jar file which contains packages like java.lang ,
java.util, java.io
these packages contains classes like String class , ArrayList class etc.

jar -cf abc.jar p1 p2

here cf means create jar file

abc.jar is name of jar file
p1 and p2 are packages which we want to add in a jar file.

To extract jar file , use , jar -xf abc.jar

194) How to use external jar file in our project ?

Answer :-Keep external jar file in a build path and then import class and use it
e.g. In JDBC application , we keep mysql jar file in a build path and use
Driver class from this jar file

195) How to use java.sql.Date and java.util.Date both classes in one java program ?

Answer :- one class we will import e.g. import java.sql.Date

for another class we will use fully qualified name of a class
java.util.Date

196) Which access modifiers should be used if you want your class's members
accessible outside package also

Answer :- public and protected

197) why main() is declare public and not protected ? who call main() ?

Answer :- public methods can be called by any class from any package . main() is
declared public so that it will be called by JVM which may be in any package .

198) Object o = new Object() ; o.clone(); Is it correct ?

Answer :- No. Protected members are visible inside package anywhere and outside
package they are available inside child classes only . But we can not call them
using object of Parent class and we have to use object of Child class only .

199) What is clonnable interface ? why clone() is declared inside Object class ?

Answer :- clonnable interface must be implemented by a class whose object we want

to clone . clone() is defined in Object class so that it can be called by any java
object who wants clonning .

200) What is difference between default modifier and protected modifier ?

Answer :-
Protected members are visible inside package anywhere and outside package they
are available
inside child classes only
default members are visible inside package ONLY

201) what is shallow clonning and deep clonning ?

Answer :- The shallow copy of an object will have exact copy of all the fields of
original object. If original object has any references to other objects as fields,
then only references of those objects are copied into clone object, copy of those
objects are not created. That means any changes made to those objects through clone
object will be reflected in original object or vice-versa.

Deep copy of an object will have exact copy of all the fields of original object
just like shallow copy. But in additional, if original object has any references to
other objects as fields, then copy of those objects are also created by calling
clone() method on them. That means clone object and original object will be 100%
disjoint. They will be 100% independent of each other. Any changes made to clone
object will not be reflected in original object or vice-versa.

202) what is nested classes and nested interface ?

Answer :- when we define one class inside another class , it is nested class . when
we define one interface inside another class , it is nested interface .
e.g.
interface Map
{
interface Entry
{

}
}

203) How many objects of Anonymous class are possible ?

Answer :- Only one object of anonymous class is created by JVM .

204) Diffference between implementing interface methods using anonymous class and
lambda expression

Answer :- lambda expression is used to define single abstract method from

functional interface ,whereas anonymous class can be used to define any no of
methods from any interface .

205) which modifiers we can apply to outer class ?

Answer :- public , final , abstract

206) which modifiers we can apply to inner class ?

Answer :- all modifiers including static

207) What is enum ? Tell me any one example

Answer :- enum is a set of constants . e.g. enum

weekdays{MONDAY,TUESDAY,WENDSDAY,THURSDAY,FRIDAY,SATURDAY,SUNDAY}

208) Wrapper class objects are immutable . true / false

Answer :- Yes ,they are immutable like String objects .

209) When is it compulsory to use wrapper class and not primitive type in
collection ?

Answer :- when defining type parameter in generic collection .

210) what is boxing ? Tell me about Integer.valueOf()

Answer :- conversion of primitive value into wrapper class object is boxing.

int a=10;

Integer i = Integer.valueOf(a); // valueOf() will convert primitive

int value to wrapper class Integer object . It's boxing

System.out.println(i);

// i===> [ 10 toString() ] Integer class object

System.out.println(i.toString());

211) what is unboxing ? tell me about intValue()

Answer :- Coversion of wrapper class object into primitive value is called

unboxing .

Integer i = new Integer(10); // i===>[ 10 intValue() ] Integer class

object

int b = i.intValue(); // intValue() will give primitive int value from

Integer class object . It is unboxing

System.out.println(b);

212) what is autoboxing and autounboxing ?

Answer :- When boxing is done by compiler automatically it is called autoboxing .

int a=10;

Integer i = a; // Compiler will convert this statement into :- Integer i =

Integer.valueOf(a) AutoBoxing

When unboxing is done by compiler automatically it is called autounboxing .

Integer i = new Integer(10); // i===>[ 10 intValue() ] Integer class object

int a = i; // Compiler will convert this statement into :- int a = i.intValue()

213) what is use of Optioanl class

Answer :- Optional class object is container for another object . before reading
object from this container , we call method isPresent() to ensure that object is
present inside optional object and it is not null . this way we avoid
NullPointerException .

214) what is use of annotations ? tell me different types of annotations ?

Answer :- annotation is way of passing message/information to compiler/JVM/Framwork

about some variable/method/class . e.g. using @Override annotation , we inform to
compiler that we are overriding parent class method . after this compiler checks
this method in parent class , if not found gives error. annotations are of 3 types
:-

1) marker annotation:- It does not contains any member.

e.g. @interface Override {}

2) single value annotation :- It contains single member.

public @interface MyAnno

{
int value1();
}

3) Multi Value annotation :- It contains multiple members.

public @interface MyAnno

{
int value1();
int value2();

215) how to define custom annonation ?

Answer :- To define custom annotations , we use @interface keyword .

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)

public @interface MyAnno

{
int value1();
int value2();

216) Tell me about @Target annotations ?

Answer :- @Target annonation is used to define where we can apply annotation . e.g.
@Target(ElementType.METHOD) indicates that @Override can be used for methods only
and not for class or variables .

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Override
{

217) what is reflection ? which methods of Class class are used for it ?

Answer :- Reflection is a process of examining or modifying runtime behaviour of a

class . It is used to find out which variables and methods are present in any java
class , at runtime . java.lang.Class contains methods like getDeclaredFields() and
getDeclaredMethods() for doing it.

218) what is difference between creating object using newInstance() and creating
object using new and constructor

Answer :- when we create object using new and constructor , we must know class name
at compile time

e.g. Emp e = new Emp(); Here we know class name is Emp .

whereas in newInstance() case , we don't know class name at compile time ,

we get it at runtime .

/* You can pass any class name here and you will get object of that class
*/

static Object getObject(String className) throws Exception

{
return Class.forName(className).getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();

// newInstance() will give you object of any class , provided that

class contains 0 argument constructor / default constructor

System.out.println("Enter class name whose object you want to create :-

");
String name = new Scanner(System.in).next();

Object o= getObject(name);

219) why String objects are called String constants ( immutable )

Answer :- String object's content can not be modified means it is constant .

final int a=10 ; // integer constant

 String s="JBK" ; // string constant

This string object's content JBK can not be changed .

220) what is advantage of String constant pool ?

Answer :- In SCP , Duplicates objects are not created . hence memory is saved .

221) To create String object which are 2 ways ?

Answer :- 1) using String literal :-

String s = "JBK";

2) using new and Constructor

String s = new String("JBK");

222) What is difference between String and StringBuffer ?

Answer :- String object's content can not be modified means it is constant .

Whereas StringBuffer object's content can be modified .
means String object is immutable and StringBuffer object is mutable.

223) what is singleton object ?

Answer:- class whose only one instance is possible is called singleton object .

224) what is factory method ?

Answer:- method which gives object is called factory method . e.g.

Calendar.getInstance() . Here getInstance() will give us object of child class of
Calendar object . Calendar is a abstract class . It's object not possible . Hence
getInstance() will give it's child class object . However we need to know name of
that child class . We can define reference of parent class Calendar .

Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();

225) what is static import ?

Answer :- static import allow us to import static members from class . Once static
members are imported , we can use them directly without using class name also .

e.g. import static java.lang.System.out;

out.println("java is easy");

226) How to schedule a task in java ?

Answer :- using TimerTask class we define a task to schedule . Then we give this
task to Timer class object . Timer class contains schedule() method which accepts
taks object and Date object .
227) What is thread ?

Answer :- Thread is a part of a process . process means any program in execution .

Java program in execution is a process and it contains one thread called main . we
can define more threads using Thread class . Thread is a like worker . we submit
job to worker and worker perform that job . Similarly in java , we define job in
run() method and submit that job to thread and thread executes that job . Multiple
threads executes same or different job simultenously .

228) 2 different ways of defining Job in multithreading ?

Answer :- we can define job in run() of Thread class or we can define job in run()
of runnable interface .

class ThreadDemo extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
// define job here
}
}

class MyJob implements Runnable

{
public void run()
{
// define job here
}

229) Can we call run() explicitely ?

Yes . But parallel execution of threads will not be there .

230) Can we overload run() of runnable interface ?

Yes . but run() with no argument is called automatically . other methods we

need to call manually .

231) Why multithreading should be used ?

Answer :- when we want to have parallel processing we should use multithreading .

232) what are 2 different ways of achieving Thread Synchronization

Answer :- 1. synchronized method 2. synchronized block . synchronized block is

best way as it makes only that code synchronized which is updating object and this
code will be executed one after another by threads . However rest of the code from
run() will be executed simultenously . Hence we get parallel processing also .
However when we make run() synchronized , all statements from method becomes
synchronized and hence are executed one after another . no parallel processing .

233) what is thread safe object ?

Answer :- Synchronized objects are thread safe object because they give consistent
result even if multiple thread are there .

234) Difference between sleep() and wait()

Answer:-sleep() method is used to pause execution of thread for particular time ,

wheras due to wait() thread goes into waiting state and wait gets over when
notify() is called . sleep() does not release lock whereas wait() releases the lock
.

235) difference between notofy() and notifyAll()

Answer:- notify() is used to send notification to single waiting thread and

notifyAll() is used to send notification to all waiting threads.

236) When we call sleep() inside run() , we have to write try and catch
compulsory . Why can't we delegate responsibility of exception handling
using throws in this case ?

Answer :- Because if write public void run() throws InterruptedException then

compiler will give error as while overriding a method we can't throws exception if
method is not declared with throws in parent type .

interface Runnable
{
void run();
}

public void run() throws InterruptedException // it will give compile time

error
{
Thread.sleep(1000);
}

237) tell me about different rules regarding exception which we must follow in
method overridng ?

Answer :- overriden method may throws same exception , child exception or no

exception but parent exception not possile .

238) what is thread pool ?

Answer :- Thread pool consist of group of threads . These threads are reused in
such way that many tasks are completed using less number of threads .

239) can we have empty java file ?

Answer :- yes , empty java file is valid java file .

240) Can we have different name for public class and file name ?
Answer :- No . public class name and file name must be same.

241) In one java file how many public classes we can write ?

Answer :- Only One public class is allowd in one java file as public class name and
java file name must be same . However we can write any number of non-public classes
in one java file . writing many classes in one java file is not recommended
approach .

242) How to pass program arguments ?

Answer :- select run configuration from run menu , inside arguments tab specify
arguments separated by space . using this program arguments , JVM creates
String[] , which it passes to main() method . If no arguments are passed , JVM
still create an array but it is empty array .

243) what is bytecode ?

Answer :- when java file is compiled by compiler , .class file is generated .

This .class file contains special intermediate code which is called as bytecode .
This bytecode is given to JVM which converts it into machine code specific to
machine .

244) which folder of java project consist compiled java classes ?

Answer :- bin folder contains all .class files of classes , interfaces , enums and
annonations.

245) why java is called simple language ?

Answer :- java is called simple language as :-

1) It does not have explicit use of pointers

2) Java has provided Collection Framework which provides many readymade
methods to handle group of objects .
3) Java has mutiple APIs to make complex task easy . e.g. Java has given
JDBC API to perform database operations .
4) Java is fully object oriented language . It supports all object oriented
concepts .
5) Java follows all standard design pattern like MVC , using which web
application development has become very easy and organised.
6) Due to , JEE frameowrk like Hibernate , Spring , very less code is
required to develop complex application

246) What will be the output of below program ?

int[] a1={10,20}
int[] a2={10,20}

sop(a1==a2)
sop(a1.equals(a2))
Answer :- false as contents of array are not compared here , but address of array
is stored which is present in a1 & a2 .

247) ArrayList<?> and ArrayList<? extends Object> are same ?

Answer :- Yes as both will accept any type of object inside ArrayList

248) final , finally and finalize difference .

Answer :- final is keyword , finally is block and finalize is method . final is

used to declare constant . finally block is used to close resources . finalize()
method is called when associated object is destroyed by garbage collector .

249) Which is object is eligible for garbage collection ?

Answer :- object which is not pointed by any reference is eligible for garbage
collection.

250) Can we request JVM to run garbage collector ?

Answer :- using System.gc() we can request JVM to run garbage collector .