SQL 


Cheat Sheet
Mosh Hamedani

Code with Mosh (codewithmosh.com)

1st Edition
About this Cheat Sheet

This cheat sheet includes the materials I’ve covered in my SQL tutorial for
Beginners on YouTube.

https://youtu.be/7S_tz1z_5bA

Both the YouTube tutorial and this cheat cover the core language constructs and
they are not complete by any means.

If you want to learn everything SQL has to offer and become a SQL expert, check
out my Complete SQL Mastery Course.

Use the coupon code CHEATSHEET upon checkout to get this course with a
90% discount:

https://codewithmosh.com/p/complete-sql-mastery/
About the Author



Hi! My name is Mosh Hamedani. I’m a software engineer

with two decades of experience and I’ve taught over three
million how to code or how to become a professional
software engineer. It’s my mission to make software 

engineering simple and accessible to everyone.

https://codewithmosh.com

https://youtube.com/user/programmingwithmosh

https://twitter.com/moshhamedani

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Retrieving Data from a Single Table ...................5
Basics ........................................................................................................ 5
Comments ................................................................................................. 5
SELECT Clause ........................................................................................5
WHERE Clause ........................................................................................ 6
Logical Operators .................................................................................... 6
IN Operator ..............................................................................................7
BETWEEN Operator ................................................................................7
LIKE Operator .......................................................................................... 7
REGEXP Operator.................................................................................... 7
IS NULL Operator ...................................................................................8
ORDER BY Clause ...................................................................................8
LIMIT Clause ............................................................................................8
Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables...............10
Inner Joins .............................................................................................10
Outer Joins .............................................................................................10
USING Clause .........................................................................................10
Cross Joins ..............................................................................................10
Unions .....................................................................................................10
Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data ............12
Inserting Data ........................................................................................12
Creating a Copy of a Table ....................................................................12
Updating Data .......................................................................................12
Deleting Data .........................................................................................13
Summarizing Data .............................................14
Want to Become a SQL Expert? .............................................................15
Retrieving Data from a Single Table

Basics

USE sql_store;

SELECT *

FROM customers 

WHERE state = ‘CA’

ORDER BY first_name

LIMIT 3;

• SQL is not a case-sensitive language.

• In MySQL, every statement must be terminated with a semicolon.

Comments
We use comments to add notes to our code.

—- This is a comment and it won’t get executed.


SELECT Clause
—- Using expressions

SELECT (points * 10 + 20) AS discount_factor


FROM customers

Order of operations:

• Parenthesis

• Multiplication / division

• Addition / subtraction

—- Removing duplicates
SELECT DISTINCT state

FROM customers 


WHERE Clause
We use the WHERE clause to filter data.



Comparison operators:

• Greater than: >

• Greater than or equal to: >=

• Less than: <

• Less than or equal to: <=

• Equal: =

• Not equal: <>

• Not equal: !=

Logical Operators


—- AND (both conditions must be True) 

SELECT *

FROM customers 

WHERE birthdate > ‘1990-01-01’ AND points > 1000 


—- OR (at least one condition must be True) 


SELECT *

FROM customers 

WHERE birthdate > ‘1990-01-01’ OR points > 1000 



—- NOT (to negate a condition) 

SELECT *

FROM customers 

WHERE NOT (birthdate > ‘1990-01-01’)
IN Operator
—- Returns customers in any of these states: VA, NY, CA

SELECT *

FROM customers 

WHERE state IN (‘VA’, ‘NY’, ‘CA’)

BETWEEN Operator
SELECT *

FROM customers 

WHERE points BETWEEN 100 AND 200

LIKE Operator
—- Returns customers whose first name starts with b 

SELECT *

FROM customers 

WHERE first_name LIKE ‘b%’

• %: any number of characters

• _: exactly one character

REGEXP Operator
—- Returns customers whose first name starts with a 

SELECT *

FROM customers 

WHERE first_name REGEXP ‘^a’

• ^: beginning of a string

• $: end of a string

• |: logical OR

• [abc]: match any single characters

• [a-d]: any characters from a to d

More Examples 


—- Returns customers whose first name ends with EY or ON 


WHERE first_name REGEXP ‘ey$|on$’

—- Returns customers whose first name starts with MY 


—- or contains SE

WHERE first_name REGEXP ‘^my|se’

—- Returns customers whose first name contains B followed by 


—- R or U

WHERE first_name REGEXP ‘b[ru]’

IS NULL Operator
—- Returns customers who don’t have a phone number 

SELECT *

FROM customers 

WHERE phone IS NULL

ORDER BY Clause
—- Sort customers by state (in ascending order), and then 

—- by their first name (in descending order) 

SELECT *

FROM customers 

ORDER BY state, first_name DESC

LIMIT Clause
—- Return only 3 customers 

SELECT *

FROM customers 

LIMIT 3
—- Skip 6 customers and return 3

SELECT *

FROM customers 

LIMIT 6, 3
Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables

Inner Joins
SELECT *

FROM customers c

JOIN orders o 

ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id

Outer Joins
—- Return all customers whether they have any orders or not

SELECT *

FROM customers c

LEFT JOIN orders o 

ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id

USING Clause
If column names are exactly the same, you can simplify the join with the USING
clause.

SELECT *

FROM customers c

JOIN orders o 

USING (customer_id)

Cross Joins
—- Combine every color with every size

SELECT *

FROM colors 

CROSS JOIN sizes

Unions
—- Combine records from multiple result sets

SELECT name, address

FROM customers 

UNION

SELECT name, address

FROM clients 

Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data

Inserting Data
—- Insert a single record

INSERT INTO customers(first_name, phone, points)

VALUES (‘Mosh’, NULL, DEFAULT)

—- Insert multiple single records


INSERT INTO customers(first_name, phone, points)

VALUES 

(‘Mosh’, NULL, DEFAULT),

(‘Bob’, ‘1234’, 10)

Creating a Copy of a Table

—- Create a new table called orders_archived and copy all 

—- the records from the orders table

CREATE TABLE orders_archived AS

SELECT * FROM orders

—- Selectively copy data from one table into another 


INSERT INTO orders_archived 

SELECT * FROM orders

WHERE …

Updating Data
UPDATE invoices

SET payment_total = 10, payment_date = ‘2019-01-01’

WHERE invoice_id = 1

—- Updating multiple records using subqueries (update the invoices


—- for all clients in CA or NY. 

UPDATE invoices

SET 

payment_total = invoice_total * 0.5,

payment_date = DEFAULT 

WHERE invoice_id IN 

(SELECT client_id

FROM clients 

WHERE state IN (‘CA’, ‘NY’))

Deleting Data
DELETE FROM invoices

WHERE invoice_id = 1
Summarizing Data
Aggregate functions

• MAX(col)

• MIN(col)

• AVG(col)

• SUM(col)

• COUNT(*) - counts the number of values in a column (including NULLs)

• COUNT(payment_total) - counts the number of payment_total values

• COUNT(DISTINCT state) - counts the number of unique values

SELECT 

MAX(payment_total),

MIN(payment_total)

FROM invoices

—- WHERE filters data before grouping. HAVING filters after 


—- grouping.

SELECT 

client_id, 

SUM(payment_total) AS total

FROM invoices

WHERE client_id IN (1, 2, 3)

GROUP BY client_id 

HAVING total > 100

—- WITH ROLLUP adds a summary row to roll up the values 


SELECT 

client_id, 

SUM(payment_total) AS total

FROM invoices

GROUP BY client_id 

WITH ROLLUP



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