BRAKE FAILURE DETECTION AND EMERGENCY

BRAKING SYSTEM

Mini Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements for the Award of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
By
K ROHITH (Roll No. 19B81A02A4)
G SAI KRISHNA REDDY (Roll No. 19B81A02A8)
B THIRUMALESH (Roll No. 19B81A02B3)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An UGC Autonomous Institution, Accreditated by NBA & NAAC) (Approved by AICTE &
Govt. of Telangana and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad Vastunagar, Mangalpalli (V),
Ibrahimpatnam (M), R.R District.
Hyderabad 501510

2022

1
 CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An UGC Autonomous Institution, Accredited by NBA & NAAC)
(Approved by AICTE & Govt. of Telangana and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

Vastunagar, Mangalpalli (V), Ibrahimpatnam (M), R.R District.

Hyderabad 501 510

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that this Mini Project Report entitled “BRAKE FAILURE
DETECTION AND EMERGENCY BRAKING SYSTEM” by K ROHITH (Roll No.
19B81A02A4), G SAI KRISHNA REDDY (Roll No. 19B81A02A8) and B
THIRUMALESH (Roll No. 19B81A02B3), submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering of the CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, during the academic year of
2022-23, is a bonafide record of the work carried out under our guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

V.VIMALA DEVI Dr. S. Venkateshwarlu

(Senior Assistant Professor, EEE) (Professor & HOD, EEE)
(Project Guide)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankful to Dr. Raghava Cherabuddi, Ph.D. Chairman, CVR College of

Engineering for providing the best-of-class infrastructure, lab facilities and top-class faculty and
providing us the best possible education.

We are highly indebted and grateful to Dr. S. Venkateshwarlu, M.Tech, Ph.D.,

Professor and Head of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department whose kind co-
operation and valuable suggestion helped us in launching our project successfully.

We take the opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to our guide,
V.VIMALA DEVI, M.Tech., (Ph.D.), Sr.Asst.Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad for her continual guidance,
constant encouragement, discussion and unceasing enthusiasm. We consider our self-privileged
to have worked under her guidance.

We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our Mini Project Coordinator,
Mrs.R.NAVEENA BHARGAVI, M.Tech, (Ph.D.), Professor, EEE for her valuable
suggestions which helped us to finish our project in a good manner.

Our sincere thanks to all faculty members & staff of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for their constant encouragement, caring words, constructive criticism and
suggestions towards the completion of this work successfully.

We are highly indebted to the parents and family members, whose sincere prayers, best
wishes, moral support and encouragement have a constant source of assurance, guidance,
strength and inspiration to us.

Last but not least we thank Almighty for his grace enabling us to complete this work on
time.

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 ABSTRACT

The need for the innovative ideas in the automobile sector is highly demanded.
Nowadays accidents are increasing, so safety has acquired a priority. Improper usage of
brakes is also one of the problems for accident. The projected idea is to improve the
safety parameters regarding to brakes. Sudden recognition of any object in front panics
the driver and at situation, even skilled drivers fail to use brakes correctly and this leads
to accidents. Taking the driver reaction time into account we developed a working model
of Automatic Failure Detection along with the Auxiliary Braking System with which the
safety of driver and reduction in accidents can be achieved easily and simultaneously
add to the increase in safety of the vehicle. In the system incorporated if the primary
braking system brake fails to operate, the secondary braking system can be successfully
brought into use with nominal efforts. The entire system is developed taking into
consideration the human tendencies, minimum efforts and efficient use of the entire
braking system. The system consists of a very few components and requires least amount
of space. A buzzer is used to give the indication to the driver in the form of sound and
simultaneously alternative braking system start their working with the help of
microcontroller unit and apply the secondary brakes. This system is highly cost effective
and efficient in purposes in Automobile Industry.

4
S.NO NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO.
Table 1.1 Character LCD pins with Microcontroller 24
Table 4.1 Pin Diagram Description 47

LIST OF TABLES

5
 S.NO NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO

Fig:2.2 Shows the basic block diagram of a fixed regulated power supply 15

Fig 2.3 Circuit Diagram of power supply 22

Fig.3.1 Block diagram 14

Fig 3.19 DC Motor 32

Fig 3.20 Simple electrical diagram of DC motor 34

Fig 3.21 Operation of a DC Motor 34

Fig 3.22 L293D IC 39

Fig 3.23 L293D pin diagram 40

Fig 3.24 Internal structure of L293D 40

Fig 4.1 Hardware image. 44

Fig.4.2 Back side of module. 45

Fig.4.3 Arduino board. 46

LIST OF FIGURES

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO NO.

ABSTRACT 4

LIST OF TABLES 5

LIST OF FIGURES 6

1 INTRODUCTION 8

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 10

3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 13

3.1 Block Diagram 13

3.2 Circuit Diagram 21

3.3 Circuit Discription 25

3.4 Aurdino UNO 42

4 SOFTWARE EXPLANATION 49

4.1 Introduction 49

4.2 Code Explanation 51

5 PROBLEM STATEMENT EXPLANATION 61

6 CONCLUSION 62

7 REFERENCES 63

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The basic function of a brake in a power transmission system is to stop and/or hold the load.
There are many reasons to use brakes which are mostly related to improved productivity or
safety. Brakes are frequently used to control deceleration, provide accurate positioning, or
increase cycle rates, thereby improving productivity. Brakes can also be used for tensioning. The
so called “failsafe” type brake* like the cost-effective Stearns spring-set electrically released disc
brake has an added feature. Because the brake is set by shutting off electric power, it will
automatically set when there is a power failure. There are many types of braking systems that
can be used with a power transmission system. Each of these types can be placed into one of the
following categories: • Internal braking • External braking Internal braking systems generate
torque by converting the electric motor into a braking device. Internal brakes use electrical
switch gear and electronic circuitry to perform the braking.

Today accidents occur due to lot of reasons; one of the main reasons is brake failure. It is
caused due to poor maintenance as well as product defect. The accident monitoring of brake is
very important thing in automobile. Vehicle safety is the avoidance of automobile accidents or
the minimization of harmful effects of accidents, in particular as pertaining to human life and
health. Considering the stated factors for safety, the braking system is designed and modelled
simple in construction and working as well. The system is equipped by pneumatic braking unit
and microcontroller unit which in turn senses the signal received by the roller assisted unit
switch. The system consists of two braking system Disc and Drum in which Disc braking system
is already shown failed. Drum brake system come into application after failure of primary brake
(Disc). As soon as the primary brake stops working the driver presses the primary lever three to
four times and the roller switch gives an output signal through it to the microcontroller unit. As
soon as the microcontroller receives the signal it tends to switch the solenoid valve into action.
The solenoid valve allows the compressed air from the reservoir to flow through the piston
cylinder arrangement. The piston pushes the secondary lever to get attached to the primary lever
by exerting force on it and hangs over the bolt over primary lever. This causes the secondary
braking system to get actuated and allows efficient braking. The time required for complete

8
action is two to three seconds. The system can provide an overall safety of the vehicle and thus
lead to proper braking system in operation.

9
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Air brake systems are designed with a dual brake system spill; generally, the front brakes form
one circuit and the rear brakes the other. In isolated cars, owners had driven their vehicles
without adequate brake maintenance so that ventilated front brake rotors had swell surface of
brake drums had separated from the hub. A review of the individual case reports showed that
most brake malfunctioning was caused by faulty maintenance and repair, or lack of maintenance
efforts by the owners of the vehicles. Of the 2% brake-related accidents, 89% were associated
with brake malfunctioning and 11 % will brake imbalance.

Studies from road safety surveys have asserted that even the skilled drivers fail to apply brakes
completely during emergency situations. The main reason is that the stopping distance of the
vehicle depends on the deceleration when the driver applies brakes. Due to insufficient braking
force applied, the stopping distance is more and hence this leads the vehicle to crash or collide
with an obstacle. The work for modelling the system began with the method to detect the issue
by considering the reaction time; hence detect the driver intention and capability to apply full
brake during emergencies, detection of failure of primary brakes so that activation of secondary
brakes is achieved in the shortest possible time.

The shortest and achievable time to engage the secondary braking system after failure detection
through the sensing elements were taken into account considering the above reasons observed in
the surveys. The trails are made to eliminate any shortcoming in achieving of successful and
efficient braking in the described model. Project is totally equipped and designed for safety of
the car vehicles. Automatic equipment failure indicator and braking system is that the handiest
answer to the current drawback.

10
it's the foremost effective and therefore the simplest methodology used to reduce the speed of
accident thanks to equipment failure. Another analysis work focuses in distinguishing the modes
of failure in varied automobile elements and tends to spot appropriate strategies to avert such
replacements. The strategies can't be devised to avert fully the replacement there are strategies
that once enforced may prolong the amount of use of the element within the system This article
discussed various modes of failure in different components of the car.

There will be mistakes, and they are inevitable. But proper maintenance can improve the
performance. This paper deals with the introducing a reproducing a brake system in the
secondary braking system, in the place of the scientific process, which allows for the effective
use of brakes. The proposed arrangement used for intelligent braking system has many potential
applications, especially in developed countries where extensive attention is given to research on
smart vehicles and smart highways. In the four-wheeler vehicle, we can use this method and can
reduce the number of road accidents.

An indication of deterioration is an early warning system. The brake condition is constantly

monitored and audio-visual warnings are issued. This system reduces injuries and avoids life
loss. Auxiliary braking gives the driver the ability to prevent life and property damage. The
proposed model was tested with real subjects in this study. The people of varying kind are tested.
Few cases like with or without wearing glasses, driving at different time of the day and night.
Different drivers like paid and household, the condition of the roads was also taken into
consideration.in that way the controller has been tested.

This paper addressed a critical study of on-road vehicle detection systems focused on vision—
one of a driver assistance system's most important component. Based on the research activities 5
underway worldwide, it is certain that in the future this field will continue to be one of the hottest
research areas.

11
 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Now a days accidents might occur because of varied reasons; the foremost reason is equipment
failure and is happened due to improper maintenance of the products. To prevent these abnormal
situations and to protect one’s life from these accidents, there's a necessity for watching of
braking system in cars. Vehicle safety is a special term means safeguarding the automobiles or
reducing the hazardous effects caused by them, specially associated with human life and health.
Special safety options are engineered into vehicles occupants solely, and a few for the security of
others. The method used in this work is timer operation to check the condition of brake wire
periodically. This paper deals with making a circuit model, which checks the condition of brake
wire in any automobile. Alerts the driver by sending an audio or visual signal. Then activates the
braking system which acts as an emergency breaking as to avoid accidents.

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 CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.3.1. block diagram.

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 POWER SUPPLY:
All digital circuits require regulated power supply. In this article we are going to learn
how to get a regulated positive supply from the mains supply.
 

Fig:3.2 shows the basic block diagram of a fixed regulated power supply. Let us go through each
block.

TRANSFORMER

A transformer consists of two coils also called as “WINDINGS” namely PRIMARY &
SECONDARY.
They are linked together through inductively coupled electrical conductors also called as
CORE. A changing current in the primary causes a change in the Magnetic Field in the core &
this in turn induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If load is applied to the

14
secondary then an alternating current will flow through the load. If we consider an ideal
condition then all the energy from the primary circuit will be transferred to the secondary circuit
through the magnetic field.

So

 
The secondary voltage of the transformer depends on the number of turns
in the Primary as well as in the secondary.

Rectifier
A rectifier is a device that converts an AC signal into DC signal. For rectification purpose
we use a diode, a diode is a device that allows current to pass only in one direction i.e. when the
anode of the diode is positive with respect to the cathode also called as forward biased condition
& blocks current in the reversed biased condition.
 Rectifier can be classified as follows:
1)      Half Wave rectifier.

This is the simplest type of rectifier as you can see in the diagram a half wave rectifier
consists of only one diode. When an AC signal is applied to it during the positive half cycle the

15
diode is forward biased & current flows through it. But during the negative half cycle diode is
reverse biased & no current flows through it. Since only one half of the input reaches the output,
it is very inefficient to be used in power supplies.

  2)      Full wave rectifier.

Half wave rectifier is quite simple but it is very inefficient, for greater efficiency we
would like to use both the half cycles of the AC signal. This can be achieved by using a center
tapped transformer i.e. we would have to double the size of secondary winding & provide
connection to the center. So during the positive half cycle diode D1 conducts & D2 is in reverse
biased condition. During the negative half cycle diode D2 conducts & D1 is reverse biased. Thus
we get both the half cycles across the load.
One of the disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier design is the necessity of using a center
tapped transformer, thus increasing the size & cost of the circuit. This can be avoided by using
the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.

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  3) BridgeRectifier.

As the name suggests it converts the full wave i.e. both the positive & the negative half
cycle into DC thus it is much more efficient than Half Wave Rectifier & that too without using a
center tapped transformer thus much more cost effective than Full Wave Rectifier.

Full Bridge Wave Rectifier consists of four diodes namely D1, D2, D3 and D4. During
the positive half cycle diodes D1 & D4 conduct whereas in the negative half cycle diodes D2 &
D3 conduct thus the diodes keep switching the transformer connections so we get positive half
cycles in the output.

17
 

If we use a center tapped transformer for a bridge rectifier we can get both positive &
negative half cycles which can thus be used for generating fixed positive & fixed negative
voltages.

FILTER CAPACITOR
Even though half wave & full wave rectifier give DC output, none of them provides a
constant output voltage. For this we require to smoothen the waveform received from the
rectifier. This can be done by using a capacitor at the output of the rectifier this capacitor is also
called as “FILTER CAPACITOR” or “SMOOTHING CAPACITOR” or “RESERVOIR
CAPACITOR”. Even after using this capacitor a small amount of ripple will remain.
We place the Filter Capacitor at the output of the rectifier the capacitor will charge to the
peak voltage during each half cycle then will discharge its stored energy slowly through the load
while the rectified voltage drops to zero, thus trying to keep the voltage as constant as possible.

18
19
 If we go on increasing the value of the filter capacitor then the Ripple will decrease. But
then the costing will increase. The value of the Filter capacitor depends on the current consumed
by the circuit, the frequency of the waveform & the accepted ripple.

 
Where,
Vr= accepted ripple voltage.( should not be more than 10% of  the voltage)
I= current consumed by the circuit in Amperes.
F= frequency of the waveform. A half wave rectifier has only one peak in one cycle so F=25hz
Whereas a full wave rectifier has Two peaks in one cycle so F=100hz.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR 
A Voltage regulator is a device which converts varying input voltage into a constant
regulated output voltage. Voltage regulator can be of two types
1)      Linear Voltage Regulator
      Also called as Resistive Voltage regulator because they dissipate the excessive voltage
resistively as heat.
2)      Switching Regulators.
They regulate the output voltage by switching the Current ON/OFF very rapidly. Since
their output is either ON or OFF it dissipates very low power thus achieving higher efficiency as
compared to linear voltage regulators. But they are more complex & generate high noise due to
their switching action. For low level of output power switching regulators tend to be costly but
for higher output wattage they are much cheaper than linear regulators.
The most commonly available Linear Positive Voltage Regulators are the 78XX series
where the XX indicates the output voltage. And 79XX series is for Negative Voltage Regulators.

20
 After filtering the rectifier output the signal is given to a voltage regulator. The maximum
input voltage that can be applied at the input is 35V.Normally there is a 2-3 Volts drop across the
regulator so the input voltage should be at least 2-3 Volts higher than the output voltage. If the
input voltage gets below the Vmin of the regulator due to the ripple voltage or due to any other
reason the voltage regulator will not be able to produce the correct regulated voltage.

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3 Circuit diagram:

Fig 3.2. Circuit Diagram of power supply

IC 7805:
7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports an
input voltage of 10 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It has a current rating of 1 amp
although lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805 also
has a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. 7805 is manufactured by many companies,
including National Semiconductors and Fairchild Semiconductors.

The 7805 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot.The last two digits
represent the voltage; for instance, the 7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The 78xx series of regulators
is designed to work in complement with the 79xx series of negative voltage regulators in systems
that provide both positive and negative regulated voltages, since the 78xx series can't regulate
negative voltages in such a system.

The 7805 & 78 is one of the most common and well-known of the 78xx series regulators,
as it's small component count and medium-power regulated 5V make it useful for powering TTL
devices.

22
LCD DISPLAY

LCD Background:

One of the most common devices attached to a micro controller is an LCD display. Some of the
most common LCD’s connected to the many microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This
means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

Basic 16x 2 Characters LCD

Figure 3.3: LCD Pin diagram

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Pin description:

Pin No. Name Description

Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply (+5V)
Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust
0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 4 RS
1 = Data input
0 = Write to LCD module
Pin no. 5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal
Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)
Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1
Pin no. 9 D2 Data bus line 2
Pin no. 10 D3 Data bus line 3
Pin no. 11 D4 Data bus line 4
Pin no. 12 D5 Data bus line 5
Pin no. 13 D6 Data bus line 6
Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

Table 3.1: Character LCD pins with Microcontroller

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 The LCD requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user
may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data
bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data
bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus
the 8 lines for the data bus).

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.

The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that we are sending it
data. To send data to the LCD, our program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the
other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely
ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD
datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as
a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high
(1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to
display the letter "T" on the screen we would set RS high.

The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the
data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying
(or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are
write commands--so RW will almost always be low.

Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation
selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2,
DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

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Schematic:

Circuit Description:

Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While
most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't. Therefore by
incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider
range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors.

We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire
the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data
lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has
accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting
known delays into our program.

The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As
with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. We can use a bench power supply set to 5v

26
or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors, especially if we have
trouble with the circuit working properly.

SETB RW

Handling the EN control line:

As we mentioned above, the EN line is used to tell the LCD that we are ready for it to
execute an instruction that we've prepared on the data bus and on the other control lines. Note
that the EN line must be raised/ lowered before/after each instruction sent to the LCD regardless
of whether that instruction is read or write text or instruction. In short, we must always
manipulate EN when communicating with the LCD. EN is the LCD's way of knowing that we
are talking to it. If we don't raise/lower EN, the LCD doesn't know we're talking to it on the other
lines.

Thus, before we interact in any way with the LCD we will always bring the EN line low
with the following instruction:

CLR EN

And once we've finished setting up our instruction with the other control lines and data bus
lines, we'll always bring this line high:

SETB EN

The line must be left high for the amount of time required by the LCD as specified in its
datasheet. This is normally on the order of about 250 nanoseconds, but checks the datasheet. In
the case of a typical microcontroller running at 12 MHz, an instruction requires 1.08
microseconds to execute so the EN line can be brought low the very next instruction. However,
faster microcontrollers (such as the DS89C420 which executes an instruction in 90 nanoseconds
given an 11.0592 MHz crystal) will require a number of NOPs to create a delay while EN is held
high. The number of NOPs that must be inserted depends on the microcontroller we are using
and the crystal we have selected.

27
 The instruction is executed by the LCD at the moment the EN line is brought low with a
final CLR EN instruction.

Checking the busy status of the LCD:

As previously mentioned, it takes a certain amount of time for each instruction to be

executed by the LCD. The delay varies depending on the frequency of the crystal attached to the
oscillator input of the LCD as well as the instruction which is being executed.

While it is possible to write code that waits for a specific amount of time to allow the LCD
to execute instructions, this method of "waiting" is not very flexible. If the crystal frequency is
changed, the software will need to be modified. A more robust method of programming is to use
the "Get LCD Status" command to determine whether the LCD is still busy executing the last
instruction received.

The "Get LCD Status" command will return to us two tidbits of information; the
information that is useful to us right now is found in DB7. In summary, when we issue the "Get
LCD Status" command the LCD will immediately raise DB7 if it's still busy executing a
command or lower DB7 to indicate that the LCD is no longer occupied. Thus our program can
query the LCD until DB7 goes low, indicating the LCD is no longer busy. At that point we are
free to continue and send the next command.

precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can
be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA
from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to
operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C sensor is rated for a -40° to
+110°C range (-10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in
hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available
in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D sensor is also available in an 8-lead surface
mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

28
Relay:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find applications
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating
the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays found extensive
use in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay
that can handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor.
Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor
device triggered by light to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics
and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or
faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments
still called "protectionrelays".

29
Applications of Relays:

 Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or

audio amplifiers,
 Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an
automobile,
 Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing
circuit breakers (protection relays),

A DPDT AC coil relay with "ice cube" packaging

 Isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different
potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage
switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are
easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may also
be controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to conserve energy,
 Logic functions. For example, the Boolean AND function is realized by connecting
normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting normally open
contacts in parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts perform the XOR (exclusive or)
function. Similar functions for NAND and NOR are accomplished using normally closed
contacts. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay logic
networks.
o Early computing. Before vacuum tubes and transistors, relays were used as logical
elements in digital computers. See ARRA (computer), Harvard Mark II, Zeus Z2,
and Zeus Z3.
o Safety-critical logic. Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors
to nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the
control panels of radioactive waste-handling machinery.
 Time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay closing a set of
contacts. A very short (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper disk between the
armature and moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the disk maintains magnetic
field for a short time, lengthening release time. For a slightly longer (up to a minute)

30
 delay, a dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston filled with fluid that is allowed to escape
slowly. The time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the flow rate. For
longer time periods, a mechanical clockwork timer is installed.

Advantages of relays:

 Relays can switch AC and DC; transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
 Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).

Disadvantages of relays:

 Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

 Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per
second.
 Relays require more current than many ICs can provide, so a low power transistor
may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a
single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have
any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations thereof.
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but
other operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which
use semiconductor properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed
by digital instruments still called protective relays.
Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch
persistently. Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with opposite
polarity, resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind have no effects. Magnetic

31
latching relays are useful in applications when interrupted power should not affect the circuits
that the relay is controlling.

32
L293D MOTOR DRIVER WITH MOTOR:

D.C. Motor:

A dc motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically

through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The reverse process,
producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by
an alternator, generator or dynamo. Many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and

vice versa. The input of a DC motor is current/voltage and its output is torque (speed).

Fig 3.4: DC Motor

The DC motor has two basic parts: the rotating part that is called the armature and the stationary
part that includes coils of wire called the field coils. The stationary part is also called the stator.
Figure shows a picture of a typical DC motor, Figure shows a picture of a DC armature, and Fig
shows a picture of a typical stator. From the picture you can see the armature is made of coils of
wire wrapped around the core, and the core has an extended shaft that rotates on bearings. You
should also notice that the ends of each coil of wire on the armature are terminated at one end of
the armature. The termination points are called the commutator, and this is where the brushes
make electrical contact to bring electrical current from the stationary part to the rotating part of
the machine.

Operation:
The DC motor you will find in modem industrial applications operates very
similarly to the simple DC motor described earlier in this chapter. Figure 12-9 shows an

33
electrical diagram of a simple DC motor. Notice that the DC voltage is applied directly to
the field winding and the brushes. The armature and the field are both shown as a coil of
wire. In later diagrams, a field resistor will be added in series with the field to control the
motor speed.

When voltage is applied to the motor, current begins to flow through the field coil from the
negative terminal to the positive terminal. This sets up a strong magnetic field in the field
winding. Current also begins to flow through the brushes into a commutator segment and
then through an armature coil. The current continues to flow through the coil back to the
brush that is attached to other end of the coil and returns to the DC power source. The
current flowing in the armature coil sets up a strong magnetic field in the armature.

Fig 3.5: Simple electrical diagram of DC motor

Fig 3.6: Operation of a DC Motor

The magnetic field in the armature and field coil causes the armature to begin to
rotate. This occurs by the unlike magnetic poles attracting each other and the like magnetic poles

34
repelling each other. As the armature begins to rotate, the commutator segments will also begin
to move under the brushes. As an individual commutator segment moves under the brush
connected to positive voltage, it will become positive, and when it moves under a brush
connected to negative voltage it will become negative. In this way, the commutator segments
continually change polarity from positive to negative.
Since the commutator segments are connected to the ends of the wires that make up the field
winding in the armature, it causes the magnetic field in the armature to change polarity
continually from north pole to south pole. The commutator segments and brushes are aligned in
such a way that the switch in polarity of the armature coincides with the location of the
armature's magnetic field and the field winding's magnetic field. The switching action is timed so
that the armature will not lock up magnetically with the field. Instead, the magnetic fields tend to
build on each other and provide additional torque to keep the motor shaft rotating.
When the voltage is de-energized to the motor, the magnetic fields in the armature
and the field winding will quickly diminish and the armature shaft's speed will begin to drop to
zero. If voltage is applied to the motor again, the magnetic fields will strengthen and the
armature will begin to rotate again.

Types of DC motors:

1. DC Shunt Motor,

2. DC Series Motor,

3. DC Long Shunt Motor (Compound)

4. DC Short Shunt Motor (Compound)

The rotational energy that you get from any motor is usually the battle between two magnetic
fields chasing each other. The DC motor has magnetic poles and an armature, to which DC
electricity is fed, The Magnetic Poles are electromagnets, and when they are energized, they
produce a strong magnetic field around them, and the armature which is given power with a
commutator, constantly repels the poles, and therefore rotates.

1. The DC Shunt Motor:

In a 2 pole DC Motor, the armature will have two separate sets of windings, connected to a
commutator at the end of the shaft that are in constant touch with carbon brushes. The brushes

35
are static, and the commutator rotate and as the portions of the commutator touching the
respective positive or negative polarity brush will energize the respective part of the armature
with the respective polarity. It is usually arranged in such a way that the armature and the poles
are always repelling.

The general idea of a DC Motor is, the stronger the Field Current, the stronger the magnetic
field, and faster the rotation of the armature. When the armature revolves between the poles, the
magnetic field of the poles induce power in the armature conductors, and some electricity is
generated in the armature, which is called back emf, and it acts as a resistance for the armature.
Generally an armature has resistance of less than 1 Ohm, and powering it with heavy voltages of
Direct Current could result in immediate short circuits. This back emf helps us there.

When an armature is loaded on a DC Shunt Motor, the speed naturally reduces, and therefore the
back emf reduces, which allows more armatures current to flow. This results in more armature
field, and therefore it results in torque.

Fig 3.7: Diagram of DC shunt motor

When a DC Shunt Motor is overloaded, if the armature becomes too slow, the reduction of the
back emf could cause the motor to burn due to heavy current flow thru the armature.The poles
and armature are excited separately, and parallel, therefore it is called a Shunt Motor.

2. The DC Series Motor:

Fig3.8: Diagram of DC series motor

36
A DC Series Motor has its field coil in series with the armature. Therefore any amount of power
drawn by the armature will be passed thru the field. As a result you cannot start a Series DC
Motor without any load attached to it. It will either run uncontrollably in full speed, or it will
stop.

Fig 3.9: Diagram of DC series motor graph representation

When the load is increased then its efficiency increases with respect to the load applied. So these
are on Electric Trains and elevators.

3. DC Compound Motor:

A compound of Series and Shunt excitation for the fields is done in a Compound DC Motor. This
gives the best of both series and shunt motors. Better torque as in a series motor, while the
possibility to start the motor with no load.

37
 Fig 3.10: Diagram of DC compound motor

Above is the diagram of a long shunt motor, while in a short shunt, the shunt coil will be
connected after the serial coil.

A Compound motor can be run as a shunt motor without connecting the serial coil at all but not
vice versa.

38
DC Motor Driver:

The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is
designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The
L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5
V to 36 V. Both devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and
bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply
applications.
All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit,
with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs,
with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN.When an enable
input is high, the associated drivers are enabled and their outputs are active and in phase with
their inputs.

When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled and their outputs are off and in
the high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or
bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications. On the L293, external high-
speed output clamp diodes should be used for inductive transient suppression. A VCC1 terminal,
separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic inputs to minimize device power dissipation. The
L293and L293D are characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C.

39
Fig 3.11: L293D IC

40
Pin Diagram of L293D motor driver:

Fig 3.12: L293D pin diagram

Fig 3.13: Internal structure of L293D.

41
Features of L293D:

 600mA Output current capability per channel

 1.2A Peak output current (non-repetitive) per channel
 Enable facility
 Over temperature protection
 Logical “0” input voltage up to 1.5 v
 High noise immunity
 Internal clamp diodes

Applications of DC Motors:

1. Electric Train: A kind of DC motor called the DC Series Motor is used in Electric Trains. The
DC Series Motors have the property to deliver more power when they are loaded more. So the
more the people get on a train, the more powerful the train becomes.

2. Elevators: The best bidirectional motors are DC motors. They are used in elevators.
Compound DC Motors are used for this application.

3. PC Fans, CD ROM Drives, and Hard Drives: All these things need motors, very miniature
motors, with great precision. AC motors can never imagine any application in these places.

4. Starter Motors in Automobiles: An automobile battery supplies DC, so a DC motor is best

suited here. Also, you cannot start an engine with a small sized AC motor,

5. Electrical Machines Lab in Colleges.

BREAK SENSOR:

A brake shoe is the part of a braking system which carries the brake lining in the drum brakes
used on automobiles, or the brake block in train brakes and bicycle brakes. The brake shoe
carries the brake lining, which is riveted or glued to the shoe. When the brake is applied, the shoe
moves and presses the lining against the inside of the drum. The friction between lining and
drum provides the braking effort. Energy is dissipated as heat In the broadest definition, a sensor

42
is an object whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment, and then provide a
corresponding output. A sensor is a type of transducer; sensors may provide various types of
output, but typically use electrical or optical signals. For example, a thermocouple generates
known voltage (the output) in response to its temperature (the environment).

43
 ARDUINO UNO

In this chapter Arduino controller operation and pin description is explained.

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that
designs and manufactures single-board micro controllers and micro controller kits for
building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control both physically and
digitally. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or
the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and
software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled
form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature
serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are
typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C+
+. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and
professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and
actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple
robots, thermostats and motion detectors.

44
 The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the
project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the
March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

Fig 3.14: Hardware image.

4.2 Operation of Pins

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website.
Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the
developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be
used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino
name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official
product. Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project
name by using various names ending in -duino.

45
 Fig.3.15: Back side of module.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8,[24]

ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory,
pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in
2012. The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for
programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules
termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C
serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic
resonator.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the
optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232
logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips
such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip
with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its
own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a
detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with
traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system
programming (ISP) programming is used.

46
Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent
to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding
output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small
robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining
compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying
compatibility.

Fig.316: Arduino board.

47
Table 3.2 Pin Diagram Description

POWER USB:
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
1
computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB
connection (1).

2 POWER(BARREL JACK):

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply
by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).

3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the
Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and
other elements.

4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does
Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The
number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that
the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

5,17 ARDUINO RESET

You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the
beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the
reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset
button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

6,7,8,9 PINS (3.3, 5, GND, Vin):

48
  3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with
3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino,
any of which can be used to ground your circuit.

Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an
external power source, like AC mains power supply.

10 ANALOG PINS:

The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These
pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by
the microprocessor.

11 MAIN MICROCONTROLLER:

Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it
as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino
is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually
of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has before
loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction
and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.

12 ICSP PIN:

Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often
referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be
considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the
output device to the master of the SPI bus.

49
13 POWER LED INDICATOR

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power
source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does
not turn on, then there is something wrong with the connection.

14 TX AND RX LEDS:

On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive).
They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital
pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication.
Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed
while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

15 DIGITAL INPUT-OUTPUT:

The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to
work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~”
can be used to generate PWM.

16 AREF:

AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an

external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for
the analog input pins.

50
 CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE EXPLANATION

4.0: Introduction

This project is implemented using following software’s:

 Express PCB – for designing circuit

 Arduino IDE compiler - for compilation part
 Proteus 7 (Embedded C) – for simulation part

4.1: The Interface

When a project is first started you will be greeted with a yellow outline. This yellow outline is
the dimension of the PCB. Typically after positioning of parts and traces, move them to their
final position and then crop the PCB to the correct size. However, in designing a board with a
certain size constraint, crop the PCB to the correct size before starting.

Fig: 4.1 show the toolbar in which the each button has the following functions:

Fig: 4.1 Tool bar necessary for the interface

51
The select tool: It is fairly obvious what this does. It allows you to move and manipulate parts.
When this tool is selected the top toolbar will show buttons to move traces to the top / bottom
copper layer, and rotate buttons.

The zoom to selection tool: does just that.

The place pad: button allows you to place small soldier pads which are useful for board
connections or if a part is not in the part library but the part dimensions are available. When
this tool is selected the top toolbar will give you a large selection of round holes, square holes
and surface mount pads.

The place component: tool allows you to select a component from the top toolbar and then by
clicking in the workspace places that component in the orientation chosen using the buttons
next to the component list. The components can always be rotated afterwards with the select
tool if the orientation is wrong.

The place trace: tool allows you to place a solid trace on the board of varying thicknesses. The
top toolbar allows you to select the top or bottom layer to place the trace on.

The Insert Corner in trace: button does exactly what it says. When this tool is selected,
clicking on a trace will insert a corner which can be moved to route around components and
other traces.

The remove a trace button is not very important since the delete key will achieve the same
result.

: Design Considerations

52
 Before starting a project there are several ways to design a PCB and one must be chosen to
suit the project’s needs. Single sided, or double sided?

When making a PCB you have the option of making a single sided board, or a double-sided
board. Single sided boards are cheaper to produce and easier to etch, but much harder to design
for large projects. If a lot of parts are being used in a small space it may be difficult to make a
single sided board without jumping over traces with a cable. While there’s technically nothing
wrong with this, it should be avoided if the signal travelling over the traces is sensitive (e.g.,
audio signals).

A double-sided board is more expensive to produce professionally, more difficult to etch on a

DIY board, but makes the layout of components a lot smaller and easier. It should be noted that
if a trace is running on the top layer, check with the components to make sure you can get to its
pins with a soldering iron. Large capacitors, relays, and similar parts which don’t have axial
leads can NOT have traces on top unless boards are plated professionally.

CODE EXPLANATION :

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

int Break = 3;

int Motor = 2;

int buzzer = 7;

void setup()

53
 pinMode(Break, INPUT);

pinMode(Motor, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

digitalWrite(Motor, LOW);

lcd.begin(16, 2);lcd.cursor();

lcd.print("Break failure ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Detection");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Break:");//3,0

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Motor:");//3,1

void loop()
{

if(digitalRead(Break) == HIGH)

lcd.setCursor(6,0);

lcd.print(" ON");//3,0

lcd.setCursor(6,1);

lcd.print("OFF");//3,1

54
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

digitalWrite(Motor, LOW);

delay(1000);

if(digitalRead(Break) == LOW)

lcd.setCursor(6,0);

lcd.print("OFF");//3,0

lcd.setCursor(6,1);

lcd.print(" ON");//3,1

digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

digitalWrite(Motor, HIGH);

delay(1000);

55
AURDINO COMPILING

In next step download library

56
As Arduino doesn’t recognize the directory name, please rename it

57
Launch Arduino by double click “Arduino” below

One example

58
Select the target board as “Arduino Uno”:

59
Launch Arduino by double click “Arduino” below

60
One example

61
Select the target board as “Arduino Uno”:

62
 CHAPTER-5

PROBLEM STATEMENT EXPLANATION

i. It is a device used for avoiding accidents. This circuit is continuously monitor the conditions of
brake and gives audio visual indication.

ii. If the brake system is intact then green LED blinks and for around one second and when the
brake fails the buzzer beeps and also only red will LED glows.

iii. Then emergency breaking mechanism is also powered the motor rotates the wheel to angle of
90° angle so that it aligns under the vehicle.

iv. The hydraulic system works (or a hydraulic drive system) is a transmission system that uses
pressurized hydraulic fluid to power hydraulic machinery.

v. This will lower the wheel slowly to certain height and makes the wheels to lift 1cm above
ground balances the system and runs with its own speed

vi. Now they can apply the hand brake to stop it completely and vehicle stops eventually

vii. Instead of applying hand brake suddenly (which leads to accident) one can stop the vehicle
through this method safely.

63
 CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION:

The main purpose of this project is to supply such a tool to vehicles operator in order that any
harmful harm and damages accidents caused by failure of brake may be simply prevented by the
correct indication of operating condition of brake. This system endlessly monitors the condition
of the brake wire and alerts the rider before it gets cut. The indication to the rider is given within
the type of audio sign. All the elements area unit placed rigorously, therefore contributory to the
most effective working of the unit. therefore, the project has been with success designed and
tested. The emergency braking system will be a new era of vehicle protection system if
implemented in any motor vehicles to protect them from accidents. There have been many
devices to stop the vehicle at abnormal conditions. But the proposed model deals with
application of brake before any accident could happen and also ensures the safety of human as
well as

64
 CHAPTER-7

REFERENCE:

1. "Accidents in India “-Report on the road Government of India Accident Press data Road
Transport and Highways eleven - Dec 2010

2. “Road Accidents in India 2010”: Report on Road Accidents Press data of India Ministry of
Road Transport & Highways 11- Dec-2010.

3. Xiang, Weidong, et al. “Automobile Brake-by-Wire Control System Design and Analysis.”
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 57, no. 1, 2008, pp. 138–145.,
doi:10.1109/tvt.2007.901895.

4. Lombardi, G., et al. “Aerodynamic Design of High-Performance Cars: Discussion and

Examples on the Use of Optimization Procedures.” SAE Technical Paper Series, 2002,
doi:10.4271/2002-01-2043.

5. Leu, Kuen-Long, et al. “An Intelligent Brake-by-Wire System Design and Analysis in
Accordance with ISO-26262 Functional Safety Standard.” 2015 International Conference on
Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), 2015, doi:10.1109/iccve.2015.20.

6. Radhakishan Maske, Satesh Surwase, Balbhim Moharir, Vrushabh Mahajan, Vijay Kedar,
Prof.Amol Adkine “Automatic breakdown indicator and braking system”in International Journal
of Advance analysis and Innovative ideas in EducationVol-3 Issue-3 2017
http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/AUTOMATIC_BRAKE_FAILU
RE_INDICATOR_AND_BRAKING_SYSTEM_ijariie5483.pdf

7. Paul Gregory et.all “ AN investigation on Falure of Automotive elements in cars”

International analysis Journal of Engg & technical school (IRJET) Vol-04, ISSUE-06-June-2017,
PP-1784-1790.

8. Lombardi, G., et al. “Aerodynamic Design of High Performance Cars: Discussion and
Examples on the Use of Optimization Procedures.” SAE Technical PaperSeries,2002,
doi:10.4271/2002-01-2043.

65
9. Vishal Pagar, Pravin Shewale, Harshad Savkar, Bhushan Surale, Vikram Londhe “Automatic
Brake Fluid outflow interference with Safety Bypass Braking System”in International Journal for
analysis & Development|, Vol. 5, Issue 12, 2018.

10. U.S.Patent no-5176429 Dateof patent-jan 5,1993 FAILURE DETECTION CIRCUIT FOR
ANTI-SKID BRAKING SYSTEM, Inventors: Kaneko Junichi; Toshihiro Hamada, every of
Shizuoka, Japan Assignee: Nissinbo Industries, Inc., Tokyo,Japan,App.No.: 621,459 Filed:
November. 29, 199

66