Tissues and Circulatory System

Levels of Organization
Remember, the human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most
complex. . .
Cells – the basic unit of life
Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function
Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function
Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific
purpose in the human body
***The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis.
Epithelium,Connective, Nervous and Muscle

TYPES OF TISSUE
 Tissue
• Tissue is an aggregate of similar cells and cell
products forming a definite kind of structural
material with a specific function, in a
multicellular organism
• Four main types of tissue
• Epithelial, connective , nerve and muscle
tissue
 Epithelial Tissue
• Also referred to as epithelium
• Forms the outer layer of skin
• It is an interface tissue
• Sheet of cells that covers a body’s surfaces or
lines the body’s cavities (include lining the
trachea and mouth)
 Connective tissue
• One of the most widely distributed tissue
throughout the body
• It is used to connect muscle to muscle, bone
to muscle and bone to bone
• connective tissue include cartilage, adipose
(fat) blood and bone tissue
 Nerve tissue
• This tissue allows is to feel and sense things
around us
• Also allows our body to respond stimuli
• Neurons are nervous tissue
 Muscle Tissue
• Highly cellular
• Responsible for most body movement
• Includes skeletal and cardiac tissue
The Circulatory System
Functions of the Circulatory System
• Transportation system
by which oxygen and
nutrients reach the
body's cells, and waste
materials are carried
away.
• Also carries substances
called hormones, which
control body processes,
and antibodies to fight
invading germs.
 Parts of the Circulatory System

• Divided into three major parts:

– The Heart
– The Blood
– The Blood Vessels
 The heart, the lungs, and the
blood vessels work together to
form the circle part of the
circulatory system.
 How does this system work?

pulmonary vein lungs pulmonary artery

head & arms

aorta
main vein

Right Left

liver

digestive system

kidneys

legs

Circulatory System
 Circulation
• Two parts
• Heart acts as double pump
• Blood from the right side of the heart is dark
red and low in oxygen (oxygen-poor)
• Blood from the left side of the heart is bright
red and high in oxygen (oxygen-rich)
 Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.

Lungs

the right side of the left side of

the system the system

deals with deals with

deoxygenated oxygenated
blood.
blood.
Body cells
 3 Kinds of Circulation:

• Pulmonary circulation
• Coronary circulation
• Systemic circulation
 Pulmonary Circulation
Movement of blood from
the heart, to the lungs,
and back to the heart
again
 Coronary Circulation
Movement of blood
through the cardiac
muscle cells of the
heart
 Systemic Circulation
Supplies nourishment to
all of the tissue located
throughout the body ,
except for the heart and
lungs
THE HEART
 The Heart
• Size of your fist
• Thick muscular walls
• Divided into two pumps
• Each pump has two chambers
• Upper chambers – left and right atria receive
blood coming in from the veins
• Lower chambers – left and right ventricles
squeeze blood out into the arteries
 The Heart (contd)
• Left atrium and left ventricle are separated by
the bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
• Right atrium and right ventricle are separated
by the tricuspid valve
• Pulmonary valves also separate the ventricles
from the aorta and pulmonary artery
• All valves prevent the back flow of blood
 The Heart

This is a vein. It brings These are arteries.

blood from the body, They carry blood
except the lungs. away from the heart.

2 atria
Coronary arteries,
the hearts own
2 ventricles blood supply

The heart has four chambers

now lets look inside the heart

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 The Heart

Artery to Lungs Artery to Head and Body

Vein from Head and Body

Vein from Lungs

Right Atrium
Left Atrium

valve valve

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

 How does the Heart work?

STEP ONE

blood from the blood from

body the lungs

The heart beat begins when the

heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.
 How does the Heart work?

STEP TWO

The atria then contract and

the valves open to allow blood
into the ventricles.
 How does the Heart work?

STEP THREE

The valves close to stop blood

flowing backwards.

The ventricles contract forcing

the blood to leave the heart.

At the same time, the atria are

relaxing and once again filling with
blood.

The cycle then repeats itself.

BLOOD VESSELS
 Blood Vessels
• Hollow tubes in which blood flows
• There are 3 types of blood vessels
– Arteries
– Veins
– Capillaries
 Arteries
• Carry blood AWAY from the heart
• Usually carry oxygenated blood except for the
pulmonary arteries
• Main artery called the aorta
– Aorta divides and branches many times into
smaller arteries
• Each region of your body has system of
arteries supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich
blood.
 The ARTERY
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow

the artery to stretch
under pressure

thick muscle and

the thick muscle can
elastic fibres
contract to push the
blood along.
 Arteries
• Carry blood away the heart
• Transport oxygen rich blood from the lungs to
the heart and the rest of the body
– The pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood
 The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards from the heart.

veins have valves which act to stop

the blood from going in the wrong
direction.

thin muscle and

elastic fibres body muscles surround the veins so that when they
contract to move the body, they also squeeze the
veins and push the blood along the vessel.
 Veins
• Carry blood to the heart
• Receive blood from the capillaries
• Transport waste-rich/ oxygen-poor blood back
to the lungs and heart
– The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood
• Valves are located inside the veins
– Allow blood to move in one direction
• Walls are not as thick as arteries as blood
flows under lower pressure
 The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

they exchange materials

between the blood and
other body cells.

the wall of a capillary

is only one cell thick
The exchange of materials
between the blood and the
body can only occur through
capillaries.
 Capillaries
• Very thin
• Only one cell thick for efficient diffusion of
gases and nutrients
• Connect arteries & veins
• In close proximity to tissues
 Capillaries
• Food and oxygen released to the body cells
• Carbon dioxide and other waste products
returned to the bloodstream
Relationship between arteries, veins
and capillaries
BLOOD
 what’s in
digested food
red blood cells white blood cells

oxygen waste (urea)

carbon dioxide platelets

plasma hormones
 Blood
• Pumped by your heart.
• Travels through thousands of miles of blood
vessels
• Carries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste
products to and from your body cells.
• Made up of liquids, solids and small amounts
of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
 Blood
• Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to
all the cells of the body.
• Takes carbon dioxide and transports it back to
the lungs
• About 5,000,000 Red Blood Cells in ONE drop of
blood.
• Made up of formed elements and plasma
• Plasma is the liquid part of blood: 90% water,
with gases, ions, salts, proteins
 Formed Elements of Blood
• Erythrocytes: red blood cells (RBCs), discoid in
shape, no nucleus, 120 day life span,
hemoglobin transports oxygen
• Leukocytes: white blood cells (WBCs), larger
than RBCs, distinct nucleus, functions in
protection
• Platelets: not true cells but cellular fragments,
functions in blood clotting
 Red blood cells
White blood cells

White blood cells

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 Red Blood Cells
contain haemoglobin, a
molecule specially designed to
a biconcave disc that is round
hold oxygen and carry it to cells
and flat without a nucleus
that need it.

can change shape to an amazing

extent, without breaking, as it
squeezes single file through the
capillaries.
 White Blood Cells

there are many different types and all

contain a big nucleus.

the two main ones are the lymphocytes

and the macrophages.

macrophages ‘eat’ and digest micro-

organisms .

some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders

by dissolving them.
other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.
Platelets
Platelets are bits of cell
broken off larger cells.

Platelets produce tiny

fibrinogen fibres to
form a net. This net
traps other blood cells
to form a blood clot.
 Plasma
It also contains useful
things like;

• carbon dioxide
A straw- • glucose
coloured
• amino acids
liquid that
carries the • proteins
cells and the
• minerals
platelets
which help • vitamins
blood clot.
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
 SUMMARY
copy and complete the following;

away from the heart. The walls of an artery

Arteries take blood ______

muscular walls and elastic fibres. Veins

are made up of thick _________

towards the heart and also have valves. The

carry blood ________

capillaries link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall.
_________

plasma the liquid part of the

Blood is made up of four main things ______,

oxygen White Blood cells to protect

blood; Red Blood Cells to carry ______;

platelets to help blood clot.

the body from disease and _________