Module - Unit 1

MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
UNIT 1 NATURE OF TEACHING

AND TEACHER ROLES
LESSON I
TEACHING AND
METAPHORS OF TEACHING
GET STARTED
What is teaching? Why is there a need for future teachers to know the concept of
teaching as a profession?
Teaching is a very challenging yet a very fulfilling task. As future teachers, it is very
important that you are acquainted with the tasks, challenges and requirements of the
teaching profession so that you will be able to adapt yourself easily into the profession when
you are already in the teaching field. You should equip yourself with the necessary knowledge
that would help you understand the teaching profession. Also, you should be able to know
and acquire the skills and values needed in performing your task as a teacher. These are the
reasons why you need to study what teaching is.
In this lesson, we shall look at the concepts of teaching from different points of view
including the metaphors of teaching which will usher you nearer into the teaching profession.
ESTABLISH THE PURPOSE
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. define what teaching is;

2. discuss the metaphors of teaching;
3. make your own slogan about teaching.
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Prepared by: Madeline T. Fernando, Liezel A. Concepcion and Nina Christelle Sumintac
ACTIVATE PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
With a partner, do the crossword puzzle. Refer to the image below. This is to
determine your background knowledge in teaching. Present your work after
1 minute.
R A
S E S
U E F E
P M L S
P P E E S
O O N C I
R W G S T N
T E A C H I N G
I R G A A U
N I I R R R
G N N I I T
G G N N U
G G R
I
N
G
T E A C H I N G
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READ AND ENGAGE WITH THE TEXT
What is Teaching?
Teaching has been defined in various ways. In its simplest definition, teaching is
imparting knowledge and developing the skills and values of the learners. Teaching is the
responsibility of the teacher as he is the one facilitating the teaching- learning process.
However, it is emphasized in the learner-centered approach that learning is not the sole
responsibility of the teachers. The learners are responsible in their own learning too.
Many scholars and educators view teaching in different ways. The following can help
us understand better the concept of teaching.
1. Teaching is a process whereby a teacher guides the learners to a higher level of

knowledge and skills. – Nilsen and Albertalli (2002)
2. Teaching is an art of inducing the students to behave in ways that are assumed to lead
to learning including an attempt to induce the students to behave. - Schlechty (2004)
3. Teaching is not pouring out knowledge or hearing lessons. Teaching is getting at the
heart and mind so that the learners value learning and to believe that learning is
possible in their own case. – Thring (2001)
4. Teaching is the process of carrying out activities that experience has shown to be
effective in getting students to learn. – Smith (2004)
5. Teaching is the process of attending to people’s needs, experiences and feelings, and
intervening so that they learn particular things, and go beyond the given. -Mark Smith
(2018)
6. Teaching is an engagement with learners to enable their understanding and

application of knowledge, concepts and processes. It includes design, content
selection, delivery, assessment and reflection. To teach is to engage students in
learning; thus teaching consists of getting students involved in the active construction
of knowledge. Christensen and Garvin
Teaching as a profession is a multifaceted and multi-dimensional task. The following
constitutes the different dimensions of the teaching profession according to Tamayao (2019).
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Dimensions of Teaching
The Why Entering There are varied reasons of entering the teaching profession. Your
of the reason of choosing the teaching profession helps you in
Teaching Profession understanding the why of teaching. As pre-service teachers, you
must know your very purpose of entering the profession as this
would surely affect your classroom behavior and teaching
performance in the field.
Learners Learners are the most important element of the teaching-learning
The Who process. With this, it is important for the pre-service teachers to
of know the nature of the learners; their individual diffeneces,
Teaching learning styles and academic performance as well as their socio
cultural backgrounds including their intelligences, interests, abilities
and needs.
Evolution Teaching is an evolving profession which is continually changing.
The of Teacher The pre-service teachers should know the demands of the changing
When Education social landscape of the teaching profession so that they will know
of what to teach, how to teach and where to teach. They should be
Teaching familiar with the educational reforms and trends of the teaching
profession so they would be able to perform well their task as
teachers.
The How Pedagogy To make learning meaningful and effective on the part of the
of learners, teachers should employ variety of teaching strategies and
Teaching techniques. It is important therefore, for pre-service teachers to
acquire knowledge on the different theories and principles of
including the teaching strategies and techniques which would help
them in the teaching-learning process.
The Curriculum Curriculum constitutes the total learning experiences of the
What learners. It includes the learning content or activities, the learning
of outcomes, methods of teaching and the assessment procedures
Teaching and methods which comprise the major components of teaching
and learning. Pre-service teachers should have an understanding of
the school curriculum as this is the basis of teachers’ actions.
Field During the pandemic, teaching happens anytime and anywhere
The Placement with the aid of technology. Teaching is not always confined in
Where classrooms or under a roof, it may happen inside or outside a hall;
of it may also happen in a hospital, restaurant, commercial
Teaching establishments, etc as learners are going to observe the application
of theories and principles learned inside the classrooms. Pre-service
teachers should know the various alternative venues of teaching so
they will be able to adjust themselves easily into the teaching
environment where they will be assigned to teach.
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METAPHORS OF TEACHING
Teaching as an Art
An art is an expression of creativity and the appreciation of beauty which are usually
in visual forms like drawing, painting, sculpture and other creativity works and activities like
dance, music and literature.
Teachers are artists in their own ways as they express their creativity in everything
they do inside the classroom. When they discuss the lesson, they express their ideas, opinions
and beliefs creatively using their senses and their body parts. They put actions into what they
say as these would help them express their thoughts easily. As artists, they can stimulate
learners’ appreciation, attention and interest and as a result, learners are lured to do creative
works and activities too as an expression and application of what they learned from the
lesson.
Moreover, teaching is an art because teachers show creativity in many ways.
1. Teachers are creative in instructional materials preparation. Materials which are

creatively prepared will facilitate teaching and learning, ensure students’ active
participation and sustain students’ attention and interest throughout the learning
process.
2. Teachers are creative in designing learning activities that would challenge students’
critical thinking and creativity and which would make teaching and learning more
meaningful and interesting also.
3. Teachers creatively discuss their lessons employing their own interpretations and sharing
their own experiences so students will be ignited to share their own stories too.
4. Teachers creatively select and use teaching strategies and techniques that would make
teaching and learning fun and enjoyable.
5. Teachers employ their creativity in decorating their classrooms. Students would like to
stay in a room which are comfortable, orderly and beautiful.
Teaching as a Science
Science is a study that tests, examines and verifies something. It requires observation,
experimentation and other scientific and systematic methods in gathering data or body of
knowledge. Hence, teaching is a science as teachers always test, examine and verify anything
they do inside the classroom. The following statements prove that teaching is a science.
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1. Teaching needs a scientific background or basis. It demonstrates ways in which

teachers employ logical approaches to deliver the lesson to the students. If one
approach does not work, then teachers may try and test the other teaching
approaches.
2. Teachers collect data by observing the students to examine if learning is taking place
or not. They find ways to determine how the students can best learn. They experiment
with new techniques to see how they work.
3. Teachers study their lessons- in depth, collected accurate data and discuss
systematically so students can easily visualize and understand the lesson. Also, they
apply scientific knowledge to teach the students. Scientists do the same.
4. Teachers examine and verify students’ progress and achievement by using

appropriate assessment tools and procedures.
5. When there are classroom challenges and problems, teachers always study the
situations and circumstances before making conclusions or decisions.
Teaching as a Craft
A craft is a set of skills acquired through constant practice and experience. Hence,
great teaching cannot be acquired in a short span of time, it is something that can be mastered
through practice and experience.
Teaching is a craft because it is a complex, multidimensional task that cannot be

mastered in a short span of time. Master teachers develop over time through experience and
continued study and reflection. Thus, experience and practice make teachers master the craft
of teaching.
Teaching is a craft as the skill to teach is cultivated by various means, including

learning, reading, training, observation, and experience. It is something that teachers need to
master to obtain best results or outcomes. It requires specialized strategies and personalized
techniques in order for learning to be effective. Teachers must have to master the craft of
arousing the interests of the students, developing their curiosity and engaging them
effectively in order to attain the learning objectives.
Teaching as a Mission
A mission is an obligatory task which needs to be done and to be accomplished.
Teaching is a mission as this is an obligation to humanity. When teachers enter the teaching
field, they are commissioned to serve the people in the community especially the children
and the young people by teaching them concepts and ideas that would enrich their
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knowledge, developing their skills in preparation for life and instilling in them the right values
and attitudes.
Doing a mission requires adequate preparation, commitment and dedication.

Teachers are prepared to perform their tasks effectively. They are armed with energy,
diligence, idealism, concepts and competencies which will help them confront with the
several challenges of teaching. Also, they are committed and dedicated to accomplish their
tasks even to the extent of sacrificing their personal happiness for the benefits of their
learners.
Teaching as a Vocation
Teaching is a calling. And I’ve always thought that teachers in their way are holy—
angels leading their flocks out of the darkness.” —Jeannette Walls, Half Broke Horses
A vocation is a divine calling just like the priests, nuns, pastors, ministers and other
people inclined with religious activities, who devoted their lives in serving people because of
their love to God and this requires passion to do it.
Teaching is a vocation as it also requires immense passion to serve the humanity

although this is a very challenging and tiring task. Teaching is not an 8-hour job but it is a 24-
hour responsibility. After teaching the whole day, teachers go home with a bulk of papers to
correct, modules and lesson plans to prepare. Even before sleeping, they are thinking about
how they can make their teaching more meaningful and interesting the following day.
Teaching is a vocation for teachers want to make a difference in the lives of the
students. It is a transactional way of disciplining the students and the transformational way
of shaping their values and attitudes. Students are of different mindsets, behavior, egos,
emotions, feelings and to reach out and understand them is a big challenge to the teachers.
Teachers remain calm in any kind of situations, setting good examples to the learners and
acting as models to them just like what the religious people are doing. Teachers are indeed
the exemplars of good personalities and have the highest responsibility of building better
communities.
For further explanation about teaching and the metaphors of

teaching, use the link below.
https://helpfulprofessor.com/metaphors-about-teachers/
7
UPGRADE YOUR SKILLS
Activity 1
Let us check how well you understood the various definitions of teaching. You may have your
own concept of teaching different from the scholars and educators. Write your own concept
on the spaces below and share them to class.
How do I define teaching?
1.
2.
WHAT IS TEACHING?
4. 3.
4.
5.
5.
6.
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Activity 2 Metaphors of a Teacher. Complete the prompt statements below.
1. Teacher as a counselor because _________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
2. Teacher as a director because ___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
3. Teacher as a model because ____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
4. Teacher as a designer because __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
5. Teacher as a potter because _____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
PONDER THE IDEAS LEARNED
Slogan making. Make your own slogan about teaching and explain it in one paragraph only.
Your slogan will be graded based on the rubric given below.
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LESSON 2
THE ROLES OF A TEACHER
GET STARTED
The various roles of a teacher make teaching a multifaceted task. Teaching is

concerned with the total development of the whole personality of the learners- their minds,
body and soul. Also, teachers’ role is not limited only with the tasks they do inside the
classroom but goes beyond the four walls of the school as they are expected to perform their
role among the people in the community where they belong.
Teachers are persons endowed with many talents and skills which can help in
performing well their roles. They are professionals who always stand for truth. Also, teachers
are expert in their own fields, a model of good character as well as a community leader and a
social advocate. They inspire and influence the students as well as the people around them.
In this lesson, we shall look at the roles of a teacher as a person, professional,

community leader and social advocate, model of character and expert. It is very essential that
you understand the various roles of a teacher so that you will be able to perform well your
roles in the future.
1. describe the various roles of a teacher;

2. demonstrate understanding on the various roles of a teacher;
3. make an acrostic drill describing the roles of a teacher.
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Prior Knowledge Topic Survey

Respond to each statement twice: one before reading the lesson and
again after reading it. Write A if you agree with the statement or write B if you
disagree.
ANTICIPATION/ REACTION GUIDE
RESPONSE TOPIC: ROLES OF A TEACHER RESPONSE

BEFORE AFTER
READING READING
1. Teaching requires commitment to make positive changes in
the society.
2. To meet the academic needs of teachers, they must know the
people around them and understand the social realities
experienced by the learners.
3. Teachers are not victims of human rights violations as they
are considered as experts in their own field.
4. As professionals, teachers are guided by the Professional
Code of Ethics.
5. Teachers play an important role in the development of the
students and the people in the community.
6. Teachers must have knowledge in content which means that
they must know a lot of teaching methods and techniques to
be used in the teaching-learning process.
7. A teacher is creative in solving problems, making decisions
and processing ideas.
8. Teachers are exemplars of good character, attitudes and
values.
9. There are teachers who are not behaving professionally and
they are also those who have very low content knowledge in
the subject they are teaching.
10. Teachers can do research and publish scholarly works and
opinions as part of enjoying their academic freedom.
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The Roles of a Teacher
The diagram below shows the various roles of a teacher.
F
A Individual Person
M
I
L
Y
T
Professional E
S
O A
C Community Leader and Social Advocate
I C
E
T H
Y
Model of Character E
S
C
R
H
O Expert
O
L
The Teacher as a Person
Understanding the teaching profession requires one to have deeper appreciation on

the lives of a teacher as a person. A teacher serves as a great inspiration and influencers to
others especially to his learners.
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Article XI of the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers titled, “The Teacher as a
Person” states that:
1. A teacher shall live with dignity in all places at all times.
2. A teacher shall place premium upon self-respect and self-discipline as the principle of
personal behavior in all relationships with others and in all situations.
3. A teacher shall maintain at all times a dignified personality which could serve as model
worthy of emulation by learners, peers and others.
4. A teacher shall always recognize the Almighty God or Being as guide of his own destiny
and of the destinies of men and nations.
A teacher possesses desirable attitudes and characteristics which are appreciated and
imitated by others. Aside from having these good qualities, a teacher is endowed with talents
and skills which help him to perform effectively and efficiently his teaching task. His talents
and skills are manifested in his body parts.
A teacher has …
Eyes To see the nature of the learners, for him to understand their individual
differences and needs and to discover their individual strengths and
weaknesses.
Ears To listen to the ideas of the learners and to consider their opinions and
concerns.
Hands To direct the learners in their learning activities and to mold them to become
good individuals.
Nose To breathe deeply when feeling worried, stressed and disappointed
Mouth To utter ideas, wisdom and truths that enrich and sharpen the minds of the
learners.
Feet To walk together with the learners, guiding them in their search for
knowledge.
Brain To think critically and creatively so he can meet effectively the learning needs
of the learners.
Heart To love the learners unconditionally, accepting and treating them fairly
regardless of who they are.
The Teacher as a Professional
The Code of Ethics of Professional Teachers describes a professional teacher who

finished a teacher education course recognized by the Commission on Higher Education and
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passed the Board Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers (BLEPT) under the
Professional Regulation Commission and obtaining a Professional Teacher Certificate and a
Professional Teacher License.
This is exactly how the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers describes the
professional teacher. The teacher is a licensed professional who possesses dignity and
reputation with high moral values as well as technical and professional competence…he/she
adheres to, observes and practices a set of ethical and moral principles, standards and values.
As a professional teacher, he must possess the following characteristics as mentioned

by Bilbao, Purita P., et.al (2018).
1. He possesses professional competence. The Philippine Professional Standards for

Teachers (PPST), the revised National Competency-Based Teacher Standards (NCBTS)
specifies the professional competencies of teachers as follows:
• Recognize the importance of mastery of content knowledge and its

interconnectedness within and across curriculum areas, coupled with a sound
and critical understanding of the application of theories and principles of
teaching and learning.
• Provide learning environments that are safe, secure, fair, and supportive in
order to promote learner responsibility and achievement. They create an
environment that is learning-focused and they efficiently managed learner
behavior in a physical and virtual place.
• Establish learning environments that are responsive to learner diversity. They

respect learners’ diverse characteristics and experiences as inputs to the
planning and design of learning opportunities.
• Interact with the national and local curriculum requirements. They translate
curriculum content into learning activities that are relevant to learners and
based on the principles of effective teaching and learning.
• Apply a variety of assessment tools and strategies in monitoring, evaluating,

documenting and reporting learners’ needs, progress and achievement. They
use assessment data in a variety of ways to inform and enhance the teaching
and learning process and programs.
• Establish school-community partnerships aimed at enriching the learning

environment, as well as the community’s engagement in the educative
process. They identify and respond to opportunities that link teaching and
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learning in the classroom to the experiences, interests and aspirations of the

wider school community and other key stakeholders.
• Value personal growth and professional development and exhibit high

personal regard for the profession by maintaining qualities that uphold the
dignity of teaching such as caring attitude, respect and integrity.
2. A professional teacher demonstrates professionalism in everything he does.

professionalism also includes professional conduct. Section 7 of RA 4670 explains
professional conduct as follows:
It behooves every teacher to assume and maintain professional attitude to his

work and in dealing with his associates in the profession. It should be his self- imposed
duty to constantly improve himself professionally.
Criticism, when necessary, should clearly reflects friendly motivation and a

sincere desire to uphold their standard and dignity of the profession. In dealing with
his pupils or students, the teacher should ever strive to be professionally correct,
friendly and sympathetic.
The Teacher as a Community Leader and Social Advocate

A teacher plays an important role in the development of the community and the
people in particular. He serves as advocate in the promotion of good leadership and
development of socialization among the people in the community. He also helps in the
promotion of human rights, welfare and protection, as well as health and other concerns that
would benefit the people in the community.
As a community leader and social advocate, a teacher plays the following roles and
responsibilities:
1. Establish link between the school and community by implementing programs

which will help the people in the community e. g. Oplan Dalus, Clean and Green
Program
2. Act as consultant in the implementation of community projects e.g. Youth
Development Projects
3. Serve as mentor and coach in community/ barangay competitions e.g. Basketball
League, Cooking Fest
4. Lead in socialization activities and community programs e. g. Christmas Program
and Ball
5. Serve as judges in contests held in the community e. g. Search for the Cleanest
Barangay
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The Teacher as a Model of Character

A teacher is a model of good character who sets good examples of attitudes and values
which are appreciated and imitated by the people around him. As a model of character, he
must possess the following personal qualities:
1. Good manners
2. Courtesy and respect for others
3. Intelligence, emotional stability, and self-control
4. Sympathy, kindness, helpfulness, and patience
5. Integrity, trustworthiness, honesty and loyalty
6. Sociability, friendliness, and cooperativeness
7. Flexibility, creativity, and resourcefulness
8. Fairness impartiality, and tolerance
9. Sense of humor, cheerfulness, and enthusiasm
10. Love and faith in God
The Teacher as an Expert

A teacher is expert in performing his tasks for he shows mastery of the lesson he is
discussing and knows how to teach it effectively. He has a good grasp of appropriate strategies
and techniques of teaching which cater to the individual differences and learning styles of the
learners.
A teacher as an expert possesses the following attributes.
1. Proficient at creating an optimal classroom climate for learning.

2. Good at decision-making and can identify what decisions are important and which are less
important decisions
3. Adept at monitoring student problems and assessing their level of understanding and
progress and they provide relevant and useful feedback.
4. Passionate about teaching and learning
5. Can anticipate, plan, improvise as required by the situation
6. Can provide appropriate challenging tasks and goals for students
7. Have high respect for students
8. Have positive influences on students’ achievement
For further explanation about teaching and the metaphors of

teaching, use the link below.
https://www.slideshare.net/BaiminaMaycon/teaching-profession-
chapter-1
16
UPGRADE YOUR SKILLS

Activity 1
Acrostic Drill Challenge. Create an acrostic drill using one of the roles of a teacher. You may
use the roles of a teacher discussed already or you may give other roles of a teacher. Refer to
the example below.
A teacher is a …
C- Counsellor A teacher portrays unconditional love and cocern. He is always there ready
to listen and to lend a helping hand in times of discouragement.
O
Activity 2
Describe the teacher as a model of character by writing a poem or a cinquain. A
cinquain is a poem consisting of 5 lines. The five lines are written as follows:
Line 1- one word

Line 2- two adjectives that describe the word in Line 1
Line 3- three action words that are related to Line 1
Line 4- four action words that are related to Line 1
Line 5- one word that describes the word in Line, one word that sums up the idea of
the whole poem or cinquain.
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Please refer to the sample below.
Teacher.
Loving, Caring
Listen, Motivate, Communicate
I appreciate her much
Idol
Write your own cinquain here.
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Write a 2-paragraph blog post on the roles of a teacher. You may select one role only to
discuss.
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LESSON 3
CHALLENGES IN TEACHING &
UNESCO’S 4 PILLARS OF EDUCATION
GET STARTED
AND
Teachers face many challenges in and out of the classroom. Being a teacher offers an
opportunity of making a huge impact on the lives of the people especially to the students but
with this opportunity come many challenges. These challenges, however, push the teachers
to exert more efforts to keep themselves abreast with the latest strides in the field of
education and in upgrading their knowledge and skills so that they will be armored with how
to cope up with these challenges and how to engage their students with lifelong learning as
this is the emphasis of UNESCO’s pillars of Education.
Identifying the challenges of teaching is a means of finding out solutions to these

challenges for educators believe that challenges are spices of teaching and they would
motivate teachers to strive more to make teaching and learning meaningful and effective.
Also, knowing the pillars of education, directs the teachers on what to teach and how to teach
so that they would be able to develop life skills which would definitely help them in life’s
challenges.
This lesson specifies the most common challenges in teaching as well as the UNESCO’s
4 Pillars of Education. It is imperative that the preservice teachers like you have a background
knowledge on these topics for these would help you hurdle the challenges of the teaching
profession.

1. identified the different challenges of teaching;
2. differentiated UNESCO’s 4 Pillars of Teaching;
3. suggest ways on how to overcome the challenges in teaching.
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K-W-L CHART
Complete the chart below by answering the questions given in the first two
columns. This is to know your background knowledge on the challenges
implementation in teaching which we are going to discuss in this lesson. The last question
will be answered after the discussion of the lesson.
What do you What do you

What did you
KNOW WANT
LEARN ?
about the topic? to know about the topic?
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CHALLENGES IN TEACHING
A. Multicultural Classrooms
Multicultural classrooms composed of students from diverse backgrounds-differences

in culture, family background, religion, social, economic ad linguistic backgrounds. How can
teachers prepare for diverse classrooms? The following should be considered in
multicultural classrooms.
Challenges of Multicultural Classrooms
1. Multicultural classrooms demand equity and equality.

2. Teachers must enhance respect for diversity and cultural literacy among the learners.
3. Teachers must develop fair treatment for everyone in school.
4. Teachers should use pedagogical approaches that are culturally relevant and
responsive.
Seven Ways to Embrace Multiculturalism Inside the Classroom
1. Celebrate different cultural festivals.

2. Attempt to learn a bit more about the different backgrounds of pupils in
your class.
3. Include a variety of books in your classroom book collection.
4. Hold a food fair to celebrate different dishes from around the world.
5. Set presentation projects for students on a culture or nation.
6. Host a culture day.
7. Hold events with guests and motivational speakers from different
backgrounds.
https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/seven-ways-to-embrace-multiculturalism-in-the-classroom-c784f4d6df20
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B. Learner-Centered Teaching
Learner centered teaching…
1. focuses on the learners and their development rather than on the transmission of
content.
2. shifts the focus of activity from the teacher to the learners. The students solve
problems, answer questions, formulate questions of their own, discuss, explain,
debate, or brainstorm during class.
3. let students do hands-on activities to enrich their experiences and to achieve

meaningful learning.
4. teaches students how to think, solve problems, evaluate evidence, analyze

arguments, generate hypotheses.
5. motivates students by giving them some control over learning processes. Teachers
give some students choice about which assignments they complete. Students can
also be asked to help create assessment criteria.
6. encourages collaboration. Learner- centered teachers work to develop structures

that promote shared commitments to learning. They see learning individually and
collectively as the most important goal of any educational experience.
Challenges of Learner-Centered Teaching
1. Lack of teachers’ interest and confidence. In a learner-centered teaching, the

teacher acts as a facilitator providing support for deeper learning, creating real-
life tasks and authentic learning experiences and implementing individualized
student-classroom centered management to meet individual learner’s need,
learning style and interest. Because of the many demands of learning-centered
teaching, some teachers lack the interest and confidence to do their role. Devising
learner- centered activities poses the greatest challenge. Thus, school
administrators need to support student-centered management and provide
training for teachers which will help them develop their skills and boost their
confidence in facing the challenges of learner-centered teaching.
2. Class size. Collaboration among the learners is emphasized in a learner-centered

teaching. Usually, learners are engaged in activities which require them to solve
their own problems, discuss, explain, roleplay debate and many more activities
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which call for individual presentations. The big number of students in one class
does not allow for individual presentations and discussions. Individualized
instruction does not allow a teacher to do it in the classroom as there are a lot of
students in one class.
3. Students feel discomfort when they work with others. Some students are uneasy
working with others. They prefer independent learning as this has been the usual
practice in their classrooms and so, they find difficulty to adjust themselves in
doing more challenging classroom activities.
4. Students lack the skill of expressing their ideas. Students prefer to do written
activities than performance task-based activities which require them to speak
because some of them lack the skill of expressing their ideas. However, if teachers
continuously provide activities to students that develop their speaking skills, they
would learn to love and learn the art of speaking.
5. Students show disciplinary problem when they are engaged in various

techniques of student -centered activities. Doing group activities is encouraged
in a learner-centered teaching as it is believed that students learn more when they
brainstorm ideas with one another and work cooperatively with others. Hence,
teachers have the difficulty to maintain the discipline of the learners throughout
the conduct of group activities. To minimize this problem, teachers must always
set standards to follow before doing any group activity.
Classroom
C. Teaching in Multi-Grade Classes

Multigrade teaching involves the teaching of students from different levels in one
classroom. This classroom set-up demands the teachers to do multiple tasks like the
following:
1. designing an instructional plan that will cover all topics and activities for all
students from varying grade levels
2. handling different students’ behavior and addressing their needs and interests
3. employing effective instructional methods and strategies
4. applying an efficient system for classroom management
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Challenges of Teaching Multi-Grade Classes
1. Time Management. A teacher in a multigrade class is tasked to do many activities

inside the classroom. During the lessons, he/she moves frequently between the
different groups, giving reading instruction to one grade then give dictation to the
other grade and giving exercises to another grade. With these numerous activities
of the teacher, he/she needs to budget her time wisely so the lesson planned for
that day will be carried and the learning objectives formulated will be attained.
2. Improving Teaching Skills and Development of Good Attitudes. A teacher of a

multigrade class should possess good characteristics such as being well-organized,
creative and flexible, self-directed, resourceful and willing to work hard and exert
much effort. Likewise, the teacher must possess teaching skills for him to handle
the work effectively. He must also have the capacity to develop among his learners
the importance of cooperation and personal responsibility in the classroom. With
these, a teacher must be provided with trainings to empower his teaching skills in
handling multigrade class.
3. Preparation and Organization of Teaching Materials. Instructional materials are

very important in teaching as these would facilitate easier teaching and learning.
Different grade levels to teach demands preparation of different materials and so,
a multigrade class teacher spends much time and effort in the preparation and
organization of teaching materials.
D. ICT Integration
ICT is the short term for Information Communication Technology which embraces all
forms of technologies that enable all people to receive information and communicate or
exchange information with others.
The COVID 19 pandemic brought abrupt changes in the teaching-learning process.

Schools shifted to online learning and remote learning. People realize the importance of
technology. But even before the pandemic, educators have been emphasizing the integration
of ICT in classrooms as this makes teaching- learning process more meaningful.
ICT Integration is the use of information-communication technology to introduce,

reinforce and supplement lessons presented to learners. Improving the quality of teaching
and learning and equipping the learners with 21st century skills are the main purposes of ICT
Integration.
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Challenges of ICT Integration in Teaching
1. Limited accessibility and network connection. This has been the problem of most
teachers and learners. With a very weak connection, there are many works undone
and unaccomplished especially during this pandemic.
2. Limited ICT facilities. There are still schools who do not have ICT facilities. School
administrators should try to prioritize this so that teachers and students will
experience a more meaningful delivery of lessons and this would result in easier
learning on the part of the learners.
3. Lack of effective training. Teachers especially old teachers should undergo training
to equip them with the necessary knowledge and skills in ICT Integration. Gaining
knowledge on manipulating computers and using ICT would give them the
confidence to integrate ICT in their lessons.
4. Limited time. ICT integration requires adequate time as there are times that
technical problems would occur. If technical problems occur, lessons will not be
carried out successfully and objectives set will not be attained.
5. Lack of teachers’ competency and skills. Teachers will have no intention to use
technologies if they feel that they can encounter technical problems and they do not
have the necessary knowledge and skills to remedy the problem.
6. Lack of technical support. In times of technical problems, there are no ready

technicians to support and remedy the problems. If only technical support is always
available, then teachers should be encouraged to integrate ICT frequently in their
lessons.
E. Brain-Based Education
Brain-based education demands the use of teaching methods and strategies that
apply to how brain works. Also, it requires lessons and activities that are based on how the
brain age, grow, and mature intellectually, socially and emotionally.
Challenges of Brain-Based Education

1. Teachers’ limited knowledge and skills to implement Brain-Based Education.
2. Inadequate training among teachers
3. Finding instructional materials and sources to use.
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Principles of Brain-Based Learning

Swan (2019)
1. A healthy body promotes a healthy mind.
2. Emotions are key t memory, meaning and attention.
3. Interaction with others benefits brain development.

4. Teaching each other boosts memory.
5. Memory improves through practice.

6. Avoid long lectures.
7. Make the discussion meaningful and relevant.
8. Move information from short to long memory.

9. Utilize humor, storytelling, movement and games.
10. Reduce stress for more effective learning
F. Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner identified 8 types of intelligences and he argued that teachers should
cater to all these intelligences when they teach.
1. Linguistic Intelligence (word smart)

2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (number/reasoning smart)
3. Visual-Spatial Intelligence (picture smart)
4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (body smart)
5. Musical Intelligence (music smart)
6. Interpersonal Intelligence (people smart)
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence (self-smart)
8. Naturalist Intelligence (nature smart)
Challenges of Teaching Students with Multiple Intelligences

1. http://www.jensenlearning.com/principles.php
Lack of teachers’ knowledge on how to implement the Multiple Intelligence Theory in
classrooms.
2. There are limited instructional materials that support Multiple Intelligence Theory.
3. Big class size imposes difficulty in catering to the varied intelligences of the students.
4. Preparing individualized learning activities that would meet the 8 intelligences of the
students is not that easy especially if the teachers are full-loaded.
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G. Children with Special Needs

Children with special needs are those who have developmental delays, medical
conditions, psychiatric conditions, and/or congenital conditions. These special needs require
accommodations so children can reach their potential (Mauro, 2020).
https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-are-special-needs-3106002
Challenges in Teaching Children with Special Needs
1. Dealing with the behavior problems of the students. Maintaining discipline inside the
classroom is not easy especially if dealing with children having disabilities. They have the
tendency to be irritated and get easily frustrated with school work. They tend to be very
emotional too.
2. Dealing with multiple disabilities. Each student has individual disability and so, a teacher
must devise the lesson and learning activities to cater to each student’s disability to
provide individualized instruction.
3. Difficulty in Teaching. Children with special needs have short attention span and there
could be possibility also that they could not understand the lesson. With this, teachers
face the difficulties in devising ways to help these learners understand the lesson. They
need to exert effort in discovering strategies and techniques to make them understand
the lesson as well as designing learning materials that would help in the teaching-learning
process.
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UNESCO’s 4 PILLARS OF EDUCATION
FOUR PILLARS OF EDUCATION
Learning to Know Learning to Do Learning to Live Together Learning to Be
The International Commission on Education for the 21st Century to UNESCO promotes
learning throughout life to combat the challenges of the 21st century. Lifelong learning is being
emphasized and to meet this, Rodriguez (2021) identified the four pillars of education
that should guide the actions of educators to develop learning appropriate to the
transformations experienced from reality. They also support the holistic formation of the
individual.
Learning to know leads the learners in understanding the world around them,
openness to the knowledge of one’s own and the other, which keeps them from
ignorance. Learning to do leads to practicing absorbed knowledge, which takes learners away
from immobilism. Learning to live together directs learners to teamwork, which keeps them
away from isolation. The learning to be solidifies the pillars and harmonizes them to conform
the human being intact.
SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED
Learning to Learning to Do Learning to Learning to Be
Know Live Together
literacy skills vocational skills social skills analytical skills
numeracy skills technical skills development of social skills

core values
critical thinking skills leadership and communication creativity and
management skills skills personal discovery
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For further explanation about the challenges of teaching and the

four pillars of education, use the links below.
https://www.slideshare.net/SuraiaLimbaga/challenges-in-teaching-
207436392
http://iflex.innotech.org/GURO21/module1/l1_20.html
References UPGRADE YOUR SKILLS
Activity 1
In this activity, let us find out other challenges of teaching aside from those mentioned
in our discussion. You may research from reading sources or you may interview teachers
(virtually). Record your findings/ answers in the matrix below.
Let them answer the following questions?
1. What are the challenges in teaching based on your experience?
2. How did you overcome these challenges?
RESEARCH NOTES
SOURCES/PERSONS CHALLENGES IN TEACHING OVERCOMING THE
INTERVIEWED CHALLENGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Activity 2
Design learning activities that develop the skills of the learners in the 4 pillars of education.
One classroom activity each.
Learning to Learning to Do Learning to Learning to Be

Know Live Together
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Make an infographic about the challenges of teaching. Tell your insights about the challenges
of teaching below your infographic.
THE CHALLENGES IN TEACHING
(infographic)
I realized that ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Unit 1 Highlights
This unit presents the various definitions including the metaphors of teaching. It also
discusses the dimensions of teaching, the various roles of the teacher and the challenges of
teaching. The UNESCO’s four pillars of education are also presented. The following are the
highlights of the unit.
1. Teaching has been defined in various ways. In its simplest definition, teaching is
imparting knowledge and developing the skills and values of the learners.
2. The dimensions of teaching presents the why of teaching which specifies the various
reasons of entering the teaching profession; the who of teaching which considers the
learners as the most important element in the teaching-learning process; the when of
teaching which discusses the evolution of teacher education; the how of teaching
which is concerned with the pedagogy of teaching; the what of teaching which
concerns the curriculum that specifies the total learning experiences of the learners;
and the where of teaching which describes the teaching field.
3. The metaphors of teaching describe teaching as an art, a science, a craft, a mission

and a vocation.
4. Teachers are artists in their own ways as they express their creativity in everything
they do inside the classroom.
5. Teaching is a science as teachers always test, examine and verify anything they do
inside the classroom.
6. Teaching is a craft because it is a complex, multidimensional task that cannot be

mastered in a short span of time. Experience and practice make teachers master the
craft of teaching.
7. Teaching is a mission as this is an obligation to humanity. They are commissioned to

serve the people in the community especially the children and the young people.
8. Teaching is a vocation as it requires immense passion to serve the humanity although

this is a very challenging and tiring task.
9. Teaching is a multifaceted task which requires a teacher to pay different roles. The
many tasks of a teacher include all his roles as a person, as a professional, a community
and social advocate, a model of character and an expert.
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10. In performing the multifaceted tasks of teaching, a teacher faces a lot of challenges.
Some of the challenges include teaching in multicultural classrooms and multigrade
classes, challenges in ICT integration, learner-centered teaching as well as brain-based
education and the challenges of teaching children with special needs including
learners with multiple intelligences.
11. The four pillars of Education emphasize the development of life-long learning skills. To
attain this, learners should be exposed with the development of the different skills
that would cater to the 4 pillars specified as: Learning to Know, Learning to Do,
Learning to Live Together and Learning to Be.
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Module - Unit 1

Uploaded by

Module - Unit 1

Uploaded by

MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education

UNIT 1 NATURE OF TEACHING

ESTABLISH THE PURPOSE

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. define what teaching is;

ACTIVATE PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

READ AND ENGAGE WITH THE TEXT

1. Teaching is a process whereby a teacher guides the learners to a higher level of

6. Teaching is an engagement with learners to enable their understanding and

Moreover, teaching is an art because teachers show creativity in many ways.

1. Teachers are creative in instructional materials preparation. Materials which are

1. Teaching needs a scientific background or basis. It demonstrates ways in which

4. Teachers examine and verify students’ progress and achievement by using

Teaching is a craft because it is a complex, multidimensional task that cannot be

Teaching is a craft as the skill to teach is cultivated by various means, including

Doing a mission requires adequate preparation, commitment and dedication.

Teaching is a vocation as it also requires immense passion to serve the humanity

For further explanation about teaching and the metaphors of

UPGRADE YOUR SKILLS

How do I define teaching?

Activity 2 Metaphors of a Teacher. Complete the prompt statements below.

1. Teacher as a counselor because _________________________________________

2. Teacher as a director because ___________________________________________

3. Teacher as a model because ____________________________________________

4. Teacher as a designer because __________________________________________

5. Teacher as a potter because _____________________________________________

PONDER THE IDEAS LEARNED

The various roles of a teacher make teaching a multifaceted task. Teaching is

In this lesson, we shall look at the roles of a teacher as a person, professional,

ESTABLISH THE PURPOSE

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. describe the various roles of a teacher;

ACTIVATE PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Prior Knowledge Topic Survey

ANTICIPATION/ REACTION GUIDE

RESPONSE TOPIC: ROLES OF A TEACHER RESPONSE

READ AND ENGAGE WITH THE TEXT

The Roles of a Teacher

The diagram below shows the various roles of a teacher.

The Teacher as a Person

Understanding the teaching profession requires one to have deeper appreciation on

Nose To breathe deeply when feeling worried, stressed and disappointed

The Teacher as a Professional

The Code of Ethics of Professional Teachers describes a professional teacher who

As a professional teacher, he must possess the following characteristics as mentioned

1. He possesses professional competence. The Philippine Professional Standards for

• Recognize the importance of mastery of content knowledge and its

• Establish learning environments that are responsive to learner diversity. They

• Apply a variety of assessment tools and strategies in monitoring, evaluating,

• Establish school-community partnerships aimed at enriching the learning

learning in the classroom to the experiences, interests and aspirations of the

• Value personal growth and professional development and exhibit high

2. A professional teacher demonstrates professionalism in everything he does.

It behooves every teacher to assume and maintain professional attitude to his

Criticism, when necessary, should clearly reflects friendly motivation and a

The Teacher as a Community Leader and Social Advocate

1. Establish link between the school and community by implementing programs

The Teacher as a Model of Character

The Teacher as an Expert

A teacher as an expert possesses the following attributes.

1. Proficient at creating an optimal classroom climate for learning.

For further explanation about teaching and the metaphors of

UPGRADE YOUR SKILLS

Line 1- one word

Please refer to the sample below.

Write your own cinquain here.

PONDER THE IDEAS LEARNED

Identifying the challenges of teaching is a means of finding out solutions to these

ESTABLISH THE PURPOSE

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

ACTIVATE PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

What do you What do you

READ AND ENGAGE WITH THE TEXT

Multicultural classrooms composed of students from diverse backgrounds-differences

Challenges of Multicultural Classrooms