Senior High School

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Atomic Structures
Chemical Formula and Names of Compound

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippine

General Chemistry 1 – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Atomic Structures
Chemical Formula and Names of Compounds
First Edition, 2021
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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Atomic Structures
Chemical Formula and Names of
Compounds

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 Table of Contents
What This Module is About………………………………………………………………..………..i

What I Need to Know……………………………………………………………………….………ii

How to Learn from this Module…………………………………………………………………....ii

Icons of this Module………………………………………………………………………...………ii

What I Know…………………………………………………………………………………...……iii

Lesson 1: Isotopes and Their uses.………………………………………..…..1

What I Need to Know …………..…………………………………………………1

What’s New: All About Carbon ..…………………………………………………1

What’s In…………...……………………………………………………………….2

What’s New: Subatomic Particles.……………………………………………….3

What Is It: ………………………………….……………………………………….3

What’s More: Time To Ponder!.....………………………………….……………4

What I Can Do………………….…………………………………………………..6

Lesson 2: Writing and Naming of Substances………………..………...7

What’s In……………………………………………….………………..……….…7

What’s New: Name that Element ……………….……………………………....7

What Is It………….. …………………………….……………………..……..…...8

What’s More: Finding Common Chemicals…………………………………....12

What I Have Learned: Molecule or Ion …………….………….……………....12

What I Have Learned: Ion Name and Symbol .…………………………….....13

What I Have Learned: Ionic Compounds Name and Symbol………………..13

What I Have Learned: Molecular Compounds Name and Symbol………….13

What I Have Learned: Tertiary Compounds …………………..………………14

What I Have Learned: Binary and Ternary Acids ………………..…….……..14

Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………15
Assessment: Post-Test……………………………………………………………………………16
Key to Answers…………………………………………………………………………………….17
References…………………………………………………………………………………………19
What This Module is About
This module explains isotopes and demonstrates their practical uses and application.
It also tackles the rules of writing and naming chemical compounds.

This module has two (2) lessons:

• Lesson 1: Isotopes and their Uses
• Lesson 2: Writing and Naming of Substances

You are also expected to answer and complete the given activities concerning the required
competencies of this module.

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Recognize common isotopes and their uses (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-19).

2. Name compounds given their formula and write the formula given the name of the
compound (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-23).

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.

What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that

of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you.

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have These are activities designed to process

Learned what you have learned from the lesson.

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
your answers in the space provided before the number.

__1. Which of the following is an example of an element?

a. Soil c. Sugar
b. Water d. Oxygen

__2. Which of the following is an example of a compound?

a. Gold c. Hydrogen
b. Water d. Oxygen

__3. Which of the following refers to the atoms of an element having the same atomic number
but differs in mass number?
a. Isotopes c. Mass Number
b. Atomic Number d. Number of Electrons

__4. In which of the following quantities will two isotopes of an element have different values?
a. Atomic Number c. Mass Number
b. Number of Protons d. Number of Electrons

__5. Which of the following is not an isotope of Hydrogen?

a. Protium c. Tritium
b. Deuterium d. Proterium

__6. Which of the following symbols corresponds to the element tin?

a. Ti c. Pb
b. Zn d. Sn

__7. What is the chemical formula of chalk?

a. CaCO3 c. CaCO
b. COOH d. CaCO2

__8. Which of the following is the correct formula of copper (II) nitrate?
a. CuNO3 c. Cu (NO3)2
b. Cu2NO3 d. Cu2(NO3)2

__9. Which of the following formula refers to the symbols of the atoms that make up the
molecules?
a. Chemical Formula c. Empirical Formula
b. Molecular Formula d. Formula Mass

__10. Which of the following is the chemical name of NH4+?

a. Ammonium c. Nitrogen (IV) hydride
b. Nitrogen tetrahydride d. Ammonia

iii
 Lesson
Isotopes and Their Uses
1
What I Need to Know

Have you ever wondered how archaeologists and scientists were able to
precisely date back, or identify the age of some pre-historic samples, fossils, or any
objects and organic pieces that can be usually seen in a museum? If we come to think
about it, without the experts and knowledge of isotopes, it may seem impossible to
determine considering the lifetime of humans, and even so, experts were able also to
reveal past climates and the ways of life.

The common method of identifying the age of an object is known as

Radiocarbon dating. What can you infer from the term? The word itself “radiocarbon”
is associated with the element carbon, and all living things that contain carbon in some
forms. Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 12.00 amu. It is
expressed as Carbon-12 because of its mass. Aside from Carbon-12, there are also
other forms of carbon: Carbon-13, and Carbon-14. The latter is used to measure and
basis for radiocarbon dating. Why are there different forms of carbon and how do they
differ from one another? We will understand this when we discuss about isotopes.

In this lesson, you are to recognize common isotopes and their uses.

What’s New

Activity 1.1: All about Carbon!

Direction: Explain and cite examples of different isotopes of Carbon.

Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14

1
 What’s In

Before we learn about Isotopes, let us first recall the atomic structure and the
subatomic particles as the foundation of this lesson.

According to John Dalton’s atomic theory, an atom is the smallest unit of matter
that can combine with another to form molecules. Everything you see, feel, touch,
taste, and even hear is all made up and composed of atoms. All living and non-living
things, and all phases of matter; solid, liquid, and gas all consist of atoms. Everything
is matter, even an infinitesimal particle is a matter, and especially you, as a human
being is a matter, because all are made up of atoms.

Dalton’s theory was accepted until revoked by a series of investigations

between the 18th and 20th centuries. Experimental investigation shows that atoms are
made up of even smaller particles called subatomic particles, (1) protons, (2)
electrons, and (3) neutrons as shown in the table below.

Table 1. Summary of the Subatomic Particles of an Atom

Name Symbol Electrical Charge Mass (amu) Mass (g)
Proton p+ +
1 1.00728 or 1 1.673 x10-24
Neutron n0 0 1.00867 or 1 1.675 x10-24
Electron e- -
1 0.000549 9.1093 x10-28

In 1910, Ernest Rutherford found out a different structure of an atom through

his −scattering experiment and proved that most of an atom is an empty space with
a very dense central core called the nucleus. The nucleus contains the neutron and
the positively charged proton. Atoms of an element have a constant or fixed number
of protons. For the neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of its
electrons. The atomic number, often represented by the symbol Z, is equal to the
number of protons in an atom.

A Simple way to represent atoms and their atomic number and mass is through this
notation.

Mass Number
A
Atomic Number
Z X Atomic Symbol

Take note of the following equations:

Atomic Number (Z) = Number of Protons = Number of electrons in a neutral
atom
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number- Atomic Number (A-Z)

Example: Magnesium; 2412M

Atomic Number(Z) = 12 ; Number of Proton = 12 ; Number of Electrons= 12

2
Mass Number (A) = Number of Protons + Number of Electron; A = 12 +12 = 24
Number of Neutron: Mass Number – Atomic Number; 24 – 12 = 12
The atomic number identifies the element that has a fixed number of protons and
electrons but can have a different number of neutrons. Based on the equation, the
different number of neutrons resulted in the differences in atomic mass, which means
some elements weigh lighter or heavier than others.

What’s New

Activity 1.2: Subatomic Particles

Directions: Complete the table below by supplying the correct quantity or number of
particles. You may use a periodic table as your guide.

Element Atomic Atomic No. of No. of No. of

mass Number Protons Neutrons Electrons
Phosphorus 31 15
Barium 56 81
Chromium 28 24
Bismuth 209 83
Magnesium 12 12

What Is It

John Dalton’s atomic theory states that all atoms of an element are identical in
mass and size and are different from the atoms of another element. However, most of
the atomic masses of an element are not in whole numbers, as you observed in your
periodic table. For instance, the mass of carbon is 12.011 amu; hydrogen is 1.008
amu, and nitrogen is 14.008 amu. Why is this so?

Through modern science and techniques, isotopes have been discovered. One
of the laboratory findings of experts that atoms of a particular element have a fixed
number of protons and have the same structure and properties, however, the atomic
mass is not the same. Some of the atoms of the same element weigh more or less
than the other. These atoms of the same element with different mass are called
isotopes. The difference in mass results from the differences in the number of
neutrons, refer to the equation stipulated above. This means that an element has the
same number of protons and electrons, therefore, isotopes of an element differ in the
number of neutrons.

To illustrate Oxygen (O) has three isotopes. The most common form of oxygen
has an atomic mass of 16.00 amu. Another isotope of Oxygen has an atomic mass of
17.00 amu, and the other has 18.00 amu. For convenience, the isotopic symbol of the
different isotopes of oxygen can be written or expressed as 16O, 17O, 18O. Isotopes of
a particular element have different atomic masses, so how do we compute the atomic
mass of an element?

3
 The atomic mass of oxygen listed in the periodic table of elements is the
average atomic mass of the isotopes with respect to their percent natural abundance.
The natural abundance of an isotope of an element is the percent of that isotope as it
occurs in a sample on earth. The average atomic mass of an element depends on
both the mass and the relative percent abundance of each of the element isotopes.

To get the average atomic mass of oxygen, multiply the atomic mass of each
isotope by its abundance, as shown in the table below.

Table 2. Isotopes of Oxygen

Isotope Atomic Mass (amu) Natural Abundance (%)
16
O 15.99491 99.759
17
O 16.99913 0.037
18
O 17.9916 0.204

Solution:
Atomic Mass Natural
(amu) Abundance
(%)
15.99491 x 0.99759 = 15.9564
16.99913 x 0.00037 = 0.0063
17.9916 x 0.00204 = 0.0367
Average Mass: = 15.9994 amu

Chemistry is the center of life, since everything is made up of atoms, and

element is composed of an atom, and these elements as presented in the periodic
table, have been continuously used in a wide variety of applications in everyday life,
and all aspects in the society. Research laboratories, agriculture, industrial facilities,
food production, medical centers, and many consumer products all use or contain
elements that vary in mass or different isotopes.

Different Isotopes of different elements have various importance and

application throughout history and in today’s modern time. Experts, researchers, and
scientists have continuously, creatively, evolving and innovating their functions and
usage in everyday life especially at times of hardships or facing a pandemic.

What’s More

A. Time to Ponder!
Direction. Reflect and make an essay about “Isotopes in Everyday Life”. Research
and cite the isotopes of at least 5 elements and reflect how these elements help you
and the impacts of its contribution to society. You may use an extra sheet of paper for
this activity.

4
 B. Calculation

Direction: Calculate the average atomic mass of the given element with respect to its
known isotopes and percent abundance. Include the isotopic symbol of each element
(e.g.,16O, 17O, 16O). Write your answer in the given table and show your solution.

1. Nitrogen
Isotopic Atomic Average
Known Natural
Element symbol Mass Atomic
Isotopes Abundance (%)
(amu) Mass (amu)
Nitrogen-14 14.0031 99.63
Nitrogen
Nitrogen-15 15.0001 0.37

Solution:

2. Chlorine
Isotopic Atomic Average
Known Natural
Element symbol Mass Atomic
Isotopes Abundance (%)
(amu) Mass (amu)
Chlorine-35 34.9689 75.77
Chlorine
Chlorine-37 35.9656 24.23

Solution:

3. Silicon
Isotopic Atomic Average
Known Natural
Element symbol Mass Atomic
Isotopes Abundance (%)
(amu) Mass (amu)
Silicon-28 27.9769 92.23
Silicon Silicon-29 28.9765 4.67
Silicon-30 29.9738 3.10

5
Solution:

What I Can Do

Performance Task:

Make a short poem about “Isotopes in Everyday Life”.

Note:
• You may have your own title as long as within the topic.
• You may add any creativity or even write your poem in calligraphy.
• It is handwritten in an A4 bond paper.

Enrichment Activity:

Watch a video through YouTube link below entitled “Application of Isotopes”,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iFMM7bwjk0

6
 Lesson
Writing and Naming of
2 Substances

What’s In

In lesson 1, you have learned about the definition of isotopes, isotopic symbol,
calculating the average atomic mass of an element from its common isotopes, and
also recognizing some common application of isotopes, and how it helps shaping you
as a human and the society.
With the knowledge of atoms, elements, and isotopes, now let us tackle about
compounds, which are a combination of two or more elements. In addition, knowing
how to write and name the chemical formula is essential since everything deals with
chemistry such as the ingredients we used for cooking, the detergents, shampoo, and
other products and materials.
Have you ever wondered how to read or write the chemical symbols in raw
materials and nutritional facts displayed on product labels?

In this lesson, you are to name compounds given their formula and write the
formula given the name of the compound.

What’s New

Activity 2.1 Name that Element!

Direction: Complete the table below by naming the respective elements of each item.
You may use a periodic table of elements, surf the internet, or use your prior learning.

Element Element
Symbol Element Name Symbol Element Name
1. Cl 11.Rn
2. Sn 12. F
3. Ti 13. B
4. V 14. Mo
5. Sb 15. Si
6. Kr 16. Br
7. Xe 17. Ba
8. Ir 18. Na
9. Mg 19. Ge
10. Be 20. Ga

7
 What Is It

Dalton differentiated the elements and their atoms through drawings, it is also
one of his postulates that compounds are composed of atoms of more than one
element, combined in definite ratios with whole number values. In the present day,
elements are differentiated and represented through symbols. Many symbols are
abbreviations derived from the name of the element and some are derived from their
Latin names.

When we say element, it is the simplest type of matter with unique physical
and chemical properties. It consists of only one kind of atom, and, therefore, cannot
be broken down into a simpler type of matter by any physical or chemical methods.
Each element has a name, such as carbon, fluorine, or oxygen. A sample of fluorine
contains only fluorine atoms.

In nature, most elements exist as a group of atoms, either separated or in

contact with each other, depending on the physical state. Several elements occur in
molecular form: a molecule is an independent structure of two or more atoms bound
together. Oxygen, for example, occurs in the air as diatomic (two atoms) molecules.

Atom is the smallest particle of a substance that can exist by itself or be

combined with other atoms. Atom is represented by an element, so hydrogen or
oxygen element is also an atom, respectively.

Molecules, on the other hand, are composed of two or more atoms. Moreover,
there are other elements that exist in nature as molecules. The following diatomic
molecules are as follows; H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2.

Atoms and molecules are electrically neutral; that is, they have equal numbers
of protons and electrons. However, when an atom acquires a net charge, it becomes
an ion.

An ion is an atom or a group of atoms having a positive or negative charge.

Positive ion means Cation(+), it results from the loss of one or more electrons. For
example, sodium ions (Na+), usually all metals give off electrons. On the other hand,
Anion(-) means negative ion it results from the gain of one or more electrons, usually,
all non-metals loves to accept electrons, for example, chlorine ions (Cl -).

Ions can be made up of only one atom (monoatomic) or more than one type
of atom (polyatomic). Monoatomic are named based on the element.
a. For cations -> the name of the element is unchanged.
-> If the element can form two ions of different charges, the
name which is usually derived from its Latin name, is modified by the
suffix (-ic) for the ion with the higher charge, and (-ous) for that with
the lower charge.
Example: Cu+ - Cuprous ion or Copper (I)
Cu2+ - Cupric ion or Copper (II)

8
 b. For anions -> the name of the element is modified by the suffix (-ide).
Example: H-=Hydride ion
O2- = Oxide ion
Several anions are polyatomic and are named based on the atomic
constituents and the suffix -ide.
The most common examples are:
a. OH- - Hydroxide ion
b. CN- - Cyanide ion

Polyatomic anions containing oxygen atoms are named based on the root
word of the central (or non-oxygen) atom and the suffix -ate for the one with more
oxygen atoms and -ite for the one with less oxygen atom.
Examples:
a. NO3- - Nitrate ion
b. NO2- - Nitrite ion
c. SO32- - Sulfite ion
d. SO42- - Sulfate ion
e. PO43- - Phosphate ion

Some anions have common names ending with the suffix -ate.
a. C2H3O2- - Acetate ion
b. C2O42- - Oxalate ion

The composition of a molecule or an ion can be represented by a chemical

formula. It is used to express the composition of molecules and ionic compounds in
terms of chemical symbols. If there is more than one atom present, a numerical
subscript is used. Example:
a. O2- Oxygen gas
b. H2O - water
c. NaOH – Sodium hydroxide (liquid Sosa)
d. HCl – Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid)

There are also two types of chemical formulas. Molecular formula and Empirical
formula. The molecular formula gives the composition of the molecule, in terms of
the actual number of atoms present. On the other hand, the empirical formula gives
the composition of the molecule, in terms of the smallest ratio of the number of atoms
present.

Compounds are substances formed when two or more elements combine

through a chemical change. Sodium chloride, sugar, and water are examples of
compounds. Another feature of a compound is that its properties are different from the
properties of its compound elements. Example: soft, silvery sodium metal and yellow-
green, poisonous chlorine gas is very different from the compound they form- white,
crystalline sodium chloride, or table salt. Unlike an element, a compound can be
broken down into simpler substances.

Binary compounds are made up of two elements. It is classified into two, Ionic
and Molecular compounds.

Ionic compounds- made up of cation and an anion.

9
Rules of naming: Name of cation + name of the anion.
Example:
a. NaI – Sodium iodide
b. MgCl2- Magnesium chloride
c. FeS – Iron (III) sulfide
d. K2O – Potassium oxide

Take note also for the ionic compounds to be electrically neutral, the sum of the
charges of each formula must be zero.
Charge of cation = subscript of anion
Charge of anion = subscript of cation

Example:
a. K+ and Br - = KBr
(cation =potassium) and (anion= bromine) = potassium bromide
b. Al3+ and O2- = Al2O3

Moreover, certain metals, especially transition metals can form more than one type of
ions. The name of the formula can be written through a classic system, the use of
suffix”-ous” for lower charge and –“ic” for higher charge. On the other hand, Stock
system, uses Roman numbers (I, II, III, IV) to express the charge.

Example of classic system:

a. Fe 2+ = “-ous” – ferrous ion
b. Fe 3+ = “-ic” - ferric ion
Example of Stock system:
a. FeCl2 = Iron (II) chloride
b. FeCl3 = Iron (III) chloride

Molecular compounds – made up of two non-metals that are usually gases.

Rules of naming: Name of the first non-metal + second non-metal with modified ending
suffix (-ide)
Example:
a. HCl – Hydrogen chloride
b. CO2 – Carbon dioxide
c. SO3 – Sulfur trioxide
d. N2O5 -- Dinitrogen pentoxide

In addition, molecular compounds used Greek prefixes.

1 – mono 3 – tri 5 – penta 7 – hepta 9 – nona
2 – di 4 – tetra 6 – hexa 8 – octa 10 – deca

Take note of the following:

• The prefix “mono” may be omitted for the first element.
Example: PCl3 -> Phosphorous trichloride
• For oxides, the ending “a” in the prefixes is sometimes omitted.
Example: N2O4 -> Dinitrogen tetroxide; rather than, dinitrogen tetraoxide.

10
 Ternary Compounds is made up of three elements, it follows the same rule
of binary ionic compounds. The name of the cation is given first then followed by the
name of the anion.
Example:
a. Na+ and CO32- = Na2(CO3)
(sodium + carbonate) = Sodium carbonate
b. NaNO3 = Sodium nitrate
c. BaCrO4 = Barium chromate
d. K2SO4 = Potassium sulfate

Acids are substances that yield or produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved
in water. A formula of acids contains one or more hydrogen atoms and an anion.

Binary Acids are composed of hydrogen and another element, usually non-
metal. The first part of the name starts with the prefix hydro- followed by the name of
the element, modified by the ending -ic. Then, the second part consists of the word
“acid”. Name = hydro- (root name of the element) -ic + acid.
Examples:
a. HCl = Hydrochloric acid
b. H2S = Hydrosulfuric acid
c. HI = Hydroiodic acid

Ternary Acids (Oxoacids) are made up of hydrogen and an anion, usually

containing oxygen. The first part of the name consists of the root word of the name of
the element, modified by the ending –ic. The second part consists of the word ‘acid’.
If there is another acid with the same atoms, the suffix –ous are used to denote the
one with lesser number of atoms. Name = (root name of element) -ic (or –ous) + acid.

Table 1. Examples of Oxoanion and Oxoacids

Oxoanion Example Oxoacids Example
per…ate ClO4- (Perchlorate) per…ic acid HClO4- (Perchloric acid)
-ate ClO3- (Chlorate) -ic acid HClO3- (Chloric acid)
-ite ClO2- (Chlorite) -ous acid HClO2- (Chlorous acid)
hypo...ite ClO- (Hypochlorite) Hypo…ous acid HClO- (Hypochlorous acid)

a. HNO3 = Nitric acid

b. HNO2 = Nitrous acid
c. H2SO4 = Sulfuric acid
d. H2SO3 = Sulfurous acid
e. H3PO4 =Phosphoric acid

By familiarizing the different rules of writing the name of compounds, it would be

easier now to write the formula of the compound.

11
 What’s More

Activity 2.2: Finding Common Chemicals

Direction: Cite at least 10 common anions, cations, and polyatomic ions with chemical
name and chemical formula.

Anion Cation Polyatomic ion

Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical
Name Formula Name Formula Name Formula

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.3: Molecule or Ion

Direction: Determine whether the following are molecules or ions

1. Fluorine gas (F2) = _______

2. Lithium Fluoride (LiF) = _________________
3. Glucose (C6H12O6) = _____________
4. Cr3+ = ___________________
5. Mg2+- = ___________________

12
Activity 2.4: Ion Name and Symbol
Direction: Complete the table below by writing the name or formula of the following
ions.

ION NAME
1. Na+
2. K+
3. magnesium ion
4. Fe 2+
5. Fe 3+ ferric ion
6. nitrate ion
7. HSO4-
8. MnO4-
9. manganous ion
10. cobaltous ion

Activity 2.5: Ionic Compounds Name and Symbol

Direction: Give the name and formula of the following Ionic Compounds:

FORMULA NAME
1. NaOH
2. MgBr2
3. magnesium nitrate
4. Silver cyanide
5. Iron (III) oxide
6. PbO
7. NH4OH
8. Ga (NO2)3
9. Barium oxide
10. silver bromide

Activity 2.6: Molecular Compounds Name and Symbol

Direction: Give the name and formula of the following molecular compound:
FORMULA NAME
1. SF6
2. PCl5
3. iodine heptafluoride
4. carbon tetrabromide
5. N2O3

13
Activity 2.7: Tertiary Compounds
Direction: Give 5 examples of Tertiary Compounds following the format below.

FORMULA NAME
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Activity 2.8 Binary and Ternary Acids

Direction: Give 5 examples of each Binary acids and Ternary acids through the given
format below.

Examples of Binary Acids

FORMULA NAME
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Examples of Ternary acids

FORMULA NAME
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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Summary

The following are the highlights and takeaways of this module; Isotopes and
their uses and writing and naming substances.

• Atomic Number (Z) = Number of Protons = Number of electrons in a

neutral atom
• Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
• Number of Neutrons = Mass Number- Atomic Number (A-Z)
• Isotopes refer to the atoms of an element having the same atomic number but
a different mass number.
• Element is the simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical
properties.
• Atom is the smallest particle of a substance that can exist by itself or be
combined with other atoms
• Molecules are composed of two or more atoms.
• An ion is an atom or a group of atoms having a positive or negative charge.
• Positive ion means Cation(+), it results from the loss of one or more electrons.
• Anion(-) means negative ion it results from the gain of one or more electrons,
usually, all non-metals love to accept electrons.
• Ions can be made up of only one atom (monoatomic) or more than one type
of atom (polyatomic).
• A chemical formula is used to express the composition of molecules and ionic
compounds in terms of chemical symbols.
• Compounds are substances formed when two or more elements combine
through a chemical change.
• Binary compounds are made up of two elements. It is classified into two, Ionic
and Molecular Compounds.
• Ionic compounds- made up of cation and an anion.
• Molecular compounds – made up of two non-metals that are usually gases.
• Ternary Compounds is made up of three elements, it follows the same rule of
binary ionic compounds.
• Acids, it is a substance that yields or produce hydrogen ions (H +) when
dissolved in water.
• Binary Acids, it is composed of hydrogen and another element, usually non-
metal
• Ternary Acids (Oxoacids), it is made up of hydrogen and an anion, usually
containing oxygen.

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 Assessment: Post-Test

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
your answers on the space provided before the number.

__1. Which of the following is an example of element?

a. Soil c. Sugar
b. Water d. Oxygen

__2. Which of the following is the correct formula of copper (II) nitrate?
a. CuNO3 c. Cu (NO3)2
b. Cu2NO3 d. Cu2(NO3)2

__3. Which of the following refers to the atoms of an element having the same atomic
number but a different mass number?
a. Isotopes c. Mass Number
b. Atomic Number d. Number of Electrons

__4. In which of the following quantities will two isotopes of an element have different values?
a. Atomic Number c. Mass Number
b. Number of Protons d. Number of Electrons

__5. Which of the following is not an isotope of Hydrogen?

a. Protium c. Tritium
b. Deuterium d. Proterium

__6. Which of the following symbols corresponds to the element tin?

a. Ti c. Pb
b. Zn d. Sn

__7. Which of the following formula refers to the symbols of the atoms that make up the
molecules?
a. Chemical Formula c. Empirical Formula
b. Molecular Formula d. Formula Mass

__8. Which of the following is an example of compound?

a. Gold c. Hydrogen
b. Water d. Oxygen

__9. What is the chemical formula of chalk?

a. CaCO3 c. CaCO
b. COOH d. CaCO2

__10. Which of the following is the chemical name of NH4+?

a. Ammonium c. Nitrogen (IV) hydride
b. Nitrogen tetrahydride d. Ammonia

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 Key to Answers

Pretest Lesson 1, Activity 1.2, What’s New

What’s more: B

Lesson 2

What’s New 2.1

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 What’s New 2.3 What’s New 2.4

What’s New 2.5 What’s New 2.6

Post-test

References

18
[1] Commission on Higher Education, General Chemistry 1: Teaching Guide for
Senior High, Manila, 2016.
[2] Department of Education Central Office, Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELCS), Manila, 2020.
[3] A. Mapa, T. Fidelino and L. Rabago, Chemistry Textbook in Science and
Technology, Quezon City: SD Publications, 2001.
[4] E. C. B. R. A. E. D. V. Echija, Frontliners in Science and Technology, Makati City:
Diwa Scholastic Press, 2020.
[5] M. Silberberg, General Chemistry 1&2, McGrawHill Education.
[6] "Live Science," [Online]. Available:
https://www.livescience.com/scientists-dating-methods.html. [Accessed 29
May 2021].
[7] [Online]. Available:
https://www.westfield.ma.edu/PersonalPages/cmasi/gen_chem1/Atomic%20
and%20molar%20mass/atomic_and_molar_mass.htm [Accessed 30 May
2021].
[8] [Online]. Available:
https://safety.honeywell.com/content/dam/his-sandbox/products/gas-and-
flame-detection/documents/Application-Note-232_Radioisotopes-in-
Everyday-Life_06-07.pdf. [Accessed 30 May 2021].
[9] "Youtube," [Online]. Available:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iFMM7bwjk0. [Accessed 30 May 2021].
[10] [Online]. Available:
https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/ionicchargeschart.pdf.
[Accessed 30 May 2021].
[11] [Online]. Available:
http://www.mrspage.com/IB_Chem/Topic4/ionic%20compound%20formula%
20writing.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2021].

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