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1. Explain organization of Microprocessor based system.

The Microprocessor based system (single board microcomputer) consists of
microprocessor as CPU, semiconductor memories like EPROM and RAM, input
device, output device and interfacing devices. The memories, input device, output
device and interfacing devices are called peripherals.

2. Explain Buses of Microprocessor.

A bus is a high-speed internal connection. Buses are used to send control signals
and data between the processor and other components. Three types of bus are
used. Address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor to other
components such as primary storage and input/output devices.

3. Define Microprocessor and explain difference between microprocessor and microcontroller

Microprocessor consists of only a Central Processing Unit, whereas Micro

Controller contains a CPU, Memory, I/O all integrated into one chip. The
microprocessor is useful in Personal Computers whereas Micro Controller is useful in
an embedded system.
4. Classification of Microprocessor based on size, application and speed.
Microprocessors are classified into five types, namely: CISC-Complex Instruction Set
Microprocessors, RISC-Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor, ASIC- Application
Specific Integrated Circuit, Superscalar Processors, DSP's-Digital Signal
Microprocessors

5. Explain languages for communication between microprocessor to other peripheral and

vice versa
There are two ways of communication in which the microprocessor can connect with
the outside world. Serial Communication Interface − In this type of communication,
the interface gets a single byte of data from the microprocessor and sends it bit by bit
to the other system serially and vice-a-versa.

6. Briefly explain how does the microprocessor work

A microprocessor accepts binary data as input, processes that data, and then
provides output based on the instructions stored in the memory. The data is
processed using the microprocessor's ALU (arithmetical and logical unit), control unit,
and a register array

7. Explain in brief programming model of 8085 microprocessor?

The 8085 has six general purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are
identifies as B, C, D, E, H, L. They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE
and HL to perform some 16-bit operations

8. Write basic features of 8085 microprocessor. (Clock, data bus, address bus, memory,
Number of instructio of execution per second, how many instruction for operation)

The features of 8085 include:

• It is an 8-bit microprocessor i.e. it can accept, process or provide 8-bit data. ...
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• It operates on a single +5V power supply connected at Vcc.

• It operates on clock cycle with 50% duly cycle.
• It has on chip clock generator this internal clock generator requires tuned
circuit like LC,
The Intel 8085 was one generation above the Intel 8080, with the "5" in its name
actually indicating that it only needed a single +5-V power supply as opposed to
the 8080,

Every microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at which it
executes instructions and also synchronizes it with other components. The
speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called clock speed.

A bus is a high-speed internal connection. Buses are used to send control signals and
data between the processor and other components

Data bus - carries the data between the processor and other components. The data bus
is bidirectional . Control bus - carries control signals from the processor to other
components. The control bus also carries the clock's pulses. The control bus is
unidirectional.

Definition of address bus

computers. : an element in a computer CPU that transmits the location of stored
information The address bus allows the CPU to send the address to RAM, and the
data bus allows the actual data transfer to the CPU.
Thousand instructions per second (TIPS/kIPS)
The thousand instructions per second (kIPS) unit is rarely used today, as most
current microprocessors can execute at least a million instructions per second.

9. Write short questions.

A] Define: bit, nibble, byte, word and instruction

Each 1 or 0 in a binary number is called a bit. From there, a group of 4 bits is called a
nibble, and 8-bits makes a byte. An instruction of a computer is a command given to the
computer to perform a specified operation on given data. In microprocessor, the instruction
set is the collection of the instructions that the microprocessor is designed to execute
B] What is meaning by 8-bit processor?

8-bit is an early computer hardware device or software program that is capable of

transferring eight bits of data at the same time. The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor.
Its data bus is 8-bit wide and hence, 8 bits of data can be transmitted in parallel from or to
the microprocessor.
C] What is Mnemonics?

an operation where the system microprocessor processes a single machine

instruction that is associated with a numerical operation code (op code).
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D] Define: Assembly language, machine language, high level language

An assembly language consists of a set of symbols and letters and requires translation to
machine language. Both machine code and assembly languages are hardware specific. A
high-level language is a programming language that uses English and mathematical
symbols in its instructions
E] What is an Assembler?

An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them
into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic
operations.
F] What is a Compiler?

A compiler is a special program that translates a programming language's source code

into machine code, bytecode or another programming language.
G] Which information given by address line?

the memory has a specific address and we have these things called address
lines. Data lines will be required for the actual data to be written into and read from
the memory location.
H] Data bus is always bidirectional True/False

Data bus is used to transfer data from one unit to another unit of the computer system.
Microprocessor can read data from the memory or write data to the memory. So, the data
bus is bidirectional
I] Microcontroller is faster than Microprocessor justify the statement.

Processing speed of microcontrollers is about 8 MHz to 50 MHz, but in contrary processing

speed of general microprocessors is above 1 GHz so it works much faster than
microcontrollers.
J] Why do we need clock in microprocessor?

The processor, the bus, and peripherals all use the clock to synchronize their operations.
The clock determines how fast the processor executes its instructions, so it is fundamental to
performance
K] What are the advantages of an assembly language in comparison with high level language?

Performance and accuracy are better than high-level language. Performance & accuracy
are lesser. Executable code is larger, takes a long time to execute
L] Write full name of: RAM, ROM, ALU, SSI, MSI, VLSI, and ASCII

SSI refers to small scale integration

Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
M] What is bus?
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A bus is a high-speed internal connection. Buses are used to send control signals and
data between the processor and other components
N] What do mean by peripherals?

a device connected to a computer to provide communication (such as input and

output) or auxiliary functions (such as additional storage)
o] How much memory access by 8085 microprocessor?
Memory − 8085 can access up to 64Kb, whereas 8086 can access up to 1 Mb of memory.

Q] What is purpose of Control Unit of Microprocessor?

It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices.
R] Justify “Microprocessor is a programmable device”

A microprocessor is a programmable device that means that it can be instructed to

perform various tasks within its capacity. The microprocessor is designed to understand
and execute various instructions. It is a multipurpose machine.
S] Justify “The direction of address bus is unidirectional

Address bus is unidirectional because data flow in one direction, from microprocessor to
memory or from microprocessor to Input/output devices (That is, Out of Microprocessor
T] What is difference between 4 bit microprocessor and 8 bit microprocessor?

the number of bits typically it refers to the length of the character representation that is used
to build instructions or data. 4 bits allows for 64 distinct characters while 8 bits allows
for 256 characters or instructions. The fewer bits in a character the simpler the circuitry
required.
U] What is difference between assembly language and machine language?

Machine language is only understand by the computers. Assembly language is only

understand by human beings not by the computers. In machine language data only
represented with the help of binary format(0s and 1s), hexadecimal and octadecimal.24-Aug-
2022

V] What is use of Registers in microprocessor?

A processor register (CPU register) is one of a small set of data holding places that are part
of the computer processor. A register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any
kind of data (such as a bit sequence or individual characters). Some instructions specify
registers as part of the instruction.
W] What stand for CISC and RISC?

CISC and RISC (Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computer, respectively) are
dominant processor architecture paradigms. Computers of the two types are differentiated
by the nature of the data processing instruction sets interpreted by their central processing
units (CPUs).
X] What is Op-code?
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portion of a machine language instruction that specifies the operation to be

performed

y] What is Operand?

An operand – is what operators are applied to

10.What is difference between general purpose microprocessor and special purpose
microprocessor?

General purpose software - software that can be used for multiple purposes.
Special purpose software - software built for a specific purpose
General purpose processor: usable for several applications, low price, short design time but
low performance, high energy consumption and large dimensions.
Special purpose processor: good performance, small, less energy consumption but more
difficult design, more expensive, less flexible

Q.1 Answer the following Questions (1 Marks questions)

11] How many maximum memory locations and I/O devices can be addressed by an 8085

The microprocessor 8085 can transfer maximum 16 bit address which means it can
address 65, 536 different memory location
12. Explain the use of HOLD and HLDA pins of 8085 microprocessor.

HOLD − This signal indicates that another master is requesting the use of the address and
data buses. HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge) − It indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD
request and it will relinquish the bus in the next clock cycle.
13. State the difference between op-code fetch (OF) and memory read (MR) cycles.

The Opcode fetch machine cycle is the first step in the execution of any instruction. In this
cycle, the microprocessor reads the opcode of an instruction from the memory. The control
and status signals for this machine cycle are IO/M' = 0, S0 =1, and S1 = 1. This
differentiates it from the memory read machine cycle
14. State the importance of X1 and X2 pins of an 8085 microprocessor

Clock signals
X1, X2 − A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two pins and is used to set
frequency of the internal clock generator. This frequency is internally divided by
2. CLK OUT − This signal is used as the system clock for devices connected with the
microprocessor
15. What is an interrupt? Enlist the hardware interrupt sources (pins) available on the 8085

Interrupts in 8085. Interrupts are the signals generated by the external devices to
request the microprocessor to perform a task. There are 5 interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP,
RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR. Vector interrupt − In this type of interrupt, the
interrupt address is known to the processor.
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16. Microprocessor chip

A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and

control is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated
circuits. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to
perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit.
17. Explain the use of READY pin of an 8085 microprocessor

READY – It senses whether a peripheral is ready to transfer data or not. If READY is

high(1) the peripheral is ready. If it is low(0) the microprocessor waits till it goes high. It is
useful for interfacing low speed devices.
18. Explain RESETIN AND RESETOUT pin of an 8085 microprocessor.

1. RESET IN' – When the signal on this pin is low(0), the program-counter is set
to zero, the buses are tristated and the microprocessor unit is reset.
2. RESET OUT – This signal indicates that the MPU is being reset. The signal
can be used to reset other devices.

19. What is Instruction Cycle?

The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch-
execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up
until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions.

20. What is Machine Cycle?

The machine cycle is a four-process cycle that includes reading and interpreting the
machine language, executing the code, and then storing that code. The process of
cycling instructions may also be known as the E-cycle (execution cycle), I-cycle (instruction
cycle), fetch-decode-execute cycle, or fetch-execute cycle.

21. What is the time period of crystal which generated 5MH frequency in Microprocessor?

Answer. Answer: The crystal is used as the system frequency reference, typically in the
range from 4 MHz to 25 MHz (40 MHz).
22. What is T-state?

T state is the unit of a operation/ process within a microprocessor environment. For

example, fetching of data, decode of opcodes, execution of instruction and storage of output
are all operations which a microprocessor has to perform for an execution of a single
instruction.
23. Which interrupt has the highest priority of 8085 Microprocessor?

The highest priority interrupt in 8085 is:

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• TRAP.
• RST6.5.
• INTR.
• RST7.5.
24. What are level Triggering interrupts?

A level-triggered interrupt module generates an interrupt when and while the interrupt
source is asserted. If the interrupt source is still asserted when the firmware interrupt
handler acks the interrupt, the interrupt module will regenerate the interrupt, causing the
interrupt handler to be invoked again
25. What is SIM?

A SIM card (full form Subscriber Identity Module or Subscriber Identification Module) is an
integrated circuit (IC) intended to securely store the international mobile subscriber identity
(IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers
on mobile telephony devices
26. What does microprocessor speed depends on?

What does microprocessor speed depend on? The processing speed depends on DATA
BUS WIDTH.
Q.2 Describe the following questions. (2-3 Marks questions)

27. Explain Flag Register of 8085 Microprocessor.

In 8085 microprocessor, the flag register consists of 8 bits and only 5 of them are useful.
The 5 flags are: Sign Flag (S) – After any operation if the MSB (B(7)) of the result is 1, it
indicates the number is negative and the sign flag becomes set, i.e. 1
28. Explain Controlling signal generating logic circuit

control circuit means the circuit that carries the electric signals directing the
performance of a control device, but that does not carry the power that the device
controls.
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37.Draw the functional block diagram of internal architecture of IC 8085 and explain its working

A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control
is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits. The
microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to perform the
functions of a computer's central processing unit.

38. Draw the Pin diagram of 8085 Microprocessor and explain each pins
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The 40 pins of the microprocessor can be divided into six groups such as address bus,
data bus, control signals & status signals; power supply & frequency, externally
started signals and serial input/output ports.

39. Describe about hardware interrupt in detail.

A hardware interrupt is an electronic signal from an external hardware device that

indicates it needs attention from the OS. One example of this is moving a mouse or
pressing a keyboard key. In these examples of interrupts, the processor must stop to read
the mouse position or keystroke at that instant
40. Explain Memory interfacing with necessary steps and diagram

When we are executing any instruction, we need the microprocessor to access the
memory for reading instruction codes and the data stored in the memory. For this, both
the memory and the microprocessor requires some signals to read from and write to
registers.
41. What is the function of ALE pin in 8085?

ALE (Address Enable Latch) is the control signal which is nothing but a positive going
pulse generated when a new operation is started by microprocessor. So when pulse
goes high means ALE=1, it makes address bus enable and when ALE=0, means low pulse
makes data bus enable
42. Explain the need of X1 and X2 pins of 8085 microprocessor?

X1, X2 − A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two pins and is used to set
frequency of the internal clock generator. This frequency is internally divided by 2. CLK
OUT − This signal is used as the system clock for devices connected with the
microprocessor.
43. Write a sort note on demultiplexing of 8085.

Demultiplexing of address and data bus in 8085 with ALE signal. Pin 30 of 8085 is the ALE
pin which stands for 'Address Latch Enable'. ALE signal is used to demultiplex the lower
order address bus (AD0 – AD7). Pins 12 to 19 of 8085 are AD0 – AD7 which represents the
multiplexed address-data bus
Questions regarding computer and memory organization

1. Define computer organization, Computer architecture? What is difference between computer

organization and computer architecture?

computer organisation is a field which explains about structure and behaviour of digital
computers . its main objective is to make us understand the over all computer hardware
structure and all its peripheral devices . it tells us how all the units in the system are
arranged and interconnected to eachother.
Computer Architecture is also called Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). Computer
Organization is frequently called microarchitecture. 8. Computer Architecture comprises
logical functions such as instruction sets, registers, data types, and addressing modes.
2.Explain basic symbols used for register transfer
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Register Transfer :
The information transformed from one register to another register is
represented in symbolic form by replacement operator is called
Register Transfer.
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