Chapter 5

BASIC CLASSES
OF INTEGRABLE FUNCTIONS

§ 5.1. Integration of Rational Functions

If the denominator Q (x) of the proper rational fraction ~ ~;~ can

be represented in the following way:
Q (x)=(x-a)k(x-b) 1 ••• (x 2 +ax+~)'(x 2 +yx+µ)s .. .,
where the binomials and trinomials are different and, furthermore,
the trinomials have no real roots, then
P(x) A1 A2 Ak
Q (x) = x-a + (x-a)2 + · · · + (x-a)k +
B1 B2 B1
+ x-b + (x-b)2+ .. · +rx=w+ .. ·
M1x+N1 M 2 ~+N 2 M,x+N,
· · · + x2+ax+~ + (x2+ax+~)2 + · · · + (x2+ax+~V +
+ R1x+L 1R x+L 2 2 Rsx+Ls
x2+yx+ µ + (x2+yx+ µ)2 + · · · + (x2+yx+µ)s + · · ·•
where
A1 , A 2 , ••• , B1 , B 2 , ••• , M1 , N1 , M 2 , N2 , . • • , R1 , L1 , R 2 , L2 , •••
are some real constants to be determined. They are determined by
reducing both sides of the above identity to integral form and
then equating the coefficients at equal powers of x, which gives
a system of linear equations with respect to the coefficients. (This
method is called the method of comparison of coefficients.) A system
of equations for the coefficients can also be obtained by substitu-
ting suitably chosen numerical values of x into both sides of the
identity. (This method is called the method of particular values.)
A successful combination of the indicated methods, prompted by
experience, often allows us to simplify the process of finding the
coefficients.
If the rational fraction ~ i;~ is imp-roper, the integral part should
Ctrst be singled out.
 § 5.1. Integration of Rational Functions 215

5. t. t.
I= s 15x 2 -4x-81
(x-3) (x-j-4) (x-1)
dx.

Solution. The integrand is a proper rational fraction. Since all

roots of the denominator are real and simple, the integral will
appear in the form of the sum of three simple fractions of the form
15x2 -4x-81 A B D
(x-3) (x-j-4) (x-1) = x-3 + x-j-4 + x-1'
where A, B, D are the coefficients to be determined. Reducing the
fractions to a common denominator and then rejecting it, we obtain
the identity
15x2 - 4x-81=A(x+4) (x-1)+ B (x-3) (x- l) +
+D(x-3)(x+4). (*)
Comparing the coefficients at equal powers of x in both sides of
the identity, we get a system of equations for determining the
coefficients
3A-4B+D=-4; -4A +3B-12D=-81.
Solving the system of equations we find A= 3, B = 5, D = 7.
Hence,

t=35~+5
x-3 .)r~+15~=
x-j-4 x-1
= 3 In I x - 31 + 5 In I x + 4 I+ 7 In I x- I I+ C =
=In [ (x-3) 3 (x + 4)° (x--1)11 + C.
Note. Let us use the same example to demonstrate the applica-
tion of the method of particular values.
The identity (*) is true for any value of x. Therefore, setting
three arbitrary particular values, we obtain three equations for
determining the three undetermined coefficients. It is most conve-
nient to choose the roots of the denominator as the values of x,
since they nullify some factors. Putting x = 3 in the identity (*),
we get A =3; putting x=-4, we obtain B=5; and putting x~ l,
we get D=7.
(' x 4 dx
5.1.2. I= J (2-j-x) (x2- I).

5.1.3. I
= 5x x3-x2-2x
-3x -3x-2 d
4 2
x.
Solution. Since the power of the numerator is higher than that
of the denominator, i.e. the fraction is improper, we have to single
out the integral part. Dividing the numerator by the denominator,
216 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

we obtain
x'-3x2-3x-2 __ x l- x+ 2
x3 -x2-2x - + x(x2-x-2) ·
Hence,
I= S xs-x2-2x
x'-3x2-3x-2
dx =
s(x+ I) dx-
s (x+2) dx
x (x-2) (x+ I) .
Expand the remaining proper fraction into simple ones:
x+2 A B D
x(x-2)(x+l)=x+x-2+x+1 ·
Hence
x+2 =A (x-2) (x+ I)+ Bx (x+ I)+ Dx (x-2).
Substituting in turn the values x1 =0, x2 =2, X 3 =-I (the roots
of the denominator) into both sides of the equality, we obtain
2 I
A=-l; 8= 3 ; D=-g·
And so

x -~s~-_!_s~=
'=S(x+ t)dx+S dx 3 x-2 3 x+ I
~ 2 I
= 2 +x+lnlxl- 3 Inlx-2l- 3 Inlx+ l l+C.

S 2x2-3x+ 3
5.1.4. I= x3- 2x2+x dx.
Solution. Here the integrand is a proper rational fraction, whose
denominator roots are real but some of them are multiple:
x3 -2x2 +x =X (x-1) 2 •
Hence, the expansion into partial fractions has the form
2x2-3x+3 A B D
x3 -2x 2 + x=x+ (x-1) 2 + x-1'
whence we get the identity:
2x 2 -3x+3 =A (x-1) 2 + Bx+ Dx (x-1) =
=(A+ D)x2 + (-2A-D+8)x+A. (*)
Equating the coefficients at equal powers of x we get a system
of equations for determining the coefficients A, 8, D:
A+D=2; -2A-D+8=-3; A =3.
Whence A =3; 8=2; D=-1.
Thus,
I =3 s~ +2 s (x dx1)2-S xd\ =3 lnlxl-x 2 I-In lx-1 i+C.
 § 5.1. Integration of Rational Functions :?17

Note. The coefficients can be determined in a somewhat simpler

way if in the identity (*) we put x 1 = O; x 2 = l (the denominator
roots), and x3 equal to any arbitrary value.
At x=O we get 3=A; at x~~ l we will have 2=8; at x=2
we obtain 5=A+2B+2D; 5=3+4+2D; whence D=-1.
x +1
5.1.5. I= Sx (x- 3
!) 3 dx.
xdx
5.1.6. I= S xa+ I .

Solution. Since x 3 + l =(x+ l)(x2 -x+ l) (the second factor is

not expanded into real multipliers of the first power), the expan-
sion of the given fraction will have the form
x A Bx+D
x3 + I = x+ I + x2 -x + I ·
Hence,
x = A (x 2 -x + I)+ (Bx+ D) (x + I) =
=(A +B)x2 + (-A+ B+ D)x+(A+D).
Equating the coefficients at equal powers of x, we get
I I I
A=-3; B=3; D=3.
Thus,
I =-3
I s dx I
x+1+3
s x+ I I I I I
x2-x+ldx=:-3 nlx+l +311.
To calculate the integral
I1 = Sx ~~ ~ 1 dx
2

let us take the perfect square out of the denominator:

x 2 -x+ l = ( x-+ r+ !
and make the substitution x-i=t. Then

I -
1 -
r 1+++1
J 12+ :
dt-r
-
~+~r~-
J12+ ! J12+ ! -
2

=+Jn ( t 2 + ! )+ V3 arc tan ; 3 + C.

Returning to x, we obtain
I
l1=2ln(x 2 -x+l)+ v-3 arctan ra+c.
~-I
218 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

Thus,
x
J xa+ I dx =
(>

I=
_ I I 2 l y3 2x- I
- - 3 lnjx+ 11+ 6 In(x -x+ ) + -3-arctan y3" +c.

5.1.7. I= S(x2+ dx
I) (x2+4) .

Solution. The denominator has two pairs of different conjugate

complex roots, therefore
l Ax+B Dx+E
+ x +4'
x2 + I 2

hence
1=(Ax+8) (x 2 +4)+ (Dx+ E) (x + 1).
2

Here it is convenient to apply the method of particular values for

determining the coefficients, since the complex roots of the deno-
minator (x = + i and x = + 2i) are sufficiently simple.
Putting x = i, we obtain
38+ 3Ai = 1,
I
whence A= 0, B = 3 . Putting x = 2i, we obtain -3E-6Di = 1,
I
whence D=O, E = - 3 . Thus,

S(x2+ I)dx(x +4) = 3l s dx x+ I - 3l s dx2x+4 =

2 2

l I x
= 3 arc tan x- 6 arc tan 2 + C.

5 .t.B. I= S(x +x+2)(x

2
(x+ l) dx
+4x+5)' 2

_ (' x4+4x3 + I lx 2 +12x+B

5.1.9. I - j (x2+2x+3)2 (x+ l) dx.
Solution. Here we already have multiple complex roots. Expand
the fraction into partial fractions:
x4+4x3 + I lx2 + 12x+B Ax+B Dx+E F
(x 2 +2x+3)2(x+I) =(x2 +2x+3) 2 +x2 +2x+3+x+I'
Find the coefficients:
A= 1; B=-1; D=O; E =0; F= 1.
Hence,
I= s +
x'+4x 3 + I lx 2 12x+8 d =
(x 2 +2x+3) 2 (x+ I) X

= 5(x2+ 2x+ 3)2dx+

x-1 s dx
x+I =ln\x+ l \-f--/ 1 ,
 § 5.2. Integration of Certain Irrational Expressions 219

Calculate / 1= (x 2 :;~ 3 ) 2 dx.

S
Since x 2+ 2x + 3 = (x + 1) 2+2, let us make the substitution
x-f- 1 = t. Then we obtain

The integral
/ 2 = S(t2 dt+ 2)2
is calculated by the reduction formula (see Problem 4.4.1 ):
I t I (' dt I t I t
/2 = 4 t2+2+-:r J t2+2=-:r12+2+ 4 V2 arc tan V2 + C.
Thus
I t I t
f1=-2u2+2) 2(t2+2) 2V2arctanv2+c.
Returning to x, we obtain
I ___ I__ x+I I x+I
1=-2(x2+2x+3) 2(x2+2x+3) 2 V"2 arc tan V"2 + C.
We finally obtain
I =Sx4 +4x3 + llx 2+ 12x+8 d =
(x 2+2x+3) 2 (x+ I) X

=!nix+ 1I
Find the following integrals:
5x3+9x 2-22x-8
5.1.10. S x3 - 4x dx.

5.1.11. S(x+ I) (x+dx2) 2 (x+3)3 ·

5.1.12. S(x -4x+4)dx(x2-4x+5) ·
2

5. t.13. 5 +x)(I
dx
+x2) (I +x3) ·
(I
x 3 +3
5.1.14. S (x+ l)(x2+1>dx.

§ 5.2. Integration of Certain Irrational Expressions

Certain types of integrals of algebraic irrational expressions can
be reduced to integrals of rational functions by an appropriate change
of the variable. Such transformation of an integral is called its ra-
tionalization.
220 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

I. If the integrand is a rational function of fractional powers of

an independent variable x,
i. e. the function R (x, ;1,, ... , x~) ,
then the integral can be rationalized by the substitution X= tm,
where m is the least common multiple of the numbers q1 , q2 , • • • , qk.
II. If the integrand is a rational function of x and fractional
powers of a linear fractional function of the form ~:t:, then ra-
tionalization of the integral is effected by the substitution
;:t! = tm, where m has the same sense as above.

5.2.1. I= J\x+V~+V~
x ( 1+ V x) dx.

Solution. The least common multiple of the numbers 3 and 6 is 6,

therefore we make the substitution:
x=f 6 , dx=6t 0 dt,
whence
I =6 5 ta+ t' +
(t6 t) to dt
(I -j-t2)
= 6 5to+ 1s + I dt =
J +t2

5 S
= 6 t3 dt + 6 t 2d~ 1 = ~ t4 + 6 arc tan t + C.
Returning to x, we obtain
3 2 6 -
I= 2 x 3 +6 arc tan V x+C.

5.2.2. J = j Vv-x+V~
V dx.
xo- x7

5.2.3. I =~ ~
(2x-3)1 dx •

(2x-3) 3 +1
Solution. The integrand is a rational function of V2x-3, the-
refore we put 2x-3 = t 6 , whence
I I
dx=3t 0 dt; (2x-3)2 =f 3 ; (2x-3)3 =t 2 •
Hence,

I= 5+ 3tB
12 1 dt = 3 s (t6 - t 4 + t 2 - 1) dt +3 s+ 1
dt
12 =
t7 to t3
= 3 7 -3 5 +3 3 -3t + 3 arc tan t +c.
 § 5.2. Integration of Certain Irrational Expressions 221

Returning to x, we get

l l
I= 3 7 (2x- 3) 6
.!_
-
I ~I
5 (2x-3) 6 3 (2x-3)
_!...
2 -

-(2x-3)} +arc tan (2x-3) ! ] + C.

5.2.4. 1~ L( H VSl)"
5.2.5. I= s(
2
2 x)
2 v~~;dx.
Solution. The integrand is a rational function of x and the ex-
.
press10n v 2 -+x,
x therefore let us introduce the substitution
2

V 2--x_ .
2+x- t,
whence

Hence
I=-
+ t3)2 t .J 2t2
S2 (I16to(l+t3)2 3
dt =-2
s dt 3
l3=4t2+C.
Returning to x, we get

'= ! V(;+;y +c.

5.2.6. '=S V 4 dx
(x- 1)3 (x +2)&
.

Solution. Since
V (x-1) 3 V
(x+2)~ =(x-1) (x+2)
x+2
x-- I•

the integrand is a rational function of x and V

-x+2
x- I; therefore let
us introduce the substitution:

V x+2 =t· x+2 =l'

x-1 'x-1 '
whence
222 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

Hence,
'= -S (/4-1) (/4-1) 12/3d/ =-.!s~
3-3t 4 t (t'- 1)2 3 /2
=.!+c
3t •

Returning to x, we obtain
4
l=3 vx-1x+2+C.

5.2.7. J
" v dx
(1-x) l - x2 "

5.2.s. Iv .
" dx
., (x+ (x 1) 2 -1) 4

5.2.9. J(x-2) v: +;dx.

§ 5.3. Euler's Substitutions
Integrals of the form ~ R(x, V ax2 +bx+c)dxare calculated with
the aid of one of the three Euler substitutions:
(I) V ax 2 +bx+ c = t + x Va if a > O;
(2) Vax 2 +bx+c= tx ±Ve if c > O;
(3) Vax 2 +bx+c=(x-cx.)t if
ax2 +bx+c =a (x-cx.) (x-~).
i.e. if ex. is a real root of the trinomial ax 2 +bx+ c.
5.3.1. I= s 1+
y dx
x2+2x+2
•

Solution. Here a= 1>0, therefore we make the substitution

Vx 2 +2x+2=t-x.
Squaring both sides of this equality and reducing the similar terms,
we get

whence
/2-2 12 +21+2
X=m+t); dx= 2 (l+t) 2 dt;

1 + V x2 +2x+ 2= I +t- 2 ( 1 +t)= 2 (l+t) •

/2-2 t2 +4t+4

Substituting into the integral, we obtain

l= S(t2+4t+4)2(l+t)
2 (I +t) (t2+2t+2)
dt =
s(t2+2t +2) dt
(l+t)(t+2)2"
2
 § 5.3. Euler's Substitutions 223

Now let us expand the obtained proper rational fraction into par-
tial fractions:
t2+2t+2 A B D
(t+ I) (t+2) 2 t +I+ t +2+ (t +2) 2 •

Applying the method of undetermined coefficients we find: A= 1,

B=O, D=-2.
Hence,
[2 + 2t + 2
S s dt s dt
u+1)(t-i-2)2dt = t+i-2 u+2>2=lnlt + l l+t+2+c.
2

Returning to x, we get
l=ln(x+l+Vx2 +2x+2)+ / +c.
x+2+ x 2 + 2x+2
5.3.2. I =5 x+
y xdx--x-r- I
2
.

Solution. Since here c = 1 > 0, we can apply the second Euler

substitution
V x2 -x+ 1 = tx- l,
whence
2t-I
(2t-l)x=(t 2-l)x2; X=t2=T;
[2-
dx=-2((2_ 1') 2 dt; x+
t-L I vx -x+l=t-I"
2
t

Substituting into /, we obtain an integral of a rational fraction:

5x+Yx2--x+I dx s -2t 2+2t-2 dt

t(t-l)(t+l) 2 '
-2t2+2t-2 A B D E
t (t-1) (t+ 1) 2 =t+ t -I+ (t+ 1)2+ t +I'
By the method of undetermined coefficients we find
I 3
A=2; B=- 2 ; D=-3; E=- 2·
Hence

1= 2 S7-2 t-1- 3 (t+l) 2 -2 t+1=

dt lsdt s dt 3sdt
I 3 3
=2lnjt!- 2 lnlt-l j+t+i- 2 1njt+ll+C,

where t = y x""""2-x-:-+-:-1 + I .
x
5.3.3. I= s .rdx
(l+x) r l+x-x2
•
224 Ch. V. Basic Clas~es of Integrable Functions

5.3.4. I =S (Y xdx
7x-10-x2) 3
.

Solution. In this case a < 0 and c < 0 therefore neither the first,
nor the second Euler substitution is applicable. But the quadratic
trinomial 7x-10-x2 has real roots a= 2, ~ = 5, therefore we
use the third Euler substitution:
V7x-10-x 2 = V(x-2) (5-x) =(x-2) t.
Whence
5-x= (x-2) t 2 ;
s+21 2 6t dt
X= 1+t2; dx= -(l+t2)2;

( 5+2t 31
2
(x-2)t= +
1 12 -2
)
t= i+i2·
Hence
I= -2; s~dt=-: SC~ +2)dt= - ~ ( - ~ +2t)+c,
_ V7x-10-x 2
where t- x- 2
.
Ca lculate the following integrals with the aid of one of the Euler
subst it ut ions:
5.3.5. s y x-
dx
x2 +2x+4
•

5.3.6. sy dx
1-x2 - I
.

5.3.7. S dx
Y (2x-x2)3 '
5.3.8. I
~
(x+ YT+X2>10
.~
J' I+-<- dx.

§ 5.4. Other Methods of Integrating Irrational Expressions

The Euler substitutions often lead to rather cumbersome calcu-
lations, therefore they should be applied only when it is difficult
to find another method for calculating a given integral. For r_alcu-
lating many integrals of the form
-----
~ R(x, J/ax 2 +bx+c) dx,

simpler methods are used.

I. Integrals of the form
I =J Mx-t-N
Yax 2 +bx+c
dx
 § 5.4. Methods of Integrating Irrational Expressions 225

are reduced by the substitution x+:a=t to the form

I- M
- 1
s t dt
Vat 2+K
+N 1
s dt
Vat 2 +K'
where M 1 , N 1 , K are new coefficients.
The first integral is reduced to the integral of a power function,
while the second, being a tabular one, is reduced to a logarithm
(for a > 0) or to an arc sine (for a < 0, K > 0).
I I. Integrals of the form
(' Pm (x) dx
J Yax +bx+c2 '
where Pm (x) is a polynomial of degree m, are calculated by the
reduction formula:

5Y axPm(x)dx
+bx+c
2
=Pm_ 1(x)Vax +bx+c+KI .
J Vax +bx+c
2
2
dx , (I)

where Pm-i (x) is a polynomial of degree m- I, and K is some

constant number.
The coefficients of the polynomial Pm-i (x) and the constant
number K are determined by the method of undetermined coeffici-
ents.
III. Integrals of the form

S(x-a1)m Y:: +bx+ c 2

are reduced to the preceding type by the substitution

l
x-a1=T·
IV. For trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions see § 5.7.
S.4.1. l=S Y (x+3)dx
4x 2 +4x-3
.

Solution. Make the substitution 2x+ I= t, whence

t-1 I
X=-:.1-, dx=zdf.
Hence,
I J
= .!4 (ty+12_4
5> dt -41 Vt 2- 4 + 54 In It + V t 2- 4j + C.
Returning to x, we get
I =i-V4x2 +4x-3+ ! lnj2x+ I+ V4x +4x-3l+c. 2
226 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functtons

5.4.2. I= SV x2+2x+5
5x+ 4 dx.

I= S.~
x -x-1 3
5.4.3. dx.
r x +2x+2 2

Solution. Here Pm (x) = x 3 -x-l. Hence,

Pm- 1 (x) = Ax2 +Bx+ D.
We seek the integral in the form
I= (Ax 2 +Bx+ D) V x2 + 2x + 2 +KS ~x--.
r x2 +2x+2
Differentiating this equality, we obtain
I'= x3 -x-1 =
¥x 2 +2x+2
=(2Ax+B)Vx2 +2x+2+(Ax2 +Bx+D) V x+t
x2 +2x+2
+
+ K •
Vx 2 +2x+2
Reduce to a common denominator and equate the numerators
x3 -x-1 = (2Ax+B) (x 2 + 2x+2)+ (Ax 2 +Bx+ D) (x+ l)+K.
Equating the coefficients at equal powers of x, we get the following
system of equations:
2A+A= I, B+4A+B+A =0;
2B+4A+D+B=-1; 2B+D+K=-1.
Solving the system, we obtain
I
D--·
- 6'
Thus,
I= ( fx 2
- : x+ ! )V x + 2x + 2 + ; SV
2
x 2 +d;x + 2 ,
where

/ 1 =1 V dx =Sv dx =ln(x+1+Vx2 +2x+2)+C.

J x2 +2x+2 (x+ 1) 2 +1

5.4.4. I= SV 4x2 -4x + 3 dx.

Solution. Transform the integral to the form
l=S Y_ 4x2 - 4x+ 3
4x2 -4x+3
dx=(Ax+B)V-4x 2 -4x+3+K J dx
V4x 2 -4x+3 •
 § 5.4. Methods of Integrating Irrational Expressions 227

Applying the method of undetermined coefficients, we get

l=(- x--{-)V4x -4x+3+5 y· (2x-dx

1
2
2
n~+2
=
= ( +x-{) V 4x -4x+3 2 +{In (2x- l -1- Vr 4x2 -4x+3) + C.

5.4.5. 5 9x3 -3x 2 +2

Y3x 2 -2x+ I dx.

5.4.6. ~ Vx 2 +x+ I dx.

5.4.7. I= 5(x-l)(x+2)(x+4)Vx2+x+I
dx
2

Solution. Represent the given integral as follows:

5(x-l)(x+2)
(x+4)
2
f x+4
dx
Jlx2+x+I =. (x-l)(x+2) 2 •
dx
Jlx2+x+I'

.
E xpan d th e frac t 10n x+(x+
(x-I)
4 . t t· 1 f t·
2)2 mo par ta rac tons
x+4 A B D
(x-l)(x+2) 2 =x-I +cx+2) 2 + x+2 •
Find the coefficients

Hence,
/-5 [
-
5
9 (x-1)
_ 2
3 (x+2) 2
_ 5
9 (x+2)
J. dx _
Jlx2+x+ I -
55 dx 21 dx
=g- (x-1) Jfx2 +x+ I -3 J (x+2) 2Vx 2+x+ I
-9
5 5 (x+2)
dx
JI x2+x+ I •

The first integral is calculated by the substitution x-- I=+, the

second and the third by the substitution x+2=+·
We leave the solution to the reader.
5.4.8. 5 x3v6x2+ I Ix- 6 dx.
x2 +4x+3
5 •4 •9• 5 3x;:5x 2 -7x+9 dx.
2x 2 +5x+7

5.4.10. 5 (x+ 1)6

~x2 +2x .
228 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

5.4. t 1. s x~
(x2 -3x+2) x2 -4x+3
•

5.4.12. S(x+ dx
1) 3 V xL\-3x+2
5.4.13. sx Yl+3x +x'
(x2- I) dx
2
•

§ 5.5. Integration of a Binomial Differential

The integral ~ xm (a+ bxn)P dx, where m, n, p are rational num-
bers, is expressed through elementary functions only in the follow-
ing three cases:
Case I. p is an integer. Then, if p > 0, the integrand is expanded
by the formula of the Newton binomial; but if p < 0, then we
put x= fk, where k is the common denominator of the fractions m
and n.
Case II. m+ 1 is an integer. We put a+ bxn = t 0 , where a is
n
the denominator of the fraction p.
Case Ill. m+I +Pis an integer. We put a+bxn=taxn, where a
n
is the denominator of the fraction p.
5.5. t. / = ~ Vx (2 +Vx) 2 dx.

Solution. I=~ xT(2+x+ rdx. Here p = 2, i.e. an integer; hence,

we have Case I.

/= SxTI( x+4x2I +4 ) dx= S(4 5 I)

xT +4x6 +4x3 dx=
3 24 .!..!. ~ .2_
=yx3 +nx +3x3 +c. 6

5.5.2. I= sx-f(1+x~ f 1
dx.
r-if1+Vx
5.5.3. I= J Vx 2 dx.

Solution. I= Sx - ~ ( 1+xi-)+ dx.

2 I I m+I
Here m=-3; n= 3 ; p= 2 ; -n-=
(-;+i)
1 =l, i.e. an
3
integer.
 § 5.5. Integration of a Binomial Differential 229

We have Case II. Let us make the substitution

Hence,

I= 6 st 2 dt = 2t 3 + C = 2 ( l + x f) : + C.
5.5.4. I = sxT(2 + x{- )+dx.
5.5.5. f = S x• ( l + x2 ) ~ dx.
5.5.6. l=Sx- 11 (1+x 4 )-+dx.
.
S ol u t ton. H ere p = - I 1s m+I = -11+1 = - 5 a Iso
. a f rac t·ion, -n-
2 4 2
a fraction, but m~- p = - ~ - ~ = - 3 is an integer, i.e. we have
I+
Case Ill. We put l+x 4 =x 4 t 2 • Hence
I t dt
X= I ; dX=- 5 •
(t2-l)4 2 (t2-l)T
Substituting these expressions into the integral, we obtain

I I .!...!. ( t 2 ) I t dt
/=-2J(t2-l)4 /2-J -2 ~
(t2-J) 4

=-2I s t t t
(t2-1)2dt=-10+3-2+C.
0 3

Returning to x, we get

t =- 10~10 Vo +x 4) 0 + ! Vo +x
3 6 4) 3 -
2; 2 J/ l +x4 + c.

5.5.8. sx(I+dvxr·
I
5.5.9. Sx 3 (l +x2 )2 dx.
(' dx
5.5.10. I .r .
J x4 y I +x2
230 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

5.5.11.

5.5.12.

§ 5.6. Integration of Trigonometric and Hyperbolic

Functions
I. Integrals of the form
I=~ sinm xcosn xdx,
where m and n are rational numbers, are reduced to the integral
of the binomial differential
n-1
I=~ tm (l-t 2 ) -2- dt, t =sin x
and are, therefore, integrated in elementary functions only in the
following three cases:
(1) n is odd (n 2 1 an integer),
(2) m is odd (mt 1 an integer),

(3) m + n is even (mt 1 +n-; 1 an integer).

If n is an odd number, the substitution sin X= t is applied.
If m is an odd number, the substitution cos x = t is applied.
+
If the sum m n is an even number, use the substitution
tanx=t (or cotx=t).
In particular, this kind of substitution is convenient for integrals
of the form
~ tann x dx (or ~ cotn x dx) ,
where n is a positive integer. But the last substitution is inconve-
nient if both m and n are positive numbers. If m and n are non-
negative even numbers, then it appears more convenient to use the
method of reducing the power with the aid of trigonometric trans-
formations:
cos 2 x = f
(1+cos2x), sin 2 x = f
(1-cos 2x)
. . 2
or smxcosx = 2I sm x.

5.6.1. I= S V coslx. x dx.

sin3
 § 5.6. Integration of Trigonom. and Hyperbolic Funct's 231

Solution. Here m=3 is an odd number. We put cosx=f,

sin xdx= -dt, which gives
2 I 7
I=-S(l-t 2 )t-Tdt=-3t3 +; t3 +c=
=3 Vcosx( f cos x-l )+c.
2

5.6.2. I= s~~~:;dx.
5.6.3. /= ~ sin 4 xcos 6 xdx.
Solution. Here both m and n are positive even numbers. Let uis
use the method of reducing the power:
I= /6 S (2 sin xcosx) 4 cos2 xdx= 312 S sin' 2x(l + cos2x) dx = / 1 +1 2 •

The second of the obtained integrals is calculated by the substitu-

tion:
sin 2x= t, cos2xdx=; dt,

/ 2 = 312 S sin' 2x cos2xdx = 614 St' dt = 3~0 +c = 3 ~ 0 sin• 2x+G.

We again apply to the first integral the method of reducing the
power:
/ 1 S
= 312 sin' 2x dx = 1 ~ 8 S ( l-cos4x) 2 dx=
= 1 ~ 8 ( x-+ sin 4x) + !
2 6 S (1 +cos8x) dx =

d
= 2 ~ 6 x- 2 !6 sin 4x+ 2 48 sin Bx+C.
And so, finally,
3 I . 4
I = 256x-256sm I . B
x+2048sm x
+320sm
I · 5 2 +0
x •

- -dx.
Scos
sin x
2
5.6.4. I= 6
x
Solution. Here both m and n are even numbers, but one of them
is negative. Therefore, we put
- 1-=l+t 2 '• ~=dt.
tanx=t·' cos2x cos2x
Hence,
I=~ 12 (l+t 2 )dt=t~ +t~ +C=ta~sx+ta~5x+C.
232 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

5.6.5. I= Scos 4x
-.--dJC.
sm x 2

Solution. Here we can put cot X= t, but it is simpler to integrate

by expansion:
I= S(l-sin2x)2
.
sm x
dx= S( -.-
2
I
sm x
--2+sin x ) dx= 11
2

=-cotx-2x+f S(1-cos2x)dx=

=-(cot x+ si~2x + 3;) + C.

5.6.6. I= sco~:x.
5.6.7. I= sV 3 dx
sin 11 x cos x
•

Solution. Here both exponents ( - 'i and - ~) are negative

numbers and their sum - ~1
fore we put
-+ = - 4 is an even number, there·

5.6.8. Find the integrals of tan x and cot x.

Solution.
Stanxdx= S-dx=-lnlcosxl+C;
sinx
cos x

Scot x dx= Sc?s

smx
x dx= In I sin x I+c.

5.6.9. I=~ tan 7 xdx.

di
Solution. We put tanx=t, x=arctant; dx= 1+ 12 • We get
I= st' 1 ~ t2 = s( f&
t 3 t - 1~ 12 ) dt =
fb -

t' 12 I
+
=5-4+2-2ln(l +tz)+C=
I I I
= 6 tan 6 x- 4 tan 4 x+ 2 tan 2 x+ In! cosxj +c.
 § 5.6. Integration of Trigonom. and Hyperbolic Funct's 233

5.6.lO. (a) I=~ cot 6 xdx; (b) /= ~ tan 3 xdx.

5.6.11. I= S-.-
cos x
4
3-
Sin X
dx.
Solution. Here sin x is raised to an odd power. Let us put
cosx = t, - sin xdx= dt.
We obtain an integral of a rational function.

I= Scossin4x
4 x sin x s
dx=- (l-t2)2dt.
14

Here, it is simpler to integrate by parts than to use the general

methods of integration of rational functions (cf. Problem 4.4.1 (b)).
Let us put
t dt
dv = (l-t2)2 .
Then
du= 3t 2 dt; V = 2 (I ~t 2 ) •

Hence,

= - -2 x-
cos
- -2sin
3
3 sx
co +cos x I+C
+ -34 In 111-cosx
x 2 •
4x
5.6.12. I= Ssin-dx.
cos x
I I. Integrals of the form ~ R (sin x, cos x) dx where R is a rational
function of sin x and cos x are transformed into integrals of a rational
function by the substitution:

tan ( ~) = t (--:rt< x <:rt).

This is so-called universal substitution. In this case

. 21 l-t 2
Sin X = f=t=/2; COSX= l+t 2 ;

2dt
x = 2 arc tan t; dx= 1+12.
234 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

Sometimes instead of the substitution tan ~ = t it is more advan-

tageous to make the substitution cot ~ = t (0 < x < 2n).
Universal substitution often leads to very cumbersome calculations.
Indicated below are the cases when the aim can be achieved with
the aid of simpler substitutions:
(a) if the equality
R(-sinx, cosx)=-R(sinx, cosx)
or
R(sinx, -cosx)=-R(sinx, cosx)
is satisfied, then it is more advantageous to apply the substitution
cos x = t to the former equality, and sin x = t to the latter;
(b) if the equality
R(-sinx, -cosx)=R(sinx, cosx)
is fulfilled, then a better effect is gained by substituting tanx = t
or cot x= t.
The latter case is encountered, for example, in integrals of the
form ~ R (tan x) dx.

5.6.13. I= Ssm. x (2+ cosdx x-2 sm. x) .

Solution. Let us put tan ~ = t; then we have

I= ~ ~ ITT -~) = c ( +
I+t 2
( I-t 2
2+1+t 2 1+t 2
1 f2) dt
j t (t 2 -4t+3) ·

Expand into simple fractions

1+t 2 -.'.i+~+__Q_
t (t-3)(t- I) - t t-3 t-1 '
Find the coefficients
l 5
A=3; B=-· D=- l.
3 '
Hence
I = }__
3
s +~ s
dt
t 3
_!!!_ _
t-3
s __!!!__
t-1
=
I 5
=3lnlt1+ 3 In I t-31-lnl t-1 l+C =

=f In j tan~ J +~ In J tan~ -3 j-In j tan~ -1 J + C.

 § 5.6. Integration of Trigonom. and Hyperbolic Funct's 235

5 ·6• 14 • I= 55+sinx+3cosx •
dx

5.6.15. I= ssm. ( cos

x 2 d\ x- l) •
Solution. If in the expression smx 12
. (2 cos x- I) we substitute
-sinx for sinx, then the fraction will change its sign. Hence, we
take advantage of the substitution t=cosx; dt=-sinxdx. This
gives
(' dt
I= - J (l-t 2) (2t 2 - l)
Since
(2-2t2)-(l-2t2) 2 1
( l - t 2) (l -2t 2) (l-t 2) (l-2t2) = l-2t'2- l-t2 •
then
r dt r
I =2 j l-2t2-J l-t2= ¥2ln
dt 1 ll+tV2I
1-t
1
V2 -2 In 1 1-t 1 +C=
1+1

I
= _1_ In 11 + V2 cos x + _!_ In 11 - cCJs x + C =
Jl2 I - V 2 cos x 2 1+cos x
I
=~lnl 1+ ¥2 cosxj+tnjtan~l+c.
V2 I- V2 cos x 2
5.6.16. l=S smx+cos
~in2xcosx dx.
x
Solution. Since the integrand does not change sign when sin x
and cos x do change their signs, we take advantage of the substi-
tution
dx
t= tanx; dt=-2-.
cos x
Hence,

I= Stan2 X·cos' x dx s t2dt

(tanx+ I) cos2x = (t+ I) (t 2+ 1) 2 •

Expand into partial fractions

t2 A Bt+D Et+F
(t-l-l)(t~+1)2 t+I + 12+1 +(12+1)2 •
Find the coefficients
I I I I 1
A=4; B=-4; D=4; E=2; F=-2·
Hence,
236 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

I I+t
4. 1+1 2 +C=

={-In I sin x+ cosx I-! cosx(sin x+cosx)+C.

5.6.17. I= Ssm. 2 xtanx+3

2 + 2 cos x dx. 2

Solution. Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos2 x and

substituting tanx= t; cos d~ x =dt, we obtain
dx
S 2tanx+3 5<
2 tanx+ 3> cos2x
I= sin 2x+2 cos2 x dx= tan 2 x+2 =
r·2t+3 3 t
= j +
12 + 2 dt =In (t 2 2) + ¥2" arc tan y-2 +c =

tan x + C.
-_ In (t an2 x+ 2)+y-32 arctany- 2
5.6.18. I= SI+.
sin x
smx dx.
Solution. This integral, of course, can be evaluated with the aid
of the universal substitution tan ; = t, but it is easier to get the
desired result by resorting to the following transformation of the
integrand:
sin x sin x (I-sin x) sin x(l-sinx)
I+sin x (I+ sin x) (I-sin x) = cos 2x
sin x sin 2 x sin x t 2
= cos2x - cos2 x = cos2 x - an x.
Whence
I= j"-cos
sin 2-dx-
x
x
ssec2xdx+ s I
dx=---tanx+x+C.
cos x
s.6.19./=S cos 4 x1sm
· 2 dx.
x
Solution. Here the substitution tanx = t can be applied, but it
is simpler to transform the integrand. Replacing, in the numerator,
unity by the trigonometric identity raised to the second power, we
get
I= s(sin 2 x+ c~~ 2 x) 2dx =
cos4 x sm 2 x
s sin 4 x+ 2 sin 2 x c?s_2 x+ cos4 x dx =
c<-s4 x sm 2 x

= Ssin2
x
cos4xdx--j-2 scos2x
dx + s dx
sin2x = s dx
tan2x cos~x+2tanx-cotx=
I
= 3 tan 3 x+2 tanx-cot x+C.
 § 5.7. Integrating Irrational Functions by Substitutions 237

III. Integration of hyperbolic functions. Functions rationally de-

pending on hyperbolic functions are integrated in the same way as
trigonometric functions.
Keep in mind the following basic formulas:

cosh 2 x-sinh 2 x = 1; sinh 2 x = ~ (cosh 2x -1);

cosh 2 x = + (cosh 2x + 1); sinh x cosh x = + sinh 2x.

x
If tanh 2 =t, then sm x= 1_t 2
. h 2t .
,
I+ t 2 •
cos h X=J-t2'

x=2Artanht=ln(:~~) (-l<t< 1); dx= 12:!!, 2 •

5.6.20. I= ~ cosh 2 x dx.

Solution.
I= 5+(cosh 2x+ 1) dx= -}sinh 2x+ ~ x+C.

5.6.21. I= ~ cosh 3 x dx.

Solution. Since cosh x is raised to an odd power, we put sinh x = t;
coshxdx=dt. We obtain

I= Scosh 2 x cosh x dx = 5(1 + t 2) dt = t + 1; + C=

=sinhx+ ~ sinh 3 x+C.

5.6.22. Find the integrals:
(a) 5sinh x cosh x dx;
2 2 (b) 5 sinh x+dx2 cosh x ·

§ 5.7. Integration of Certain Irrational Functions with the

Aid of Trigonometric or Hyperbolic Substitutions
Integration of functions rationally depending on x and Vax 2 +bx+ c
can be reduced to finding integrals of one of the following forms:

I. ~ R (t, V p 2 t 2 +q 2 )dt;

II. ~ R (t, Vp 2 t 2 -q 2 ) dt;

III. JR(t, Vq 2 -p 2 t 2 )dt,
238 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

b
where t = x + 2a; ax 2 +bx +c = + p 2 t 2 ± q2 (singling out a perfect
square).
Integrals of the forms I to III can be reduced to integrals of
expressions rational with respect to sine or cosine (ordinary or hy-
perbolic) by means of the following substitutions:
I. t=.i..tanz or t=Lsinhz.
p p

I I. t = ; sec z or t = ; cosh z.
II I. t = .i.. sin z or t = _!l_ tanh z.
p p

5.7.1. I= I dx
., Y(5+2x+x 2 ) 3
.

Solution. 5+2x+x 2 =4+(x+ 1) 2 • Let us put x+ l = t. Then

We have obtained an integral of the form I. Let us introduce

the substitution:
2 d~
t=2tanz; dt= cos~ ; 2-.
V4+t 2 =2Vl +tan2 z =cos
-
z z
We get

I= ! scos z dz =
t
. Z + C = - I -----;::===
= -4I Stn 4
tanz +C---1
Yl+tan z
2 4 y2 12
1+-
4
+ C--
x+I +C.

5.7.2. '=S (x+ 1)2

dx
Y x2 +2x+ 2
•
4 Vs+2x+x 2

Solution. x 2 + 2x+ 2 = (x+ 1) 2 +1.

Let us put x + l = t; then
1-J
- t2 -V1dt2 +1
Again we have an integral of the form I. Make the substitution
t = sinh z. Then
dt = cosh z dz; Vt 2 + 1 = Vl +sinh 2 z =cosh z.
 § 5.7. Integrating Irrational Functions by Substitutions 239

Hence,

I= s cosh z dz
sinh" z cosh z
= s ~ = - cot h z
sinh 2 z +C =
JI 1-:sinh2 z +C= VT+t2 +C=- Vx 2 +2x+2 , C
smh z t x+ l T •

5.7.3. l=~x 2 Vx 2 -Idx.

5.7.4. I =S VX2+T d
x2 X.

5.7.5. l=~V(x 2 -l) 3 dx.

Solution. Perform the substitution:
x =cash t; dx = sinh t dt.
Hence

I= ~V(cosh 2 t-1) 3 sinh t dt = ~ sinh 4 t dt =

= s( ~t dt
cosh - I) 2 =

= ! Scosh 2t dt -~ Scosh 2t dt + i- Sdt =

2

= ~ S(cosh4t+ I)dt-+sinh2t+i-t=
= 3~ sinh 4t -+ sinh 2t + ! t + C.
Let us return to x:

t =Arcoshx= In (x + Vx 2 -1);
sinh 2t = 2 sinh t cosh t = 2x v-x 2 - 1;
sinh 4t = 2 sinh 2t cash 2t = 4x i1 x2 - I (2x 2 - l).
Hence

5.7.6. I=
.)l (I+ V x~xVx-xJ..
Solution. We make the substitution:
x = sin2 t; dx = 2 sin t cost dt
240 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

and get
I= s 2 sin t cos t dt
o+sint) Ysin 2 t-sin 4 t
s 2 dt
I+sint
=

=2 Sl-sintdt
cos2
=2 tan t - -2-+C =
t cos t

= ;v-x 1-x
- . r 2 +c=2(~1) +c.
r 1-x 1-x

5.7.7. I=~ V3-2x-x 2 dx.

5.7.8.

§ 5.8. Integration of Other Transcendental Functions

5.8.1. I= s':t dx.

Solution. We integrate by parts, putting
u= lnx; dv=-·
dx
x2'

du=x;
dx V=-x;
I

I = - ~+sdx=-~-_!_+c.

5.8.2. I= s In x dx •
Vi-x
2 x x x x

5.8.3. / = S(l+e
exdx
xp.
2

Solution. Let us put: eX=t; eXdx=dt. We get:

I= S(I +12)2.
di

Apply the reduction formula (see Problem 4.4.1):

t I (' dt
1=12= 2(t2+J) +2 j 1+1 2 ;

t I ex I
I= 2 (t 2 + I) +2 arctan t + C 2 (I +e2 x) +2 arctanex + C.
5.8.4. I=~ e-x In (eX + l) dx.
 § 5.8. Integration of Other Transcendental Functions 241

Solution. We integrate by parts:

u =In (tr+ l}; dv=e-x dx;
ex
du=i+exdx; V=-e-x;

I = - e-" In (l +tr)+ Si!:x =- e-" In (l +tr}+ Se"i~;e" dx =

= -e-x In (l +tr} +x-ln (l +tr}+ C.

5.8.5. I =
r
J
ea arc tan x
3 dx.
(I+ x2) 2

586 I- r x arc tan x dx

... -_, v1+x2 •

Solution. Integrating by parts, we get

xdx
u =arctanx; dv=v
I +x2 ;
dx
du= 1+x2; V= Vl +x 2;

I= V-l+x 2 arctanx- sv- l +x i+xz

2 dx =

= V-1 + x2 arc tan x - In (x + Vx2 + l) + C.

242 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

§ 5.9. Methods of Integration

(List of Basic Forms of Integrals)

No. , Integral
I Method of integration

I ~ F [<p (x)] <p' (x) dx I Substitution <p (x) = t

I I
2 ~ f (x) <p' (x) dx Integration by parts

~ f (x) <p' (x) dx = f (x) <p (x)- ~ <p (x) f' (x) dx.
This method is applied, for example, to
integrals of the form ~ p (x) f (x) dx, where
p (x) is a polynomial, and f (x) is one of the
following functions:
e•x; cos ax; sin ax; In x;
arc tan x; arc sin x, etc.
and also to integrals of products of an expo-
nential function by cosine or sine.

3 ~ f (x) q,<n) (x) dx Reduced to integration of the product

f<n> (x) <p (x) by the formula for multiple in-
tegration by parts
~ f (x) q;<n> (x) dx= f (x) <p<n-l> (x)-
-f' (x) <p<n -2) (x) + f" (x) <p<n - :11 (x)- .••
...+ (- l)n-lf<n-11 (x) <p (x) +
+ (- l)n ~ f<n> (x) <p (x) dx

4 ~ e•x Pn (x) dx, Applying the formula for multiple integra-

tion by parts (see above), we get
where Pn (x) is a polyno-
mial of degree n. ~ e•x Pn (x) dx=
=e•x [Pn (x) _ p~~x)
a a2
+ p~aa(x) _ ···
+
+(-1)" Phm(x>J+c
an+l

5 Sx2+px+q
Mx+N d
x,
Substitution

p2 -4q <0
 § 5.9. Methods of Integration (List of Basic Integrals) 243

No.1 Integral Method of Integration

I
6 I
n-
-5 dx
(x2+ l)n
Reduction formula is used
x 2n-3
In= (2n-2) (x2 + l)n-1 + 2n --2 In-I

7 SP(x) P(x) Integrand is ex pressed in the form of a

Q (x) dx, where Q (x)
sum of partial fractions
is a proper rational frac- P(x) A1 A2 A1
ti on Q (x)= (x-xi) +(x-x1)2+ ···+(x-x + 1)l
Q (x) = (x-x1 ) 1 (x-
-X2)m ... (x 2+px+ + (X-X2)
Br + B2 + + Bm +
(X-X2) 2 . . . (X-Xz)m
+q)k ... M 1 x+N 1 M 2 x+N 2
+ · · · + x 2+px+q + (x 2 +px+q) 2 +
+ ... + Mkx+ Nk + ...
(x2+px+q)k

8 Reduced to the integral of a rational frac-

JR (x, x:, .. ., x+)dx, tion by the substitution x=tk, where k is a
where R is a rational func- common denominator of the fractions
tion of its arguments.
m r
- , ... , -
n s

9
s R [ x, (;:~~)*] dx, Reduced to the integral of a rational frac-
tion by the substitution
where R is a rational ax+b =tn
function of its arguments. cx+d

IO s Mx+N d
Vax 2+bx+c x
By the substitution x+ 2~=t the integral
is reduced to a sum of two integrals:

s Mx + N
Vax 2+ bx+c
dx = Mi s tdt
Vat 2 +m
+
+N
1
s dt
Vat 2 -t-m
The first integral is reduced to the integral
of a power function and the second one is a
tabular integral.
244 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

No.1 integral Method ol integration

11 ~ R(x, Vax 2 +bx-t-c)dx, Reduced to an integral of rational fraction

by the Euler substitutions:
where R is a rational
function of x and Vax 2 +bx+c=t ± x Va (a> 0),
Vax 2 -j-bx+c Jfax 2 +bx+c=tx ±Ve (c > 0),
Vax 2 +bx+c=t (x-x1 ) (4ac-b 2 < 0).
where x 1 is the root of the trinomia 1 ax 2 +
+bx+c.
The indicated integral can also be eva lua-
ted by the trigonometric substitutions:
yiJC"TaC
2a
. t
Sin

Vb2=4ae
2a cos t (a < 0,
4ac-b 2 < 0)

yiJC"TaC
a sec
t
2
Yb 2 -4ac
2a coscc t (a> 0,
4ac-b 2 < 0)
V:rac=b2
a tan t
2
y4liC=b2
2a cot t (a > 0,
4ac-b 2 > 0)

12 SJf axPn+bx+c
2
(x) dx, Write the equality

where Pn (x) is a pol yno-

mial of degree n.
SJf axPn +bx+c
(x)dx
2
Qn-dx) Jfax 2 +bx+c+

+kS dx •
Jf ax 2 +bx+c
where Qn-l (x) is a polynomial of degree
n-1. Differentiating both parts of this equa-
lity and multiplying by Vax 2 +bx+c, we
get the identity
Pn (x) = Q~-1 (x) (ax 2 +bx+c) +
I
+2 Qn-1 (x) (2ax+b)+k,
which gives a system of n+ 1 linear equa-
tions for determining the coefficients of the
polynomial Qn-l (x) and factor k.
 § 5.9. Methods of Integration (List of Basic Integrals) 245

No.1 Integral Method of lnt(!gration

And the integral

SY ax +bx+c
dx
2
is taken by the method considered in No. JO
(M=O; N=I).

13 This integral is reduced to the above-con-

sidered integral by the substitution
I
X-X1=y

14 ~ xm (a+ bxn)P dx, This integral is expressed through elemen-

tary functions only if one of the following
where m, n, p are rational conditions is fulfilled:
numbers (an integral of a (I) if p is an integer,
binomial differential).
m+ I 1s. an m. t eger,
(2) 1·1 -n-

·rm+!+ p 1s·
(3) 1 -n- ·
an m t eger.

/st case
(a) if p is a positive integer, remove the
brackets (a+bxn)P according to the Newton
binomial and calculate the integrals of powers;
(b) if p is a negative integer, then the
substitution x=tk, where k is the common
denominator of the fractions m and n, leads
to the integral of a rational fraction;
2nd case
if m+
n
1 is an integer, then the substitu-
tion a+bxn=tk is applied, where k is the
denominator of the fraction p;
3rd case
+
if m !+P is an integer, then the substi-
n
tu ti on a+ bx11 = xntk is applied, where k is
the denominator of the fraction p.

15 ~ R (sin x, cos x) dx Universal substitution tan ~ =t.

If R(-sinx, cosx)=-R(sinx, cosx),
then the substitution cos x = t is applied.
I.f R (sin x, -cos x) = - R (sin x, cos x),
then the substitution sin x= t is applied.
If R (-sin x, -cos x) = R (sin x, cos x), ·
'then the substitution tan x = t is applied.
246 Ch. V. Basic Classes of Integrable Functions

No. j Integral Method of Integration

~ R (sinh x, cosh x) dx x
16 The substitution tanh 2 = t is used. In
this case
. h
Sill
2t
X = l - t 2 ; COS
h I
X=l-t 2 ;
+t 2 d 2dt
X=l-(Z'

17 ~ sin ax sin bx dx Transform the product of trigonometric

functions into a sum or difference, using one
~ sin ax cos bx dx of the following formulas:
sin ax sin bx=
~ cos ax cos bx dx I
= 2 [cos (a-b) x-cos (a-1-b) x)

cos ax cos bx=

1
=2 [cos (a-b) x+cos (a+b) x)

sin ax cos bx=

={[sin (a-b) x+ sin (a+b) x)

18 I ~ sinm x cosn x dx, If m is an odd positive number, then apply

the substitution cos x = t.
where m and n are inte- If n is an odd positive number, apply the
gers. substitution sin x=t.
If m + n is an even negative number, apply
the substitution tan x=t.
If m and n are even non-negative numbers,
use the formulas
sin 2 x= l-cos2x ·, COS"X=
., 1 +cos2x
2 2

19 ~ sinP x cosq x dx Reduce to the integral of the binomial

differential by the substitution sin x=t
(0 < x < n/2),
p and q- rational num-
~ sinP xcosq xdx= ~ tP (l-t 2)q-I dt
bers. (see No. 14).

20 Transform into an integral of a rational

function by the substitution eax = t