MODULE 4

THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

WHAT ARE RELATIONS?

- A relation pertains to the relationships (0,1) ⇒
𝑥+𝑦
=
0+1
=
1
2 2 2
between two or more variables (0,2) ⇒
𝑥+𝑦
=
0+2
=
2
=1
2 2 2
- In Mathematics, relations are sets of ordered
pairs (x,y).
(0,3) ⇒ = =
𝑥+𝑦 0+3 3
➔ x - come from a set called domain 2 2 2

- First coordinates
2. Is -1 R 1? Is 0 R 2? Is 0 R 3?
- Independent variables
Is -1 R 1? →Yes, because (-1,1) is an element of R
- Thought as inputs
Is 0 R 2? →Yes, because (0,2) is an element of R
➔ y - come from a set called range
Is 0 R 3?→No, because (0,3) is not an element of R
- Second coordinates
- Dependents variables
3. What is the domain and range of R?
- Thought as outputs
Given: A = {-1,0} and B = {1,2,3}

R: {(1,7), (2,11), (3,6), (4,8), (5,32)}

Domain: {1,2,3,4,5}
Range: {6,7,8,11,32}
Domain: {-1,0}
RELATION AS A SUBSET Range: {1,2,3}

Let A = {-1,0} and B = {1,2,3}, and define a

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RELATIONS?
relationship R from A to B as follows:
Given: any (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ A x B, 1. One-to-one relation
2. One-to-many relation
(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ R means that is an integer. 3. Many-to-one relation
𝑥+𝑦
2

1. One-to-one relation
1. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A x
B and which are in R.
2. Is -1 R 1? Is 0 R 2? Is 0 R 3?
3. What is the domain and range of R?

1. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A x B

and which are in R. 2. One-to-many relation
Given: A = {-1,0} and B = {1,2,3}, element of R
𝑥+𝑦
2

(-1,1) ⇒ = = =0
𝑥+𝑦 −1 + 1 0
2 2 2
3. Many-to-one relation
(-1,2) ⇒ = =
𝑥+𝑦 −1 + 2 1
2 2 2

(-1,3) ⇒ = = =1
𝑥+𝑦 −1 + 3 2
2 2 2
WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS?
- A function is a relation between a
dependent and independent variable/s
where in for every value of the independent FUNCTIONS VS RELATIONS
variable, (x or input), there exists a unique or - Functions is a subset
a single value of the dependent variable, (y of relations
or output). - All functions are
relations, but not all
relations are
functions.

Which of the types of relations are functions?

- Function - for every value of the
independent variable, (x or input), there
exists a unique or a single value of the
dependent variable, (y or output).

FUNCTIONS AS A MACHINE 1. One-to-one relation → Function ✓

2. One-to-many relation → Not a Function ✗
3. Many-to-one relation → Function ✓

WAYS OF REPRESENTING FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

1. Table
2. Mapping
3. Ordered pairs (x,y)
4. Graph (Cartesian plane)
5. Equation - y = f(x)

Express y = x+ 1 in various forms. Determine if it is a

function or not a function.
Solution: Let x = {-2,-1,0,1,2}
 Exercise 2:
Define a relation C from R (set of real numbers) to R
as follows: For any (x,y) ∈RxR, (x,y) ∈ C means that
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1

a. Is (1,0)∈C?
- Yes, because (1,0) is an ∈ C.
b. Is (0,0) ∈C?
- No, because (0,0) is not an ∈ C.
c. Is ( )∈C?
−1 3
2
, 2

- Yes, because ( ) is an ∈ C.
−1 3
2
, 2

d. Is 2 C 0?
- No, because (2,0) is not an ∈ C.
e. What are the domain and co-domain of C?
- Domain: -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
- Co-domain: -1 ≤ y ≤ 1
f. Draw a graph for C by plotting the points of
C in the Cartesian plane.

Exercise 3:
EXERCISES: Consider the following relations from A to B, where A
Exercise 1: = {2,3,4} and B = {3,4,5,6}. Which of these relations
Given: A = {0,1,2} and B = {0,1}, element of R
𝑥+𝑦
2 are functions?
A x B = {(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1), (2,0), (2,1)
a. R = {(2,3),(3,4),(4,5)} - Function
a. What are the elements of R? 2 → 3
- R = {0,0}, {1,1}, {2,0} 3 → 4
b. Is 1 R 0? 4 → 5
- No, because (1,0) is not ∈ R. b. R = {(3,3),(3,4)} - Relation
c. Is 2 R 0?
- Yes, because (2,0) is an ∈ R. c. R = {(2,3),(3,4),(4,5),(2,6)} - Relation
d. Is 2 R 1? d. R = {(2,5),(3,5),(4,5)} - Function
- No, because (2,1) is not ∈ R.
e. What is the domain and range of the
relation?
- Domain: {0,1,2}
- Range: {0,1)