March 25, 2020 Problem No.

3
Differential Equations by Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda Homogenous Equations
Obtain the general solution of the equation
Problem No.1 3(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
Variable Separable
Find the general solution of the equation a. 𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝐶𝐶 (4𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑦𝑦 b. 𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝐶𝐶 (4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2)
= c. 𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝐶𝐶 (9𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
d. 𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝐶𝐶 (9𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2)
a. 𝑌𝑌 = −𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 3
b. 𝑌𝑌 = 2𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 3 Solution
c. 𝑌𝑌 = 3𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 3
d. 𝑌𝑌 = 𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 3 3(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
The equation is homogenous of degree 2
Solution 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Separating the variables: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3(3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑥𝑥(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣)(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) = 0
= → =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 9𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 3𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Integrating we obtain: 9𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 (9 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
� =�
𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 Separating the variables:
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 3𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 3 𝐶𝐶 3
=
𝑥𝑥 (9 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )
3
𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 3 𝐷𝐷 =
𝑥𝑥 (9 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Problem No. 2 � =�
𝑥𝑥 (9 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )
Variable Separable 2𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Find the general solution of the equation � : 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑧𝑧 = 9+, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
(9 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )
(1 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� = ln(𝑧𝑧)
a.
1
tan(−2 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐) 𝑧𝑧
2
1
Integrating we obtain:
b. tan(2 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐) ln 𝑥𝑥 = ln( 9 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) + ln 𝐶𝐶
2
c.
1
tan(−3 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐) ln 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝐶𝐶 ( 9 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )
2
1 𝑥𝑥 = C ( 9 + v 2 )
d. tan(3 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐) 𝑦𝑦
2 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣 = → 𝑥𝑥 = C ( 9 + v 2 )
𝑥𝑥
Solution 𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝐶𝐶 (9𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2) D
(1 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Separating the variables: Problem No. 4
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Homogenous Equations
2
= Obtain the general solution of the equation
1 + 4𝑦𝑦 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
Integrating we obtain 2(2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 2
=� a. 𝑥𝑥 4 = 𝐶𝐶 2 (3𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2)
1 + 4𝑦𝑦 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 b. 𝑥𝑥 4 = 𝐶𝐶 2 (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� c. 𝑥𝑥 4 = 𝐶𝐶 2 (4𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2)
1 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 d. 𝑥𝑥 4 = 𝐶𝐶 2 (4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2)
Let a = 1, u = 2y
1 Solution
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 → 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 2(2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 The equation is homogenous of degree 2
� = tan−1 2𝑦𝑦
2 1 + 𝑢𝑢 2 2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
� : 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥
1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 2(2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣)(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) == 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 → −tan−1 𝑥𝑥 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
1 𝑥𝑥 2 (4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
tan−1 (2𝑦𝑦) = − tan−1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 Separating the variables:
2
tan−1 (2𝑦𝑦) = −2tan−1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑦𝑦 = tan(−2 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐) 𝐴𝐴 = → =
2 𝑥𝑥 3 (4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) 𝑥𝑥 (4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 (1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
= →� =�
𝑥𝑥 (4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) 𝑥𝑥 (4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 )
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒:
� : 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑢 = 4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 ∂𝑀𝑀
(4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) = 2𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∂𝑦𝑦
� = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 a𝑀𝑀
2 = 2𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 a𝑥𝑥
� = ln(𝑢𝑢) = ln(4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) ∴ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸!
2 𝑢𝑢 2 2
Integrating we obtain: � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
1
ln 𝑥𝑥 = ln(4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) + ln 𝐶𝐶 → 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 2
2 + � 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = � 0
2 ln 𝑥𝑥 = ln(4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) + 2ln 𝐶𝐶 → ln 𝑥𝑥 2 = ln(4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) + ln 𝐶𝐶 2 2
2 ln 𝑥𝑥 = ln(4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) + 2ln 𝐶𝐶 → ln 𝑥𝑥 2 = ln(4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) + ln 𝐶𝐶 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2
�𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 � + � 𝑦𝑦 2 + + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥�
𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝐶𝐶 2 (4 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) → 2 2 2
𝑦𝑦 y2 = 𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 2
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣 = → 𝑥𝑥 2 = C 2 � 4 + 2 � 2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑋𝑋 4 = 𝐶𝐶 2 (4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 ) 𝐴𝐴 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 𝐶𝐶
Problem No. 5 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 (𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏) = 𝑪𝑪 C
Exact Equations Problem No. 7
Solve the equation: (cos 2𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (cos 2y − Exact Equations
2x sin 2y − 2x 3 y) dy = 0 Solve the equation: (2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − tan 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 2 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
1 0
a. sin 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝐶𝐶
2
b.
1
sin 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝐶𝐶 a. 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶
2
1 b. 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶
c. sin 2𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝐶𝐶 c. 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶
2
1
d. sin 2𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝐶𝐶 d. 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶
2

Solution Solution
𝑀𝑀 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 𝑀𝑀 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
(cos 2𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − tan 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 2 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
+ (cos 2y − 2x sin 2y − 2x 3 y) dy = 0 𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒:
𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒: ∂𝑀𝑀
∂𝑀𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑥 − sec 2 𝑦𝑦
= −2 sin 2𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 ∂𝑦𝑦
∂𝑦𝑦 a𝑀𝑀
a𝑀𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑥 − sec 2 𝑦𝑦
= −2 sin 2𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 a𝑥𝑥
a𝑥𝑥 ∴ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸!
Exact!
� 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + � tan 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑥𝑥 sec 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 0
� cos 2𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑦) + (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑦𝑦) = 𝐶𝐶
+ � cos 2𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒙𝒙 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒚𝒚 = 𝑪𝑪 𝑨𝑨
Problem No. 8
− � 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � 2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0 Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients
Find the general solution of the differential equation
1 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦𝑦 ′ − 12𝑦𝑦 = 0
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 3 ) + ( sin 2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 3 ) = 𝐶𝐶
2
𝟏𝟏 a. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 −6𝑥𝑥
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝒙 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 = 𝑪𝑪 𝐵𝐵 b. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − 2𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 −6𝑥𝑥
𝟐𝟐
c. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 −6𝑥𝑥
Problem No. 6 d. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 −6𝑥𝑥
Exact Equations
Solve the equation: (1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 + Solution
2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 𝑦𝑦" + 4𝑦𝑦′ − 12𝑦𝑦 = 0
The auxiliary equation is:
a. 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚2 + 4𝑚𝑚 − 12 = 0
b. 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝐶𝐶 Get the roots:
c. 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝐶𝐶 (𝑚𝑚 − 2)(𝑚𝑚 + 6) = 0
d. 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚1 = 2 & 𝑚𝑚2 = −6 ∴ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟!
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟: 𝑚𝑚1 , 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑚𝑚2
Solution 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚1𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶3 𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚3𝑥𝑥 + ⋯
𝑀𝑀 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑁𝑁 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 The general solution:
𝒚𝒚 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆−𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑪𝑪 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠
= 0.01(300) − (300)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1𝑥𝑥106 t s
Problem No. 9 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑠𝑠 30,000 − 3𝑠𝑠
=3− = 0 100
Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 10,000 10,000 ? 2300
Obtain the general solution to the differential equation y’ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3
– ay = 0 =− (𝑠𝑠 − 10,000)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 10,000
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
a. 𝑦𝑦 = −𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 c. 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =−
𝑠𝑠 − 10,000 10,000
b. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 d. 𝑦𝑦 = −3𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Integrating we obtain:
Solution 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� = �−
y’ – ay = 0 𝑠𝑠 − 10,000 10,000
The auxiliary equation is: 2,300 3 𝑡𝑡
ln(𝑠𝑠 − 10,000) � =− �
𝑚𝑚 − 𝑎𝑎 = 0 100 10,000 0
Get the root: ln(2,300 − 10,000)
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑎 ∴ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟! − ln(100 − 10,000)
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟: 𝑚𝑚1 , 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑚𝑚2 −3(𝑡𝑡 − 0)
=
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚1𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶3 𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚3𝑥𝑥 + ⋯ 10,000
The general solution: 2300 − 10000 −3(𝑡𝑡)
𝒚𝒚 = 𝑪𝑪𝒆𝒆𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑩𝑩 ln � �=
100 − 10000 10,000
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Problem No. 10 𝑡𝑡 = 837.7148 ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥
24 ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝑫𝑫
Find the general solution to the differential equation
y” – y’ – 2y = 0. Problem No. 12
2𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥 How much of the chemical will be in the pond after a very
a. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 − 3𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 long time?
b. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 4𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
c. 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 a. 10,000 g c. 12,000 g
d. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 b. 11,000 g d. 9,500 g
Solution Solution
y” – y’ – 2y = 0 S − For a very long time; t = ∞
The auxiliary equation is: ds
𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚 − 2 = 0 =0
dt
Get the roots: ds −3
(𝑚𝑚 − 2)(𝑚𝑚 + 1) = 0 = (𝑠𝑠 − 10,000)
dt 10,000
𝑚𝑚1 = 2 & 𝑚𝑚2 = −1 ∴ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟! −3
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟: 𝑚𝑚1 , 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑚𝑚2 0= (𝑠𝑠 − 10,000
10,000
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚1𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶2 𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚2𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶3 𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚3𝑥𝑥 + ⋯ 𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 𝑨𝑨
𝒚𝒚 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆−𝒙𝒙 𝑫𝑫
Situation No. 2
Situation No. 1 Suppose that the temperature of a cup of coffee obeys
A pond initially contains 1 M gal of water and unknown Newton’s Law of Cooling. If the coffee has a temperature
amount of an undesirable chemical. Water Containing of 90˚C when freshly poured and 1minute later has
0.01 gram of this chemical per gallon flows into the pond cooled to 85 ˚C in a room at 20˚C.
at a rate of 300 gal/hr. The mixture flows out at the same
rate, so the amount of water in the pond remains Problem No. 13
constant. Assume that the chemical is uniformly While waiting for a friend, determine the time when the
distributed throughout the pond. coffee reaches a temperature of 65 ˚C.

Problem No. 11 a. 5.55 min c. 6.59 min

How many days elapsed when the amount of chemical in b. 5.96 min d. 6.55 min
the pond became 2,300 grams from an amount of 100 Solution
grams? Newton’s Law of Cooling
a. 35.4 c. 33.2 d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
∝ (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 )𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 )
b. 39.4 d. 34.9 dt
d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
Solution ∝ (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 20)
dt
Brine Solution: d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 20)
dt
= 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘dt
(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 20)
 t(min) 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵
Integrating we obtain: d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
0 90˚C ∝ (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 )𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 )
d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 dt
� = � 𝑘𝑘dt 1 85˚C
(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 20) d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
? 65˚C ∝ (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 60)
85 1 dt
ln(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 20) � = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
90 0
ln(85 − 20) − ln( 90 − 20) = 𝑘𝑘 (1 − 0) = 𝑘𝑘dt
(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 60)
85 − 20 Integrating we obtain:
ln � � = 𝑘𝑘
90 − 20 d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑘𝑘 = −0.0741 � = � 𝑘𝑘d 𝑡𝑡
(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 60)
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 = 65˚C 75 2
d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ln(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 60) � = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 �
� = � 𝑘𝑘dt 80 0
(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 20) ln(75 − 60) − ln(80 − 60) = 𝑘𝑘 (2 − 0)
65
d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡 𝑘𝑘 = −0.143841
� = −0.0741 � dt Time he was murdered: t
90 (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 20) 0
65 1 d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
ln(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 20) � = −0.0741𝑡𝑡 � � = � 𝑘𝑘d 𝑡𝑡
90 0 (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 60)
ln(65 − 20) − ln( 90 − 20) = −0.0741 (𝑡𝑡 − 0) 98.6 𝑡𝑡
ln(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 60) � = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 �
85 − 20 80 0
ln � � = −0.0741𝑡𝑡 ln(98.6 − 60) − ln(80 − 60) = −0.143841 (𝑡𝑡 − 0)
90 − 20
𝒕𝒕 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 B 98.6 − 60
ln � � = −0.143841𝑡𝑡
80 − 60
Problem No. 14 𝑡𝑡 = −4.571158 (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑡𝑡)
Your friend arrived and asked you to go to another place. 𝑡𝑡 = 24 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 4.571158
Your coffee has a temperature of 65 ˚C when you start 𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑷𝑷. 𝑴𝑴 D
walking outside where the temperature is 32 ˚C,
determine the time when the coffe reaches a temperature Problem No. 16
of 40 ˚C. A tank contains 400 liters of
brine holding 100 kg of salt
a. 12.92 min c. 19.12 min in solution. Water
b. 11.92 min d. 12.19 min containing 125 g of saly per
liter flows into the tank at the
Solution rate of 12 liters per minute,
d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 t(min) 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵
� = � 𝑘𝑘dt and the mixture, kept
0 65˚C
(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 32) uniform by stirring, flows out
40 𝑡𝑡 ? 40˚C
d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 at the same rate. Find the
� = −0.0741 � dt amount of salt at the end of
65 (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 32) 0
40 1 90 minutes.
ln(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 32) � = −0.0741𝑡𝑡 �
65 0
ln(40 − 32) − ln(65 − 32) = −0.0741 (𝑡𝑡 − 0) a. 53.36 kg c. 53.63 kg
40 − 32 b. 0 d. 65.33 kg
ln � � = −0.0741𝑡𝑡
65 − 32 Solution
𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 C 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 − 𝑆𝑆0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Problem No. 15 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑆 t 𝑆𝑆
Engr. Pogiboy was murdered in Sogo Hotel in Mabini. His = 0.125(12) − (12)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 400 0 100
body was discovered in a hotel room at midnight and its 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 90 ?
temperature was 80 ˚F. The temperature of the room is = 1.5 − 0.03𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
kept constant at 60 ˚F. Two hours later, the temperature 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
of the corpse dropped to 75 ˚F. Find the time he was = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1.5 − 0.03𝑠𝑠
murdered. (Note: Normal temperature of the body is 37
˚C) t 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 Integrating we obtain:
0 18 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
a. 8.3524 c � = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 t 𝑆𝑆
9.4156 1 31 1.5 − 0.03𝑠𝑠
𝑆𝑆 90 0 100
b. 9.2151 d. 5 ? 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 90 ?
7.4288 100 1.5 − 0.03𝑠𝑠 0
1 𝑆𝑆 90
Solution − ln(1.5 − 0.03𝑆𝑆) � = 𝑡𝑡 �
0.03 100 0
Normal temperature of the body ln(1.5 − 0.03𝑆𝑆) − ln[1.5 − 0.03(100)] = (90−)(−0.03)
9 1.5 − 0.03𝑆𝑆
�37˚C + � + 32 = 98.6 ˚F ln � � = −2.7
5 1.5 − 3
Newton’s Law of Cooling
 1.5 − 0.03𝑆𝑆 ∫ (𝑇𝑇
d𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
= ∫ 𝑘𝑘dt
� � = 𝑒𝑒 −2.7 𝐵𝐵 −700)
1.5 − 3 31 1
𝑺𝑺 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝑨𝑨 ln(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 70) � = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 �
18 0
ln(31 − 70) − ln(18 − 70) = 𝑘𝑘(1 − 0)
Problem No. 17 31 − 70
Under certain conditions, cane sugar in water is ln � � = 𝑘𝑘
18 − 70
converted into dextrose at a rate proportional to the 𝑘𝑘 = −0.287682
amount that is unconverted at any time. If, of 75 kg at time Temperature at time = 5 min.
t = 0.8 kg are converted during the first 30 minutes. Find 𝑇𝑇 5
the amount converted in 2 hours. ln(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 70) � 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 �
18 0
ln(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 70) − ln(18 − 70) − 0.287682 (5 − 0)
a. 72.73 kg c. 27.23 kg 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 70
b. 23.27 kg d. 32.72 kg ln � � = 𝑒𝑒 −1.43841
18 − 70
Solution 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 70
= 𝑒𝑒 −1.43841
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 18 − 70
𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑻𝑻𝑩𝑩 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 ˚C D
𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 − 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 Additional Topic: Growth and Decay
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 ) Let N(t) denote the amount of substance that is either
d𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 growing or decaying. If we assume that dN/dt, the time
∝ 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 rate of change of this amount of substance, is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Then: proportional to the amount of substance present, then
d𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 dN/dt = kN, or
∝ 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 T(min) 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0
d𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑘𝑘(75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 ) 0 0 Where k is the constant of proportionality. The differential
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 30 8
d𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 equation is both linear and separable, its general solution
= 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 120 ? is:
(75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 )
Integrating we obtain: 𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
d𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑
� = � 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Problem No. 19
(75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 ) What constant interest rate is required if an initial deposit
8 30
− ln(75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 ) � = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � placed into an account that accrues interest compounded
0 0 continuously is to double its value in six years?
−[ln(75 − 8) − ln(75 − 0)] = 𝑘𝑘(30 − 0)
𝑘𝑘 = 0.00375985 a. 12.55% c. 12.51%
𝑚𝑚 120
− ln(75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 ) � 𝑑𝑑 = 0.00375985𝑡𝑡 � b. 11.55% d. 21.15%
0 0
−[ln(75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 ) − ln(75 − 0)] = 0.00375985(120 − 0) Solution
− ln( 75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 ) = 0.4512 − ln (75) The balance N(t) in the account at any time t is governed
ln( 75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 ) = −0.4512 + ln (75) by
75 − 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 −0.4512+ln (75) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝒎𝒎𝒅𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝑪𝑪 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Problem No. 18 We are not given an amount for the initial deposit, so we
A thermometer reading 18˚C is brought into a room denote it as No
where the temperature is 70 ˚C; 1 minute later the 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 0, 𝑁𝑁(0) = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜
thermometer reading is 31 ˚C. Determine the 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ; 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜
thermometer reading 5 minutes after it is brought into We seek the value of k for which N= 2𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 when t= 6
room. 2𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘(6)
a. 62.33 ˚C c. 56.55 ˚C 𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘(6) = 2
b. 58.99 ˚C d. 57.66 ˚C 𝑘𝑘 = 0.1155 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 % B
An interest rate of 11.55 % is required.
Solution
Newton’s Law of Cooling Problem No. 20
d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 A bacteria culture is known to grow at a rate proportional
∝ (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 )𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 ) to the amount present. After one hour, 1000 strands of
dt
d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 the bacteria are observed in the culture, and after 4 hours,
∝ (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 70) 3000 strands. Find the approximate number of strands of
dt
d 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 the bacteria originally in the culture.
= 𝑘𝑘dt
(𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 − 70)
a. 693 c. 695
Integrating we obtain:
b. 694 d. 696
Solution A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate
Let N(t) denote the number of bacteria strands in the proportional to the amount present. If initially there is 50
culture at time t. milligrams of the material present and after two hours it is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 observed that the material has lost 10 percent of its
− 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0 original mass. Find the mass of the material after 4 hours
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and the time at which the material has decayed to one
At t=1, N(1) =1000; hence, half of its initial mass.
1000 = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ← 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 1
At t=4, N(4) =3000; hence, a. 50.5 mg, 10.16 hrs c. 20.5 mg, 18.16 hrs
b. 30.5 mg, 11.16 hrs d. 40.5 mg, 13.16 hrs
3000 = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ←𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 2
Divide EQ. 1 & EQ. 2 we obtain: Solution
1000 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 1 1 Let N(t) denote the amount of material present at time t.
= → =
3000 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 3 𝑒𝑒 3𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0
= 𝑒𝑒 −3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 → 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � � = −3𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 3 𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Solving for k and c, we find At t=0, N =50; hence,
50 = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘(0) → 𝑐𝑐 = 50
1 𝑁𝑁 = 50𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ←𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 1
ln 3
𝑘𝑘 = = 0.366 At t=2: 10% of the original mass has decayed
−3
1000 𝑁𝑁 = 50 − 50(0.1) = 45
𝑐𝑐 = 0.366 = 693.361 45 = 50𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘(2)
𝑒𝑒
Substituting the values of c and k we obtain: 45
= 𝑒𝑒 2𝑘𝑘
𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) = 693.361𝑒𝑒^0.366204𝑡𝑡 50
We require N at t=0 45
ln = 2𝑘𝑘
𝑁𝑁(0) = 693.361𝑒𝑒^0.366204(0) 50
𝑵𝑵(𝟎𝟎) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑩𝑩 𝑘𝑘 = −0.05268
Using the value of k to EQ. 1:
Problem No. 21 𝑁𝑁 = 50 𝑒𝑒 −0.05268𝑡𝑡 ← EQ. 2
The population of a certain country is known to increase At t= 4, compute for N:
at a rate proportional to the number of people presently 𝑁𝑁 = 50 𝑒𝑒 −0.05268(4) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
living in the country. If after two years the population has The material decayed to one half of its initial mass:
doubled, and after three years the population is 20, 000, 50
𝑁𝑁 = = 25, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡.
estimate the number of people initially living in the 2
country. Using EQ. 2 to solve for time:
𝑁𝑁 = 50 𝑒𝑒 −0.05268𝑡𝑡
a. 8560 c. 6390 25 −0.05268𝑡𝑡
b. 8150 d. 7072 25 = 50 𝑒𝑒 −0.05268𝑡𝑡 → 𝑒𝑒
30
25
Solution ln � � = −0.05268𝑡𝑡
Let N(t) denote the number of people living in the country 30
at any time, t and let 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 denote the number of people
𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝐷𝐷
initially living in the country
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
− 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 0, 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 ; ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,
𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 = 𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘(0) → 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜
𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ← EQ. 1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 2, 𝑁𝑁 = 2𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 ← EQ. 2
EQ. 2 to EQ. 1 we obtain:
2𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 → 2 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 = 𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑘(2) → ln(2) = 2𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘 = 𝑒𝑒 0.34657
Using EQ.1 to get the euation for N:
𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 0.34657𝑡𝑡 ← EQ. 3
At t =3, N=20,000
Using EQ. 3 we get:
𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 0.34657𝑡𝑡
20,000 = 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 0.34657(3)
𝑵𝑵𝒐𝒐 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑫𝑫

Problem No. 22