CSS Introduction

1. What is CSS?................................................................................................................................... 1

2. CSS How To.................................................................................................................................... 3

3. CSS Background ............................................................................................................................. 5

4. CSS Text ......................................................................................................................................... 7

5. CSS Links ..................................................................................................................................... 13

6. CSS Lists....................................................................................................................................... 14

7. CSS Tables .................................................................................................................................... 16

8. CSS Box Model ............................................................................................................................. 17

9. CSS Border.................................................................................................................................... 19

10. CSS Outlines ................................................................................................................................. 22

11. CSS Margin ................................................................................................................................... 23

12. CSS Padding.................................................................................................................................. 24

13. CSS Dimension ............................................................................................................................. 25

14. CSS Display and Visibility ............................................................................................................ 26

15. CSS Positioning ............................................................................................................................. 27

16. CSS Horizontal Align .................................................................................................................... 31

17. CSS Image Opacity / Transparency ................................................................................................ 36

18. CSS Pseudo-elements .................................................................................................................... 38

19. CSS Navigation Bar ....................................................................................................................... 40

20. CSS Image Gallery ........................................................................................................................ 42

21. CSS Image Sprites ......................................................................................................................... 44

22. CSS Attribute Selectors ................................................................................................................. 46

23. CSS Media Types .......................................................................................................................... 48

24. CSS Complete Reference ............................................................................................................... 49

What You Should Already Know
 Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:
 HTML / XHTML

1. What is CSS?
 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
 Styles define how to display HTML elements
 Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
 External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
 External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files

Styles Solved a Big Problem

 HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document.
 HTML was intended to define the content of a document, like:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
 When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it
started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites, where fonts and
color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process.
 To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.
 In HTML 4.0, all formatting could be removed from the HTML document, and stored in
a separate CSS file.
 All browsers support CSS today.

CSS Saves a Lot of Work!

 CSS defines HOW HTML elements are to be displayed.
 Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change
the appearance and layout of all the pages in a Web site, just by editing one single file!

CSS Syntax
 A CSS rule set consists of a selector and a declaration block:

 The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.

 The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.
 Each declaration includes a property name and a value, separated by a colon.

CSS Example
 A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded
by curly braces:
p
{
color:red;text-align:center;

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 }
 To make the CSS code more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:
Example
p
{
color: red;
text-align: center;
}

CSS Comments
 Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source
code at a later date. Comments are ignored by browsers.
 A CSS comment starts with /* and ends with */. Comments can also span multiple lines:
Example
p{
color: red;
/* This is a single-line comment */
text-align: center;
}
/* This is
a multi-line
comment */
The class Selector
 The class selector finds elements with the specific class.
 The class selector uses the HTML class attribute.
 To find elements with a specific class, write a period character, followed by the name of
the class:
 In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:
Example
.center
{
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
 You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.
 In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:
Example
p.center
{
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
Do NOT start a class name with a number!

Grouping Selectors
 In style sheets there are often elements with the same style:
h1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;

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 }
h2 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
p{
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
 To minimize the code, you can group selectors.
 To group selectors, separate each selector with a comma.
 In the example below we have grouped the selectors from the code above:
Example
h1, h2, p
{
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

2. CSS How To...

 When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to the
information in the style sheet.

Three Ways to Insert CSS

 There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
 External style sheet
 Internal style sheet
 Inline style

External Style Sheet

 An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external
style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing just one file.
 Each page must include a link to the style sheet with the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes
inside the head section:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>
 An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any
html tags. The style sheet file must be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style
sheet file is shown below:
"myStyle.css":
Body
{
background-color: lightblue;
}
h1
{
color: navy;

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 margin-left: 20px;
}
Do not add a space between the property value and the unit (such as margin-left: 20 px;).
The correct way is: margin-left: 20px;

Internal Style Sheet

 An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You
define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, inside the <style> tag, like
this:
Example
<head>
<style>
body {
background-color: linen;
}
h1 {
color: maroon;
margin-left: 40px;
}
</style>
</head>

Inline Styles
 An inline style loses many of the advantages of a style sheet (by mixing content with
presentation). Use this method sparingly!
 To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant tag. The style attribute can
contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left
margin of a h1 element:
Example
<h1 style="color:blue;margin-left:30px;">This is a heading.</h1>

Multiple Style Sheets

 If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values
will be inherited from the more specific style sheet.
 For example, assume that an external style sheet has the following properties for the h1
selector:
h1 {
color: navy;
margin-left: 20px;
}
 then, assume that an internal style sheet also has the following property for the h1
selector:
h1 {
color: orange;
}
 If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties
for the h1 element will be:

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 color: orange;
margin-left: 20px;
 The left margin is inherited from the external style sheet and the color is replaced by the
internal style sheet.

Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One

Styles can be specified:
 inside an HTML element
 inside the head section of an HTML page
 in an external CSS file
Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.
Cascading order
 What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML
element?
 Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style
sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:
1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
 So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it
will override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a
browser (a default value).
Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML
<head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!

3. CSS Background
 CSS background properties are used to define the background
effects of an element.
CSS properties used for background effects:
 background-color
 background-image
 background-repeat
 background-attachment
 background-position

Background Color
 The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
 The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:
Example
body
{
background-color: #b0c4de;
}
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
 a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
 an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
 a color name - like "red"
In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:

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Example
h1 {
background-color: #6495ed;
}
p{
background-color: #e0ffff;
}
div {
background-color: #b0c4de;
}

Background Image
 The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an
element.
 By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
 The background image for a page can be set like this:
Example
body
{
background-image: url("paper.gif");
}
 Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is
almost not readable:
Example
Body
{
background-image: url("bgdesert.jpg");
}

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically

 By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and
vertically.
 Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange,
like this:
Example
body
{
background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
}
 If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:
Example
Body
{
background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
background-repeat: repeat-x;
}

Background Image - Set position and no-repeat

Note: When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.
 Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property:

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Example
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
 In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We
want to change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.
 The position of the image is specified by the background-position property:
Example
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
}

Background - Shorthand property

 As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when
dealing with backgrounds.
 To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the properties in one single property.
This is called a shorthand property.
 The shorthand property for background is simply "background":
Example
body {
background: #ffffff url("img_tree.png") no-repeat right top;
}
When using the shorthand property the order of the property values is:
 background-color
 background-image
 background-repeat
 background-attachment
 background-position
It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the ones that are present are
in this order.

All CSS Background Properties

Property Description
background Sets all the background properties in one declaration
background-attachment Sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of
the page
background-color Sets the background color of an element
background-image Sets the background image for an element
background-position Sets the starting position of a background image
background-repeat Sets how a background image will be repeated

4. CSS Text
TEXT FORMATTING
T his t ext is st yled w it h so me o f t he t ext fo r mat t ing
propert ies. The heading uses t he text -align, t ext -transfo rm, and

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co lo r propert ies. The paragraph is inde nt ed, aligned, and t he
space bet ween characters is specified. The underline is
remo ved fro m t he "Try it yourself" link.

Text Color
 The color property is used to set the color of the text.
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
 a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
 an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
 a color name - like "red"
The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.
Example
body {
color: blue;
}
h1 {
color: #00ff00;
}
h2 {
color: rgb(255,0,0);
}
Note: For W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the
background-color property.

Text Alignment
 The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.
 Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.
 When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal
width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).
Example
h1 {
text-align: center;
}
p.date {
text-align: right;
}
p.main {
text-align: justify;
}

Text Decoration
 The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.
 The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design
purposes:
Example
a{
text-decoration: none;
}
 It can also be used to decorate text:
Example

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 h1 {
text-decoration: overline;
}
h2 {
text-decoration: line-through;
}
h3 {
text-decoration: underline;
}
Note: It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses
users.

Text Transformation
 The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.
 It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first
letter of each word.
Example
p.uppercase {
text-transform: uppercase;
}
p.lowercase {
text-transform: lowercase;
}
p.capitalize {
text-transform: capitalize;
}

Text Indentation
 The text-indent property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.
Example
p{
text-indent: 50px;
}

All CSS Text Properties

Property Description
color Sets the color of text
direction Specifies the text direction/writing direction
letter-spacing Increases or decreases the space between characters in a text
line-height Sets the line height
text-align Specifies the horizontal alignment of text
text-decoration Specifies the decoration added to text
text-indent Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-block
text-shadow Specifies the shadow effect added to text
text-transform Controls the capitalization of text
unicode-bidi Used together with the direction property to set or return whether the text
should be overridden to support multiple languages in the same document
vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element
white-space Specifies how white-space inside an element is handled
word-spacing Increases or decreases the space between words in a text

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CSS Font

 CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.

Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts

CSS Font Families

In CSS, there are two types of font family names:
 generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or
"Monospace")
 font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial")
Generic family Font family Description
Serif Times New Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on some
characters
Roman
Georgia
Sans-serif "Sans" means without - these fonts do not have
Arial the lines at the ends of characters
Verdana
Monospace Courier New All monospace characters have the same width
Lucida
Console

Note: On computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.

Font Family
 The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.
 The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the
browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font.
 Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a
similar font in the generic family, if no other fonts are available.
Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like:
"Times New Roman".
 More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:
Example
p{
font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
}

Font Style

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  The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text.
This property has three values:
 normal - The text is shown normally
 italic - The text is shown in italics
 oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)
Example
p.normal {
font-style: normal;
}
p.italic {
font-style: italic;
}

p.oblique {
font-style: oblique;
}

Font Size
 The font-size property sets the size of the text.
 Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not
use font size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like
paragraphs.
 Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for headings and <p> for
paragraphs.
 The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.
Absolute size:
 Sets the text to a specified size
 Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility
reasons)
 Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known
Relative size:
 Sets the size relative to surrounding elements
 Allows a user to change the text size in browsers

Note: If you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is
16px (16px=1em).

Set Font Size With Pixels

 Setting the text size with pixels gives you full control over the text size:
Example
h1 {
font-size: 40px;
}
h2 {
font-size: 30px;
}
p{
font-size: 14px;
}
Tip: However, you can still use the zoom tool to resize the entire page.

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Set Font Size With Em
 To allow users to resize the text (in the browser menu), many developers use em instead
of pixels.
 The em size unit is recommended by the W3C.
 1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the
default size of 1em is 16px.
 The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula: pixels/16=em
Example
h1 {
font-size: 2.5em; /* 40px/16=2.5em */
}
h2 {
font-size: 1.875em; /* 30px/16=1.875em */
}
p{
font-size: 0.875em; /* 14px/16=0.875em */
}
 In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels.
However, with the em size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers.
 Unfortunately, there is still a problem with older versions of IE. The text becomes larger
than it should when made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller.

Use a Combination of Percent and Em

 The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the
<body> element:
Example
body {
font-size: 100%;
}
h1 {
font-size: 2.5em;
}
h2 {
font-size: 1.875em;
}
p{
font-size: 0.875em;
}
 Our code now works great! It shows the same text size in all browsers, and allows all
browsers to zoom or resize the text!

All CSS Font Properties

Property Description
font Sets all the font properties in one declaration
font-family Specifies the font family for text
font-size Specifies the font size of text
font-style Specifies the font style for text
font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font
font-weight Specifies the weight of a font

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 5. CSS Links
 Links can be styled in different ways.

Styling Links
 Links can be styled with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background, etc.).
 In addition, links can be styled differently depending on what state they are in.
The four links states are:
 a:link - a normal, unvisited link
 a:visited - a link the user has visited
 a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it
 a:active - a link the moment it is clicked
Example
/* unvisited link */
a:link {
color: #FF0000;
}
/* visited link */
a:visited {
color: #00FF00;
}
/* mouse over link */
a:hover {
color: #FF00FF;
}
/* selected link */
a:active {
color: #0000FF;
}
When setting the style for several link states, there are some order rules:
 a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited
 a:active MUST come after a:hover

Common Link Styles

 In the example above the link changes color depending on what state it is in.
 Lets go through some of the other common ways to style links:
Text Decoration
 The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links:
Example
a:link {
text-decoration: none;
}
a:visited {
text-decoration: none;
}
a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:active {
text-decoration: underline;
}

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 Background Color
 The background-color property specifies the background color for links:
Example
a:link {
background-color: #B2FF99;
}
a:visited {
background-color: #FFFF85;
}
a:hover {
background-color: #FF704D;
}
a:active {
background-color: #FF704D;
}

6. CSS Lists
The CSS list properties allow you to:
 Set different list item markers for ordered lists
 Set different list item markers for unordered lists
 Set an image as the list item marker

List
In HTML, there are two types of lists:
 unordered lists - the list items are marked with bullets
 ordered lists - the list items are marked with numbers or letters
 With CSS, lists can be styled further, and images can be used as the list item marker.

Different List Item Markers

 The type of list item marker is specified with the list-style-type property:
Example
ul.a {
list-style-type: circle;
}
ul.b {
list-style-type: square;
}
ol.c {
list-style-type: upper-roman;
}
ol.d {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
 Some of the values are for unordered lists, and some for ordered lists.

An Image as The List Item Marker

 To specify an image as the list item marker, use the list-style-image property:
Example

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 ul {
list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif');
}
 The example above does not display equally in all browsers. IE and Opera will display
the image-marker a little bit higher than Firefox, Chrome, and Safari.
 If you want the image-marker to be placed equally in all browsers, a crossbrowser
solution is explained below.
Cross browser Solution
 The following example displays the image-marker equally in all browsers:
Example
ul {
list-style-type: none;
padding: 0px;
margin: 0px;
}
ul li {
background-image: url(sqpurple.gif);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: 0px 5px;
padding-left: 14px;
}
Example explained:
 For ul:
o Set the list-style-type to none to remove the list item marker
o Set both padding and margin to 0px (for cross-browser compatibility)
 For all li in ul:
o Set the URL of the image, and show it only once (no-repeat)
o Position the image where you want it (left 0px and down 5px)
o Position the text in the list with padding-left

List - Shorthand property

 It is also possible to specify all the list properties in one, single property. This is called a
shorthand property.
 The shorthand property used for lists, is the list-style property:
Example
ul {
list-style: square url("sqpurple.gif");
}
When using the shorthand property, the order of the values are:
 list-style-type
 list-style-position (for a description, see the CSS properties table below)
 list-style-image
It does not matter if one of the values above are missing, as long as the rest are in the specified
order.

All CSS List Properties

Property Description
list-style Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration
list-style-image Specifies an image as the list-item marker
list-style-position Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content

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 flow
list-style-type Specifies the type of list-item marker

7. CSS Tables

 The look of an HTML table can be greatly improved with CSS:

Company Contact Country
Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Germany
Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berglund Sweden
Centro comercial Moctezuma Francisco Chang Mexico
Ernst Handel Roland Mendel Austria
Island Trading Helen Bennett UK
Königlich Essen Philip Cramer Germany
Laughing Bacchus Winecellars Yoshi Tannamuri Canada
Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti Giovanni Rovelli Italy
North/South Simon Crowther UK
Paris spécialités Marie Bertrand France
The Big Cheese Liz Nixon USA
Vaffeljernet Palle Ibsen Denmark

Table Borders
 To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property.
 The example below specifies a black border for table, th, and td elements:
Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}
 Notice that the table in the example above has double borders. This is because both the
table and the th/td elements have separate borders.
 To display a single border for the table, use the border-collapse property.
Collapse Borders
 The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single
border or separated:
Example
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}

Table Width and Height

 Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties.
 The example below sets the width of the table to 100%, and the height of the th elements
to 50px:
Example
table {
width: 100%;
}
th {

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 height: 50px;
}

Table Text Alignment

 The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties.
 The text-align property sets the horizontal alignment, like left, right, or center:
Example
td {
text-align: right;
}
 The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment, like top, bottom, or middle:
Example
td {
height: 50px;
vertical-align: bottom;
}

Table Padding
 To control the space between the border and content in a table, use the padding property
on td and th elements:
Example
td {
padding: 15px;
}

Table Color
 The example below specifies the color of the borders, and the text and background color
of th elements:
Example
table, td, th {
border: 1px solid green;
}
th {
background-color: green;
color: white;
}

8. CSS Box Model

The CSS Box Model

 All HTML elements can be considered as boxes. In CSS, the term "box model" is used
when talking about design and layout.
 The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around HTML elements, and it
consists of: margins, borders, padding, and the actual content.
 The box model allows us to add a border around elements, and to define space between
elements.
 The image below illustrates the box model:

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Explanation of the different parts:
 Content - The content of the box, where text and images appear
 Padding - Clears an area around the content. The padding is transparent
 Border - A border that goes around the padding and content
 Margin - Clears an area outside the border. The margin is transparent
Example
div {
width: 300px;
padding: 25px;
border: 25px solid navy;
margin: 25px;
}

Width and Height of an Element

 In order to set the width and height of an element correctly in all browsers, you need to
know how the box model works.
Important: When you set the width and height properties of an element with CSS, you
just set the width and height of the content area. To calculate the full size of an element,
you must also add the padding, borders and margins.

 Let's make a div element with a total width of 350px:

Example
div {
width: 320px;
padding: 10px;
border: 5px solid gray;
margin: 0;
}
Let's do the math:
320px (width)
+ 20px (left + right padding)
+ 10px (left + right border)
+ 0px (left + right margin)
= 350px
 The total width of an element should be calculated like this:

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  Total element width = width + left padding + right padding + left border + right border +
left margin + right margin
 The total height of an element should be calculated like this:
 Total element height = height + top padding + bottom padding + top border + bottom
border + top margin + bottom margin

Browsers Compatibility Issue

 Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, include padding and border in the width
property.
 To fix this problem, add a <!DOCTYPE html> to the HTML page.

9. CSS Border
CSS Border Properties
 The CSS border properties allow you to specify the style, size, and color of an element's
border.
Border Style
 The border-style property specifies what kind of border to display.
Note: None of the border properties will have ANY effect unless the border-style
property is set!
border-style values:
none: Defines no border
dotted: Defines a dotted border

dashed: Defines a dashed border

solid: Defines a solid border

double: Defines two borders. The width of the two borders are the same as the border-width
value

groove: Defines a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border-color value

ridge: Defines a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border-color value

inset: Defines a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value

outset: Defines a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value

Border Width
 The border-width property is used to set the width of the border.
 The width is set in pixels, or by using one of the three pre-defined values: thin, medium,
or thick.

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Note: The "border-width" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style"
property to set the borders first.
Example
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-width: 5px;
}
p.two {
border-style: solid;
border-width: medium;
}

Border Color
The border-color property is used to set the color of the border. The color can be set by:
 name - specify a color name, like "red"
 RGB - specify a RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
 Hex - specify a hex value, like "#ff0000"
You can also set the border color to "transparent".
If the border color is not set it is inherited from the color property of the element.
Note: The "border-color" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style"
property to set the borders first.
Example
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-color: red;
}
p.two {
border-style: solid;
border-color: #98bf21;
}

Border - Individual sides

 In CSS it is possible to specify different borders for different sides:
Example
p{
border-top-style: dotted;
border-right-style: solid;
border-bottom-style: dotted;
border-left-style: solid;
}
 The example above can also be set with a single property:
Example
p{
border-style: dotted solid;
}
The border-style property can have from one to four values.
 border-style: dotted solid double dashed;
o top border is dotted
o right border is solid
o bottom border is double
o left border is dashed

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  border-style: dotted solid double;
o top border is dotted
o right and left borders are solid
o bottom border is double
 border-style: dotted solid;
o top and bottom borders are dotted
o right and left borders are solid
 border-style: dotted;
o all four borders are dotted
The border-style property is used in the example above. However, it also works with border-
width and border-color.

Border - Shorthand property

 As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when
dealing with borders.
 To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the individual border properties in
one property. This is called a shorthand property.
The border property is a shorthand for the following individual border properties:
 border-width
 border-style (required)
 border-color
Example
p{
border: 5px solid red;
}

All CSS Border Properties

Property Description
border Sets all the border properties in one declaration
border-bottom Sets all the bottom border properties in one declaration
border-bottom-color Sets the color of the bottom border
border-bottom-style Sets the style of the bottom border
border-bottom-width Sets the width of the bottom border
border-color Sets the color of the four borders
border-left Sets all the left border properties in one declaration
border-left-color Sets the color of the left border
border-left-style Sets the style of the left border
border-left-width Sets the width of the left border
border-right Sets all the right border properties in one declaration
border-right-color Sets the color of the right border
border-right-style Sets the style of the right border
border-right-width Sets the width of the right border
border-style Sets the style of the four borders
border-top Sets all the top border properties in one declaration
border-top-color Sets the color of the top border
border-top-style Sets the style of the top border
border-top-width Sets the width of the top border
border-width Sets the width of the four borders

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 10. CSS Outlines

 An outline is a line that is drawn around elements (outside the borders) to make the
element "stand out".
 The outline properties specify the style, color, and width of an outline.

CSS Outline
 An outline is a line that is drawn around elements (outside the borders) to make the
element "stand out".
 However, the outline property is different from the border property.
 The outline is not a part of an element's dimensions; the element's total width and height
is not affected by the width of the outline.

All CSS Outline Properties

Property Description Values
outline Sets all the outline properties in one declaration outline-color
outline-style
outline-width
inherit
outline-color Sets the color of an outline color_name
hex_number
rgb_number
invert
inherit
outline-style Sets the style of an outline none
dotted
dashed
solid
double
groove
ridge
inset
outset
inherit
outline-width Sets the width of an outline thin
medium
thick
length
inherit

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 11. CSS Margin

 The CSS margin properties define the space around elements.

Margin
 The margin clears an area around an element (outside the border). The margin does not
have a background color, and is completely transparent.
 The top, right, bottom, and left margin can be changed independently using separate
properties. A shorthand margin property can also be used, to change all margins at once.
Possible Values
Value Description
auto The browser calculates a margin
length Specifies a margin in px, pt, cm, etc. Default value is 0px
% Specifies a margin in percent of the width of the containing element
inherit Specifies that the margin should be inherited from the parent element

Note: It is also possible to use negative values, to overlap content.

Margin - Individual sides

 In CSS, it is possible to specify different margins for different sides of an element:
Example
p{
margin-top: 100px;
margin-bottom: 100px;
margin-right: 150px;
margin-left: 50px;
}

Margin - Shorthand property

 To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the margin properties in one property.
This is called a shorthand property.
 The shorthand property for all the margin properties is "margin":
Example
p{
margin: 100px 50px;
}
The margin property can have from one to four values.
 margin: 25px 50px 75px 100px;
o top margin is 25px
o right margin is 50px
o bottom margin is 75px
o left margin is 100px
 margin: 25px 50px 75px;
o top margin is 25px
o right and left margins are 50px
o bottom margin is 75px
 margin: 25px 50px;
o top and bottom margins are 25px

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 o right and left margins are 50px
 margin: 25px;
o all four margins are 25px

All CSS Margin Properties

Property Description
margin A shorthand property for setting the margin properties in one declaration
margin-bottom Sets the bottom margin of an element
margin-left Sets the left margin of an element
margin-right Sets the right margin of an element
margin-top Sets the top margin of an element

12. CSS Padding

 The CSS padding properties define the space between the element border and the element
content.

Padding
 The padding clears an area around the content (inside the border) of an element. The
padding is affected by the background color of the element.
 The top, right, bottom, and left padding can be changed independently using separate
properties. A shorthand padding property can also be used, to change all paddings at
once.
Possible Values
Value Description
length Defines a fixed padding (in pixels, pt, em, etc.)
% Defines a padding in % of the containing element

Padding - Individual sides

 In CSS, it is possible to specify different padding for different sides:
Example
p{
padding-top: 25px;
padding-right: 50px;
padding-bottom: 25px;
padding-left: 50px;
}

Padding - Shorthand property

 To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the padding properties in one property.
This is called a shorthand property.
 The shorthand property for all the padding properties is "padding":
Example
p{
padding: 25px 50px;
}
The padding property can have from one to four values.
 padding: 25px 50px 75px 100px;
o top padding is 25px
o right padding is 50px

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 obottom padding is 75px
oleft padding is 100px
 padding: 25px 50px 75px;
o top padding is 25px
o right and left paddings are 50px
o bottom padding is 75px
 padding: 25px 50px;
o top and bottom paddings are 25px
o right and left paddings are 50px

padding: 25px;
o all four paddings are 25px

All CSS Padding Properties

Property Description
padding A shorthand property for setting all the padding properties in one declaration
padding-bottom Sets the bottom padding of an element
padding-left Sets the left padding of an element
padding-right Sets the right padding of an element
padding-top Sets the top padding of an element

13. CSS Dimension

 The CSS dimension properties allow you to control the height and width of an element.

All CSS Dimension Properties

Property Description Values
height Sets the height of an element auto
length
%
inherit
max-height Sets the maximum height of an element none
length
%
inherit
max-width Sets the maximum width of an element none
length
%
inherit
min-height Sets the minimum height of an element length
%
inherit
min-width Sets the minimum width of an element length
%
inherit
width Sets the width of an element auto
length
%
inherit

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 14. CSS Display and Visibility

 The display property specifies if/how an element is displayed, and the visibility property
specifies if an element should be visible or hidden.

Box 1 Box 2 Box 3

Hiding an Element - display:none or visibility:hidden

 Hiding an element can be done by setting the display property to "none" or the visibility
property to "hidden". However, notice that these two methods produce different results:
 visibility:hidden hides an element, but it will still take up the same space as before. The
element will be hidden, but still affect the layout.
Example
h1.hidden {
visibility: hidden;
}
 display:none hides an element, and it will not take up any space. The element will be
hidden, and the page will be displayed as if the element is not there:
Example
h1.hidden {
display: none;
}

CSS Display - Block and Inline Elements

 A block element is an element that takes up the full width available, and has a line break
before and after it.
Examples of block elements:
 <h1>
 <p>
 <li>
 <div>
An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary, and does not force line breaks.
Examples of inline elements:
 <span>
 <a>

Changing How an Element is Displayed

 Changing an inline element to a block element, or vice versa, can be useful for making
the page look a specific way, and still follow web standards.
 The following example displays <li> elements as inline elements:
Example
li {
display: inline;
}
 The following example displays <span> elements as block elements:

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Example
span {
display: block;
}
Note: Setting the display property of an element only changes how the element is
displayed, NOT what kind of element it is. So, an inline element with display:block is not
allowed to have other block elements inside of it.

15. CSS Positioning

 Positioning can be tricky sometimes!

Decide which element to display in front!

Elements can overlap!

Positioning
 The CSS positioning properties allow you to position an element. It can also place an
element behind another, and specify what should happen when an element's content is too
big.
 Elements can be positioned using the top, bottom, left, and right properties. However,
these properties will not work unless the position property is set first. They also work
differently depending on the positioning method.
 There are four different positioning methods.

Static Positioning
 HTML elements are positioned static by default. A static positioned element is always
positioned according to the normal flow of the page.
 Static positioned elements are not affected by the top, bottom, left, and right properties.

Fixed Positioning
 An element with fixed position is positioned relative to the browser window.
 It will not move even if the window is scrolled:
Example
p.pos_fixed {
position: fixed;
top: 30px;
right: 5px;
}

Note: IE7 and IE8 support the fixed value only if a !DOCTYPE is specified.

 Fixed positioned elements are removed from the normal flow. The document and other
elements behave like the fixed positioned element does not exist.
 Fixed positioned elements can overlap other elements.

Relative Positioning
 A relative positioned element is positioned relative to its normal position.
Example

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 h2.pos_left {
position: relative;
left: -20px;
}
h2.pos_right {
position: relative;
left: 20px;
}
 The content of relatively positioned elements can be moved and overlap other elements,
but the reserved space for the element is still preserved in the normal flow.
Example
h2.pos_top {
position: relative;
top: -50px;
}
 Relatively positioned elements are often used as container blocks for absolutely
positioned elements.

Absolute Positioning
 An absolute position element is positioned relative to the first parent element that has a
position other than static. If no such element is found, the containing block is <html>:
Example
h2 {
position: absolute;
left: 100px;
top: 150px;
}
 Absolutely positioned elements are removed from the normal flow. The document and
other elements behave like the absolutely positioned element does not exist.
 Absolutely positioned elements can overlap other elements.

Overlapping Elements
 When elements are positioned outside the normal flow, they can overlap other elements.
 The z-index property specifies the stack order of an element (which element should be
placed in front of, or behind, the others).
 An element can have a positive or negative stack order:
Example
img {
position: absolute;
left: 0px;
top: 0px;
z-index: -1;
}
An element with greater stack order is always in front of an element with a lower stack order.
Note: If two positioned elements overlap without a z-index specified, the element
positioned last in the HTML code will be shown on top.
All CSS Positioning Properties
Property Description Values
bottom Sets the bottom margin edge for a positioned box auto
length

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 %
inherit
clip Clips an absolutely positioned element shape
auto
inherit
cursor Specifies the type of cursor to be displayed url
auto
crosshair
default
pointer
move
e-resize
ne-resize
nw-resize
n-resize
se-resize
sw-resize
s-resize
w-resize
text
wait
help
left Sets the left margin edge for a positioned box auto
length
%
inherit
overflow Specifies what happens if content overflows an auto
element's box hidden
scroll
visible
inherit
position Specifies the type of positioning for an element absolute
fixed
relative
static
inherit
right Sets the right margin edge for a positioned box auto
length
%
inherit
top Sets the top margin edge for a positioned box auto
length
%
inherit
z-index Sets the stack order of an element number
auto
inherit

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What is CSS Float?

 With CSS float, an element can be pushed to the left or right, allowing other elements to
wrap around it.
 Float is very often used for images, but it is also useful when working with layouts.

How Elements Float

 Elements are floated horizontally, this means that an element can only be floated left or
right, not up or down.
 A floated element will move as far to the left or right as it can. Usually this means all the
way to the left or right of the containing element.
 The elements after the floating element will flow around it.
 The elements before the floating element will not be affected.
 If an image is floated to the right, a following text flows around it, to the left:
Example
img {
float: right;
}

Floating Elements Next to Each Other

 If you place several floating elements after each other, they will float next to each other if
there is room.
 Here we have made an image gallery using the float property:
Example
.thumbnail {
float: left;
width: 110px;
height: 90px;
margin: 5px;
}

Turning off Float - Using Clear

 Elements after the floating element will flow around it. To avoid this, use the clear
property.
 The clear property specifies which sides of an element other floating elements are not
allowed.
 Add a text line into the image gallery, using the clear property:
Example
.text_line {
clear: both;
}

All CSS Float Properties

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 Property Description Values
clear Specifies which sides of an element where other floating left
elements are not allowed right
both
none
inherit
float Specifies whether or not a box should float left
right
none
inherit

16. CSS Horizontal Align

In CSS, several properties are used to align elements

horizontally.
Aligning Block Elements
 A block element is an element that takes up the full width available, and has a line break
before and after it.
Examples of block elements:
 <h1>
 <p>
 <div>
In this chapter we will show you how to horizontally align block elements for layout purposes.

Center Aligning Using the margin Property

 Block elements can be center-aligned by setting the left and right margins to "auto".
Note: Using margin:auto; will not work in IE8 and earlier, unless a !DOCTYPE is
declared.
 Setting the left and right margins to auto specifies that they should split the available
margin equally. The result is a centered element:
Example
.center {
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
width: 70%;
background-color: #b0e0e6;
}
Tip: Center-aligning has no effect if the width is 100%.

Left and Right Aligning Using the position Property

 One method of aligning elements is to use absolute positioning:
Example
.right {
position: absolute;
right: 0px;
width: 300px;
background-color: #b0e0e6;
}

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Note: Absolute positioned elements are removed from the normal flow, and can overlap
elements.

Crossbrowser Compatibility Issues

 When aligning elements like this, it is always a good idea to predefine margin and
padding for the <body> element. This is to avoid visual differences in different browsers.
 There is a problem with IE8 and earlier, when using the position property. If a container
element (in our case <div class="container">) has a specified width, and the !DOCTYPE
declaration is missing, IE8 and earlier versions will add a 17px margin on the right side.
This seems to be space reserved for a scrollbar. Always set the !DOCTYPE declaration
when using the position property:
Example
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.container {
position: relative;
width: 100%;
}
.right {
position: absolute;
right: 0px;
width: 300px;
background-color: #b0e0e6;
}

Left and Right Aligning Using the float Property

 One method of aligning elements is to use the float property:
Example
.right {
float: right;
width: 300px;
background-color: #b0e0e6;
}

Crossbrowser Compatibility Issues

 When aligning elements like this, it is always a good idea to predefine margin and
padding for the <body> element. This is to avoid visual differences in different browsers.
 There is a problem with IE8 and earlier when using the float property. If the !DOCTYPE
declaration is missing, IE8 and earlier versions will add a 17px margin on the right side.
This seems to be space reserved for a scrollbar. Always set the !DOCTYPE declaration
when using the float property:
Example
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.right {
float: right;
width: 300px;

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 background-color: #b0e0e6;
}
CSS Combinators
A combinator is something that explains the relationship between the selectors.
 A CSS selector can contain more than one simple selector. Between the simple selectors,
we can include a combinator.
There are four different combinators in CSS3:
 descendant selector
 child selector
 adjacent sibling selector
 general sibling selector

Descendant Selector
 The descendant selector matches all element that are descendants of a specified element.
 The following example selects all <p> elements inside <div> elements:
Example
div p
{
background-color: yellow;
}

Child Selector
 The child selector selects all elements that are the immediate children of a specified
element.
 The following example selects all <p> elements that are immediate children of a <div>
element:
Example
div > p {
background-color: yellow;
}

Adjacent Sibling Selector

 The adjacent sibling selector selects all elements that are the adjacent siblings of a
specified element.
 Sibling elements must have the same parent element, and "adjacent" means "immediately
following".
 The following example selects all <p> elements that are placed immediately after <div>
elements:
Example
div + p {
background-color: yellow;
}

General Sibling Selector

 The general sibling selector selects all elements that are siblings of a specified element.
 The following example selects all <p> elements that are siblings of <div> elements:
Example

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 div ~ p {
background-color: yellow;
}

CSS Pseudo-classes

What are Pseudo-classes?

 A pseudo-class is used to define a special state of an element.
For example, it can be used to:
 Style an element when a user mouses over it
 Style visited and unvisited links differently

Syntax
 The syntax of pseudo-classes:
selector:pseudo-class {
property:value;
}

Anchor Pseudo-classes
 Links can be displayed in different ways:
Example
/* unvisited link */
a:link {
color: #FF0000;
}
/* visited link */
a:visited {
color: #00FF00;
}
/* mouse over link */
a:hover {
color: #FF00FF;
}
/* selected link */
a:active {
color: #0000FF;
}
Note: a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition in order to be
effective!! a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition in order to be
effective!! Pseudo-class names are not case-sensitive.

Pseudo-classes and CSS Classes

 Pseudo-classes can be combined with CSS classes:
Example
a.highlight:hover
{
color: #ff0000;
}

When you hover over the link in the example, it will change color.

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CSS - The :first-child Pseudo-class
 The :first-child pseudo-class matches a specified element that is the first child of another
element.
Note: For :first-child to work in IE8 and earlier, a <!DOCTYPE> must be declared.
Match the first <p> element
 In the following example, the selector matches any <p> element that is the first child of
any element:
Example
p:first-child {
color: blue;
}

Match the first <i> element in all <p> elements

 In the following example, the selector matches the first <i> element in all <p> elements:
Example
p i:first-child {
color: blue;
}

Match all <i> elements in all first child <p> elements

 In the following example, the selector matches all <i> elements in <p> elements that are
the first child of another element:
Example
p:first-child i {
color: blue;
}

CSS - The :lang Pseudo-class

 The :lang pseudo-class allows you to define special rules for different languages.
Note: IE8 supports the :lang pseudo-class only if a <!DOCTYPE> is specified.
 In the example below, the :lang class defines the quotation marks for q elements with
lang="no":
Example
<html>
<head>
<style>
q:lang(no) {
quotes: "~" "~";
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Some text <q lang="no">A quote in a paragraph</q> Some text.</p>
</body>
</html>

All CSS Pseudo Classes/Elements

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 Selector Example Example description
:link a:link Selects all unvisited links
:visited a:visited Selects all visited links
:active a:active Selects the active link
:hover a:hover Selects links on mouse over
:focus input:focus Selects the input element which has focus
::first-letter p::first-letter Selects the first letter of every <p> element
::first-line p::first-line Selects the first line of every <p> element
:first-child p:first-child Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its
parent
::before p::before Insert content before every <p> element
::after p::after Insert content after every <p> element
:lang(language) p:lang(it) Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute value
starting with "it"

17. CSS Image Opacity / Transparency

 Creating transparent images with CSS is easy.

 The CSS opacity property is a part of the W3C CSS3 recommendation.

Example 1 - Creating a Transparent Image

 The CSS3 property for transparency is opacity.

 First we will show you how to create a transparent image with CSS.

Regular image: The same image with transparency:

 Look at the following CSS:

Example
img {
opacity: 0.4;
filter: alpha(opacity=40); /* For IE8 and earlier */
}
 IE9, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and Safari use the property opacity for transparency. The
opacity property can take a value from 0.0 - 1.0. A lower value makes the element more
transparent.
 IE8 and earlier use filter:alpha(opacity=x). The x can take a value from 0 - 100. A lower
value makes the element more transparent.

Example 2 - Image Transparency - Hover Effect

 Mouse over the images:

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The CSS looks like this:
Example
img {
opacity: 0.4;
filter: alpha(opacity=40); /* For IE8 and earlier */
}
img:hover {
opacity: 1.0;
filter: alpha(opacity=100); /* For IE8 and earlier */
}
 The first CSS block is similar to the code in Example 1. In addition, we have added what
should happen when a user hover over one of the images. In this case we want the image
to NOT be transparent when the user hover over it.
 The CSS for this is: opacity=1.
 IE8 and earlier: filter:alpha(opacity=100).
 When the mouse pointer moves away from the image, the image will be transparent
again.

Example 3 - Text in Transparent Box

 This is some text that is placed in the transparent box. This is some text that is placed in
the transparent box. This is some text that is placed in the transparent box. This is some
text that is placed in the transparent box. This is some text that is placed in the transparent
box.
 The source code looks like this:
Example
<html>
<head>
<style>
div.background {
width: 500px;
height: 250px;
background: url(klematis.jpg) repeat;
border: 2px solid black;
}
div.transbox {
width: 400px;
height: 180px;
margin: 30px 50px;
background-color: #ffffff;
border: 1px solid black;
opacity: 0.6;
filter: alpha(opacity=60); /* For IE8 and earlier */
}
div.transbox p {
margin: 30px 40px;

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 font-weight: bold;
color: #000000;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="background">
<div class="transbox">
<p>This is some text that is placed in the transparent box.
This is some text that is placed in the transparent box.
This is some text that is placed in the transparent box.
This is some text that is placed in the transparent box.
This is some text that is placed in the transparent box.</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
 First, we create a div element (class="background") with a fixed height and width, a
background image, and a border. Then we create a smaller div (class="transbox") inside
the first div element. The "transbox" div have a fixed width, a background color, and a
border - and it is transparent. Inside the transparent div, we add some text inside a p
element.

18. CSS Pseudo-elements

What are Pseudo-Elements?

 A CSS pseudo-element is used to style specified parts of an element.
For example, it can be used to:
 Style the first letter, or line, of an element
 Insert content before, or after, the content of an element

Syntax
 The syntax of pseudo-elements:
selector::pseudo-element {
property:value;
}

The ::first-line Pseudo-element

 The ::first-line pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first line of a text.
 The ::first-line pseudo-element can only be applied to block elements.
Example
 Format the first line of the text in p elements:
p::first-line {
color: #ff0000;
font-variant: small-caps;
}
The following properties apply to the ::first-line pseudo-element:
 font properties
 color properties
 background properties

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  word-spacing
 letter-spacing
 text-decoration
 vertical-align
 text-transform
 line-height
 clear

The ::first-letter Pseudo-element

 The ::first-letter pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first letter of a text.
 The ::first-letter pseudo-element can only be applied to block elements.
Example

 Format the first letter of the text in p elements:

p::first-letter {
color: #ff0000;
font-size: xx-large;
}
The following properties apply to the ::first-letter pseudo- element:
 font properties
 color properties
 background properties
 margin properties
 padding properties
 border properties
 text-decoration
 vertical-align (only if "float" is "none")
 text-transform
 line-height
 float
 clear

Pseudo-elements and CSS Classes

 Pseudo-elements can be combined with CSS classes:
Example
p.intro::first-letter {
color: #ff0000;
font-size:200%;
}
 The example above will display the first letter of paragraphs with class="intro", in larger
size, and red.

Multiple Pseudo-elements
 Several pseudo-elements can also be combined.
 In the following example, the first letter of a paragraph will be red, in an xx-large font
size. The rest of the first line will be blue, and in small-caps. The rest of the paragraph
will be the default font size and color:
Example
p::first-letter {
color: #ff0000;

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 font-size: xx-large;
}
p::first-line {
color: #0000ff;
font-variant: small-caps;
}

CSS - The ::before Pseudo-element

 The ::before pseudo-element can be used to insert some content before the content of an
element.
 The following example inserts an image before each <h1> element:
Example
h1::before {
content: url(smiley.gif);
}

CSS - The ::after Pseudo-element

 The ::after pseudo-element can be used to insert some content after the content of an
element.
 The following example inserts an image after each <h1> element:
Example
h1::after {
content: url(smiley.gif);
}

All CSS Pseudo Classes/Elements

Selector Example Example description
:link a:link Selects all unvisited links
:visited a:visited Selects all visited links
:active a:active Selects the active link
:hover a:hover Selects links on mouse over
:focus input:focus Selects the input element which has focus
::first-letter p::first-letter Selects the first letter of every <p> element
::first-line p::first-line Selects the first line of every <p> element
:first-child p:first-child Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its
parent
::before p::before Insert content before every <p> element
::after p::after Insert content after every <p> element
:lang(language) p:lang(it) Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute value
starting with "it"

19. CSS Navigation Bar

 Having easy-to-use navigation is important for any web site.

 With CSS you can transform boring HTML menus into good-looking navigation bars.

Navigation Bar = List of Links

 A navigation bar needs standard HTML as a base.
 In our examples we will build the navigation bar from a standard HTML list.

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  A navigation bar is basically a list of links, so using the <ul> and <li> elements makes
perfect sense:
Example
<ul>
<li><a href="default.asp">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="news.asp">News</a></li>
<li><a href="contact.asp">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="about.asp">About</a></li>
</ul>
 Now let's remove the bullets and the margins and padding from the list:
Example
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
Example explained:

 List-style-type: none - Removes the bullets. A navigation bar does not need list markers
 Setting margins and padding to 0 to remove browser default settings
 The code in the example above is the standard code used in both vertical, and horizontal
navigation bars.

Vertical Navigation Bar

 To build a vertical navigation bar we only need to style the <a> elements, in addition to
the code above:
Example
a{
display: block;
width: 60px;
}
Example explained:
 display: block - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area
clickable (not just the text), and it allows us to specify the width
 width: 60px - Block elements take up the full width available by default. We want to
specify a 60 px width
Note: Always specify the width for <a> elements in a vertical navigation bar. If you omit
the width, IE6 can produce unexpected results.

Horizontal Navigation Bar

 There are two ways to create a horizontal navigation bar. Using inline or floating list
items.
 Both methods work fine, but if you want the links to be the same size, you have to use the
floating method.
Inline List Items
 One way to build a horizontal navigation bar is to specify the <li> elements as inline, in
addition to the "standard" code above:
Example

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 li {
display: inline;
}
Example explained:
 display: inline; - By default, <li> elements are block elements. Here, we remove the line
breaks before and after each list item, to display them on one line
Floating List Items
 In the example above the links have different widths.
 For all the links to have an equal width, float the <li> elements and specify a width for
the <a> elements:
Example
li {
float: left;
}
a{
display: block;
width: 60px;
}
Example explained:
 float: left - use float to get block elements to slide next to each other
 display: block - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area
clickable (not just the text), and it allows us to specify the width
 Width: 60px - Since block elements take up the full width available, they cannot float
next to each other. We specify the width of the links to 60px

20. CSS Image Gallery

CSS can be used to create an image gallery.

Add a description of the image here

Add a description of the image here

Add a description of the image here

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Add a description of the image here

Image Gallery
 The following image gallery is created with CSS:
Example
<html>
<head>
<style>
div.img {
margin: 5px;
padding: 5px;
border: 1px solid #0000ff;
height: auto;
width: auto;
float: left;
text-align: center;
}
div.img img {
display: inline;
margin: 5px;
border: 1px solid #ffffff;
}
div.img a:hover img {
border:1px solid #0000ff;
}
div.desc {
text-align: center;
font-weight: normal;
width: 120px;
margin: 5px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="img">
<a target="_blank" href="klematis_big.htm">
<img src="klematis_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90">
</a>
<div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div>
</div>
<div class="img">
<a target="_blank" href="klematis2_big.htm">
<img src="klematis2_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90">
</a>
<div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div>
</div>
<div class="img">
<a target="_blank" href="klematis3_big.htm">
<img src="klematis3_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90">
</a>
<div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div>

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 </div>
<div class="img">
<a target="_blank" href="klematis4_big.htm">
<img src="klematis4_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90">
</a>
<div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

21. CSS Image Sprites

 An image sprite is a collection of images put into a single image.
 A web page with many images can take a long time to load and generates multiple server
requests.
 Using image sprites will reduce the number of server requests and save bandwidth.

Image Sprites - Simple Example

 Instead of using three separate images, we use this single image ("img_navsprites.gif"):

 With CSS, we can show just the part of the image we need.
 In the following example the CSS specifies which part of the "img_navsprites.gif" image
to show:
Example
#home {
width: 46px;
height: 44px;
background: url(img_navsprites.gif) 0 0;
}
Example explained:
 <img id="home" src="img_trans.gif"> - Only defines a small transparent image because
the src attribute cannot be empty. The displayed image will be the background image we
specify in CSS
 width: 46px; height: 44px; - Defines the portion of the image we want to use
 background: url(img_navsprites.gif) 0 0; - Defines the background image and its position
(left 0px, top 0px)
This is the easiest way to use image sprites, now we want to expand it by using links and hover
effects.

Image Sprites - Create a Navigation List

 We want to use the sprite image ("img_navsprites.gif") to create a navigation list.
 We will use an HTML list, because it can be a link and also supports a background
image:
Example
#navlist {
position: relative;
}
#navlist li {
margin: 0;

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 padding: 0;
list-style: none;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
}
#navlist li, #navlist a {
height: 44px;
display: block;
}
#home {
left: 0px;
width: 46px;
background: url('img_navsprites.gif') 0 0;
}
#prev {
left: 63px;
width: 43px;
background: url('img_navsprites.gif') -47px 0;
}
#next {
left: 129px;
width: 43px;
background: url('img_navsprites.gif') -91px 0;
}
Example explained:
 #navlist {position:relative;} - position is set to relative to allow absolute positioning
inside it
 #navlist li {margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;position:absolute;top:0;} - margin and
padding is set to 0, list-style is removed, and all list items are absolute positioned
 #navlist li, #navlist a {height:44px;display:block;} - the height of all the images are 44px
Now start to position and style for each specific part:
 #home {left:0px;width:46px;} - Positioned all the way to the left, and the width of the
image is 46px
 #home {background:url(img_navsprites.gif) 0 0;} - Defines the background image and its
position (left 0px, top 0px)
 #prev {left:63px;width:43px;} - Positioned 63px to the right (#home width 46px + some
extra space between items), and the width is 43px.
 #prev {background:url('img_navsprites.gif') -47px 0;} - Defines the background image
47px to the right (#home width 46px + 1px line divider)
 #next {left:129px;width:43px;}- Positioned 129px to the right (start of #prev is 63px +
#prev width 43px + extra space), and the width is 43px.
 #next {background:url('img_navsprites.gif') -91px 0;} - Defines the background image
91px to the right (#home width 46px + 1px line divider + #prev width 43px + 1px line
divider )

Image Sprites - Hover Effect

 Now we want to add a hover effect to our navigation list.
The :hover selector is used to select elements when you mouse over them.

Tip: The :hover selector can be used on all elements, not only on links.

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  Our new image ("img_navsprites_hover.gif") contains three navigation images and three
images to use for hover effects:

 Because this is one single image, and not six separate files, there will be no loading
delay when a user hovers over the image.
 We only add three lines of code to add the hover effect:
Example
#home a:hover {
background: url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') 0 -45px;
}
#prev a:hover {
background: url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') -47px -45px;
}
#next a:hover {
background: url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') -91px -45px;
}
Example explained:
 #home a:hover {background: transparent url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') 0 -45px;} - For
all three hover images we specify the same background position, only 45px further down

22. CSS Attribute Selectors

Style HTML Elements With Specific Attributes

 It is possible to style HTML elements that have specific attributes, not just class and id.
Note: IE7 and IE8 support attribute selectors only if a !DOCTYPE is specified.

CSS [attribute] Selector

 The [attribute] selector is used to select elements with the specified attribute.
 The following example selects all <a> elements with a target attribute:
Example
a[target] {
background-color: yellow;
}

CSS [attribute=value] Selector

 The [attribute=value] selector is used to select elements with the specified attribute and
value.
 The following example selects all <a> elements with a target="_blank" attribute:
Example
a[target="_blank"] {
background-color: yellow;
}

CSS [attribute~=value] Selector

 The [attribute~=value] selector is used to select elements with an attribute value
containing a specified word.

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  The following example selects all elements with a title attribute that contains a space-
separated list of words, one of which is "flower":
Example
[title~="flower"] {
border: 5px solid yellow;
}
 The example above will match elements with title="flower", title="summer flower", and
title="flower new", but not title="my-flower" or title="flowers".

CSS [attribute|=value] Selector

 The [attribute|=value] selector is used to select elements with the specified attribute
starting with the specified value.
 The following example selects all elements with a class attribute value that begins with
"top":
Note: The value has to be a whole word, either alone, like class="top", or followed by a hyphen(
- ), like class="top-text"!
Example
[class|="top"] {
background: yellow;
}

CSS [attribute^=value] Selector

 The [attribute^=value] selector is used to select elements whose attribute value begins
with a specified value.
 The following example selects all elements with a class attribute value that begins with
"top":
Note: The value does not have to be a whole word!
Example
[class^="top"] {
background: yellow;
}

CSS [attribute$=value] Selector

 The [attribute$=value] selector is used to select elements whose attribute value ends with
a specified value.
 The following example selects all elements with a class attribute value that ends with
"test":
Note: The value does not have to be a whole word!
Example
[class$="test"] {
background: yellow;
}

CSS [attribute*=value] Selector

 The [attribute*=value] selector is used to select elements whose attribute value contains a
specified value.
 The following example selects all elements with a class attribute value that contains "te":
Note: The value does not have to be a whole word!
Example

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 [class*="te"] {
background: yellow;
}

Styling Forms
 The attribute selectors can be useful for styling forms without class or ID:
Example
input[type="text"] {
width: 150px;
display: block;
margin-bottom: 10px;
background-color: yellow;
}
input[type="button"] {
width: 120px;
margin-left: 35px;
display: block;
}

23. CSS Media Types

 By using the @media rule, a website can have a different layout for screen, print, mobile
phone, tablet, etc.

 Some CSS properties are only designed for a certain media. For example the "voice-
family" property is designed for aural user agents. Some other properties can be used for
different media types. For example, the "font-size" property can be used for both screen
and print media, but perhaps with different values. A document usually needs a larger
font-size on a screen than on paper, and sans-serif fonts are easier to read on the screen,
while serif fonts are easier to read on paper.

The @media Rule

 The @media rule allows different style rules for different media in the same style sheet.
 The style in the example below tells the browser to display a 14 pixels Verdana font on
the screen. But if the page is printed, it will be in a 20 pixels font, and in a red color:
Example
@media screen {
p{
font-family: verdana,sans-serif;
font-size: 14px;
}
}
@media print {
p{
font-size: 20px;
color: red;
}
}

Other Media Types

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 Media Type Description
all Used for all media type devices
aural Used for speech and sound synthesizers
braille Used for braille tactile feedback devices
embossed Used for paged braille printers
handheld Used for small or handheld devices
print Used for printers
projection Used for projected presentations, like slides
screen Used for computer screens
tty Used for media using a fixed-pitch character grid, like teletypes and terminals
tv Used for television-type devices

24. CSS Complete Reference

W3Schools' CSS reference is tested regularly with all major browsers.

CSS Properties
 CSS Property Groups
 Color  Table  Paged Media
 Background and  Lists and Counters  Generated Content
Borders  Animation  Filter Effects
 Basic Box  Transform  Image/Replaced Content
 Flexible Box  Transition  Masking
 Text  Basic User Interface  Speech
 Text Decoration  Multi-column  Marquee
 Fonts
 Writing Modes

 The "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1, CSS2,
or CSS3).
Color Properties
Property Description CSS
color Sets the color of text 1
opacity Sets the opacity level for an element 3
Background and Border Properties
Property Description CSS
background Sets all the background properties in one declaration 1
background-attachment Sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the 1
rest of the page
background-color Sets the background color of an element 1
background-image Sets the background image for an element 1
background-position Sets the starting position of a background image 1
background-repeat Sets how a background image will be repeated 1
background-clip Specifies the painting area of the background 3
background-origin Specifies the positioning area of the background images 3
background-size Specifies the size of the background images 3
border Sets all the border properties in one declaration 1
border-bottom Sets all the bottom border properties in one declaration 1
border-bottom-color Sets the color of the bottom border 1

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border-bottom-left- Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-left corner 3
radius
border-bottom-right- Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-right corner 3
radius
border-bottom-style Sets the style of the bottom border 1
border-bottom-width Sets the width of the bottom border 1
border-color Sets the color of the four borders 1
border-image A shorthand property for setting all the border-image-* 3
properties
border-image-outset Specifies the amount by which the border image area extends 3
beyond the border box
border-image-repeat Specifies whether the image-border should be repeated, 3
rounded or stretched
border-image-slice Specifies the inward offsets of the image-border 3
border-image-source Specifies an image to be used as a border 3
border-image-width Specifies the widths of the image-border 3
border-left Sets all the left border properties in one declaration 1
border-left-color Sets the color of the left border 1
border-left-style Sets the style of the left border 1
border-left-width Sets the width of the left border 1
border-radius A shorthand property for setting all the four border-*-radius 3
properties
border-right Sets all the right border properties in one declaration 1
border-right-color Sets the color of the right border 1
border-right-style Sets the style of the right border 1
border-right-width Sets the width of the right border 1
border-style Sets the style of the four borders 1
border-top Sets all the top border properties in one declaration 1
border-top-color Sets the color of the top border 1
border-top-left-radius Defines the shape of the border of the top-left corner 3
border-top-right-radius Defines the shape of the border of the top-right corner 3
border-top-style Sets the style of the top border 1
border-top-width Sets the width of the top border 1
border-width Sets the width of the four borders 1
box-decoration-break Sets the behaviour of the background and border of an element 3
at page-break, or, for in-line elements, at line-break.
box-shadow Attaches one or more drop-shadows to the box 3
Basic Box Properties
Property Description CSS
bottom Specifies the bottom position of a positioned element 2
clear Specifies which sides of an element where other floating 1
elements are not allowed
clip Clips an absolutely positioned element 2
display Specifies how a certain HTML element should be displayed 1
float Specifies whether or not a box should float 1
height Sets the height of an element 1
left Specifies the left position of a positioned element 2
overflow Specifies what happens if content overflows an element's box 2
overflow-x Specifies whether or not to clip the left/right edges of the 3
content, if it overflows the element's content area

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overflow-y Specifies whether or not to clip the top/bottom edges of the 3
content, if it overflows the element's content area
padding Sets all the padding properties in one declaration 1
padding-bottom Sets the bottom padding of an element 1
padding-left Sets the left padding of an element 1
padding-right Sets the right padding of an element 1
padding-top Sets the top padding of an element 1
position Specifies the type of positioning method used for an element 2
(static, relative, absolute or fixed)
right Specifies the right position of a positioned element 2
top Specifies the top position of a positioned element 2
visibility Specifies whether or not an element is visible 2
width Sets the width of an element 1
vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element 1
z-index Sets the stack order of a positioned element 2
Flexible Box Layout
Property Description CSS
align-content Specifies the alignment between the lines inside a flexible 3
container when the items do not use all available space.
align-items Specifies the alignment for items inside a flexible container. 3
align-self Specifies the alignment for selected items inside a flexible 3
container.
display Specifies how a certain HTML element should be displayed 1
flex Specifies the length of the item, relative to the rest 3
flex-basis Specifies the initial length of a flexible item 3
flex-direction Specifies the direction of the flexible items 3
flex-flow A shorthand property for the flex-direction and the flex-wrap 3
properties
flex-grow Specifies how much the item will grow relative to the rest 3
flex-shrink Specifies how the item will shrink relative to the rest 3
flex-wrap Specifies whether the flexible items should wrap or not 3
justify-content Specifies the alignment between the items inside a flexible 3
container when the items do not use all available space.
margin Sets all the margin properties in one declaration 1
margin-bottom Sets the bottom margin of an element 1
margin-left Sets the left margin of an element 1
margin-right Sets the right margin of an element 1
margin-top Sets the top margin of an element 1
max-height Sets the maximum height of an element 2
max-width Sets the maximum width of an element 2
min-height Sets the minimum height of an element 2
min-width Sets the minimum width of an element 2
order Sets the order of the flexible item, relative to the rest 3
Text Properties
Property Description CSS
hanging-punctuation Specifies whether a punctuation character may be placed 3
outside the line box
hyphens Sets how to split words to improve the layout of paragraphs 3
letter-spacing Increases or decreases the space between characters in a text 1
line-break 3

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line-height Sets the line height 1
overflow-wrap 3
tab-size Specifies the length of the tab-character 3
text-align Specifies the horizontal alignment of text 1
text-align-last Describes how the last line of a block or a line right before a 3
forced line break is aligned when text-align is "justify"
text-indent Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-block 1
text-justify Specifies the justification method used when text-align is 3
"justify"
text-transform Controls the capitalization of text 1
white-space Specifies how white-space inside an element is handled 1
word-break Specifies line breaking rules for non-CJK scripts 3
word-spacing Increases or decreases the space between words in a text 1
word-wrap Allows long, unbreakable words to be broken and wrap to the 3
next line
Text Decoration Properties
Property Description CSS
text-decoration Specifies the decoration added to text 1
text-decoration-color Specifies the color of the text-decoration 3
text-decoration-line Specifies the type of line in a text-decoration 3
text-decoration-style Specifies the style of the line in a text decoration 3
text-shadow Adds shadow to text 3
text-underline-position 3
Font Properties
Property Description CSS
font Sets all the font properties in one declaration 1
font-family Specifies the font family for text 1
font-feature-setting 3
@font-feature-values 3
font-kerning 3
font-language-override 3
font-synthesis 3
font-variant-alternates 3
font-variant-caps 3
font-variant-east-asian 3
font-variant-ligatures 3
font-variant-numeric 3
font-variant-position 3
font-size Specifies the font size of text 1
font-style Specifies the font style for text 1
font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small- 1
caps font
font-weight Specifies the weight of a font 1
@font-face A rule that allows websites to download and use fonts other 3
than the "web-safe" fonts
font-size-adjust Preserves the readability of text when font fallback occurs 3
font-stretch Selects a normal, condensed, or expanded face from a font 3
family
Writing Modes Properties

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 Property Description CSS
direction Specifies the text direction/writing direction 2
text-orientation 3
text-combine-horizontal 3
unicode-bidi Used together with the direction property to set or return 2
whether the text should be overridden to support multiple
languages in the same document
writing-mode 3
Table Properties
Property Description CSS
border-collapse Specifies whether or not table borders should be collapsed 2
border-spacing Specifies the distance between the borders of adjacent cells 2
caption-side Specifies the placement of a table caption 2
empty-cells Specifies whether or not to display borders and background on 2
empty cells in a table
table-layout Sets the layout algorithm to be used for a table 2
Lists and Counters Properties
Property Description CSS
counter-increment Increments one or more counters 2
counter-reset Creates or resets one or more counters 2
list-style Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration 1
list-style-image Specifies an image as the list-item marker 1
list-style-position Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or 1
outside the content flow
list-style-type Specifies the type of list-item marker 1
Animation Properties
Property Description CSS
@keyframes Specifies the animation 3
animation A shorthand property for all the animation properties below, 3
except the animation-play-state property
animation-delay Specifies when the animation will start 3
animation-direction Specifies whether or not the animation should play in reverse 3
on alternate cycles
animation-duration Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds an animation 3
takes to complete one cycle
animation-fill-mode Specifies what values are applied by the animation outside the 3
time it is executing
animation-iteration- Specifies the number of times an animation should be played 3
count
animation-name Specifies a name for the @keyframes animation 3
animation-timing- Specifies the speed curve of the animation 3
function
animation-play-state Specifies whether the animation is running or paused 3
Transform Properties
Property Description CSS
backface-visibility Defines whether or not an element should be visible when not 3
facing the screen
perspective Specifies the perspective on how 3D elements are viewed 3
perspective-origin Specifies the bottom position of 3D elements 3
transform Applies a 2D or 3D transformation to an element 3

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transform-origin Allows you to change the position on transformed elements 3
transform-style Specifies how nested elements are rendered in 3D space 3
Transitions Properties
Property Description CSS
transition A shorthand property for setting the four transition properties 3
transition-property Specifies the name of the CSS property the transition effect is 3
for
transition-duration Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds a transition effect 3
takes to complete
transition-timing- Specifies the speed curve of the transition effect 3
function
transition-delay Specifies when the transition effect will start 3
Basic User Interface Properties
Property Description CSS
box-sizing Tells the browser what the sizing properties (width and height) 3
should include
content Used with the :before and :after pseudo-elements, to insert 2
generated content
cursor Specifies the type of cursor to be displayed 2
icon Provides the author the ability to style an element with an 3
iconic equivalent
ime-mode 3
nav-down Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-down 3
navigation key
nav-index Specifies the tabbing order for an element 3
nav-left Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-left 3
navigation key
nav-right Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-right 3
navigation key
nav-up Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-up 3
navigation key
outline Sets all the outline properties in one declaration 2
outline-color Sets the color of an outline 2
outline-offset Offsets an outline, and draws it beyond the border edge 3
outline-style Sets the style of an outline 2
outline-width Sets the width of an outline 2
resize Specifies whether or not an element is resizable by the user 3
text-overflow Specifies what should happen when text overflows the 3
containing element
Multi-column Layout Properties
Property Description CSS
break-after 3
break-before 3
break-inside 3
column-count Specifies the number of columns an element should be divided 3
into
column-fill Specifies how to fill columns 3
column-gap Specifies the gap between the columns 3
column-rule A shorthand property for setting all the column-rule-* 3
properties

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column-rule-color Specifies the color of the rule between columns 3
column-rule-style Specifies the style of the rule between columns 3
column-rule-width Specifies the width of the rule between columns 3
column-span Specifies how many columns an element should span across 3
column-width Specifies the width of the columns 3
columns A shorthand property for setting column-width and column- 3
count
widows Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at the top 2
of a page when a page break occurs inside an element
Paged Media
Property Description CSS
orphans Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at the 2
bottom of a page when a page break occurs inside an element
page-break-after Sets the page-breaking behavior after an element 2
page-break-before Sets the page-breaking behavior before an element 2
page-break-inside Sets the page-breaking behavior inside an element 2
Generated Content for Paged Media
Property Description CSS
marks Adds crop and/or cross marks to the document 3
quotes Sets the type of quotation marks for embedded quotations 2
Filter Effects Properties
Property Description CSS
filter 3
Image Values and Replaced Content
Property Description CSS
image-orientation Specifies a rotation in the right or clockwise direction that a 3
user agent applies to an image
image-rendering 3
image-resolution 3
object-fit 3
object-position 3
Masking Properties
Property Description CSS
mask 3
mask-type 3
Speech Properties
Property Description CSS
mark A shorthand property for setting the mark-before and mark- 3
after properties
mark-after Allows named markers to be attached to the audio stream 3
mark-before Allows named markers to be attached to the audio stream 3
phonemes Specifies a phonetic pronunciation for the text contained by the 3
corresponding element
rest A shorthand property for setting the rest-before and rest-after 3
properties
rest-after Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed after 3
speaking an element's content
rest-before Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed before 3
speaking an element's content

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voice-balance Specifies the balance between left and right channels 3
voice-duration Specifies how long it should take to render the selected 3
element's content
voice-pitch Specifies the average pitch (a frequency) of the speaking voice 3
voice-pitch-range Specifies variation in average pitch 3
voice-rate Controls the speaking rate 3
voice-stress Indicates the strength of emphasis to be applied 3
voice-volume Refers to the amplitude of the waveform output by the speech 3
synthesises
Marquee Properties
Property Description CSS
marquee-direction Sets the direction of the moving content 3
marquee-play-count Sets how many times the content move 3
marquee-speed Sets how fast the content scrolls 3
marquee-style Sets the style of the moving content 3

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