Unit 2 Class Notes

Unit 2 - HTML5, JQuery And Ajax
Class notes by Vibha Masti
Feedback/corrections: vibha@pesu.pes.edu
0.0 Table of Contents

Unit 2 - HTML5, JQuery And Ajax
0.0 Table of Contents
1.0 Document Object Model (DOM)
HTML Document structure
Accessing DOM Elements
Traversing the DOM
Creating Element Objects
Node properties and methods
Code Example
2.0 Events
Inline Event Handlers
Event Property
Event Listener
Event Sources and Events
3.0 Event Propagation
Event Bubbling
Event Capturing
DOM Level 2 Event Flow
4.0 XML and JSON
XML
Converting to Object Hierarchy
Simple Server
Output
JSON
Output
5.0 HTML 5
Input tags
Audio
Video
Progress
6.0 Canvas and SVG
Canvas
Syntax
Code Implementation
SVG
Syntax
7.0 Geolocation
Methods
Associated Objects
8.0 Web Worker
Implementation
Message Passing
9.0 jQuery
JavaScript vs jQuery
Hide an element with id textbox
Create a <h1> tag with 'my text'
Code Example
Cascading
Events
Code Example
10.0 Callbacks and Promises
Callbacks
Promises
Code Example
11.0 Single Page Applications
AJAX
XHR Object Properties
Code Example
12.0 jQuery ajax and fetch() methods
Syntax
Code Example
Fetch Method
1.0 Document Object Model (DOM)

Drawbacks of document.write() : executed after the page has finished loading and
overwrites the page
Practically only appends
The DOM is an object-oriented representation of the web page, which can be modified with a
scripting language such as JavaScript
HTML Document structure

window
document
html
head body
meta title link div script
img h1 p
DOM elements are relative to the body

body
div script
img h1 p
Accessing DOM Elements
Access Element By Equivalent Selector Method
ID #demo getElementByID('demo')
Class .demo getElementsByClassName('demo')
Tag <tag_name> like <p> getElementsByTagName('p')
Selector (single) Any CSS Selector querySelector('selector')
Selector (all) Any CSS Selector querySelectorAll('selector')
Traversing the DOM

Child relationship
body
firstChild, body.children[0] lastChild, body.children[1]
div script
div.children[0], firstChild div.children[1] div.children[2], lastChild
img h1 p
Parent relationship
body
parentNode parentNode
div script
parentNode parentNode parentNode
img h1 p
Sibling relationship
nextSibling
div script
previousSibling
nextSibling nextSibling
img h1 p
previousSibling previousSibling
Creating Element Objects

document.createElement() - create a new element using tag
document.createTextNode() - create a new text node
Node properties and methods
node.textContent or node.innerText - get or set the text content of an element node

(without HTML tags)
node.innerHTML - get or set the HTML content enclosed in the element tag
node.appendChild() , node.insertBefore() , node.replaceChild() ,
node.removeChild() , node.remove() etc (read docs)
Code Example
Note: <script> tags in the head of the document: the document isn't yet populated with the
hierarchy of DOM objects yet
Solution 1: add <script> tags after elements - not elegant
Solution 2: add an init() function onload
Must define the init() function in <script>
In the HTML file
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8">
5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
6 <title>DOM Manipulation</title>
7 <script type="text/javascript" src="1-dom.js">
8
9 </script>
10 </head>
11 
15 <body onload="init()">
16 <h1>Games</h1>
17 <ul>
18 <li>Call of Duty</li>
19 <li class="g1">Fortnite</li>
20 <li class="g1">PUBG</li>
21 </ul>
22
23 </body>
24 </html>
In the JavaScript file (try it out by un-commenting)
1 function init() {
2 h1 = document.querySelector("h1");
3 h1.style.color = "blue";
4
5 list = document.querySelectorAll("li.g1");
6 for (i=0; i<list.length; i++) {
7 /* Convert to uppercase */
8 list[i].innerText = list[i].innerText.toUpperCase();
9 }
10
11 /* Add new element to DOM */
12 new_li = document.createElement('li');
13 new_li.innerText = "Assassin's Creed";
14
15 /* Select the ul element */
16 ul1 = document.querySelector('ul');
17
18 /* Add element to end (appendChild) - uncomment this */
19 // ul1.appendChild(new_li);
20
21 /* Can also use index to insert before - uncomment this */
22 // ul1.insertBefore(new_li, list[0])
23
24 /* Can also do - uncomment this */
25 // ul1.insertBefore(new_li, ul1.firstChild);
26
27 /* To remove an element - uncomment this */
28 // list[0].remove();
29
30 /* OR - uncomment this */
31 // ul1.removeChild(ul1.children[1]);
32
33 /* To replace an element - uncomment this */
34 // list[0].parentNode.replaceChild(new_li, ul1.children[2]);
35 }
Append to end
Insert before the first g1
Insert before the first child

Remove list[0]
Remove the child at index 2
Replace child at index 2 with the new element
2.0 Events
Events are created by activities associated with specific HTML elements
The process of connecting an event handler to an event is called registration
There are distinct approaches to event handler registration:
Inline event handlers

Event handler property
Event listeners
Inline Event Handlers
Callback function
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
6 <title>Events</title>
7
8 <script type="text/javascript" src="2-js-events.js">
9
10 </script>
11 </head>
12
14
15 <div>
16 
17 <p onclick="handler(event)">Popular games</p>
18 <ul>
20 <li>Fortnite</li>
21 <li>PUBG</li>
22 </ul>
23 </div>
24
25 </body>
26 </html>
Event Property
Callback function
Can also be an anonymous function
1 function init() {
2 list = document.querySelectorAll("li");
3
4 for (let i in list) {
5 list[i].onclick = handler;
6 }
7
8 console.log(document.body.children[0].children[0].onclick);
9 }
10
11 function handler(event) {
12 // For when parameters are not passed - depends on browser
13 ev = event || window.event;
14 console.log(ev.target.innerHTML);
15 ev.target.style.color = "blue";
16 ev.preventDefault();
17 }
Event Listener
An event listener watches for an event on an element
element.addEventListener(event, handler)
1 function init() {
2 list = document.querySelectorAll("li");
3
4 document.querySelector("p").addEventListener("click", function(event)
{
5 event.target.style.color = 'green';
6 event.target.innerHTML = "I was clicked";
7 })
8
9 console.log(document.body.children[0].children[0].onclick);
10 }
11
13 // For when parameters are not passed - depends on browser
14 ev = event || window.event;
15 console.log(ev.target.innerHTML);
16 ev.target.style.color = "blue";
17 ev.preventDefault();
18 }
Event Sources and Events

The event object holds context such as event.target , event.type etc (read docs)
3.0 Event Propagation
When an element on the page is clicked (for eg, a button), not only the button is being clicked
but also the button’s container, the div, and the whole webpage
Event flow explains the order in which events are received on the page from the element
where the event occurs and propagated through the DOM tree
There are two main event models: event bubbling and event capturing
Event Bubbling
In the event bubbling model, the click event first occurs on the element that was clicked
The click event then goes up the DOM tree, firing on each node along its way until it reaches
the document object
Event Capturing
In the event capturing model, an event starts at the least specific element and flows
downward toward the most specific element (element that was clicked)
DOM Level 2 Event Flow

DOM level 2 events specify that event flow has three phases
The three phases in which an event can propagate to handlers defined in parent elements
are
Capturing phase
Target phase
Bubbling phase
element.addEventListener("event", func_ref, flag);
if flag = true , handler registered for capturing phase
if flag = false , handler registered for bubbling phase
Example
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
6 <title>Event Propagation</title>
7
8 <script type="text/javascript" src="3-event-prop.js">
9
10 </script>
11 </head>
12
14
15 <div id='div'>
16
17 
18 <p onclick="handler(event)">Popular games</p>
19 <ul id='ul'>
20 <li id='li'>Call of Duty</li>
21 <li>Fortnite</li>
22 <li>PUBG</li>
23 </ul>
24 </div>
25
26 </body>
27 </html>
1 /*
2 Capturing phase, Bubbling phase, Target phase
3
4 div -> p -> ul -> li
5 */
6
7 function init() {
8 // false by default (bubbling)
9
10 // Will be called first - true for capturing phase
11 document.querySelector("#div").addEventListener("click", handler,
true);
12 document.querySelector("#ul").addEventListener("click", handler,
true);
13
14 // target - true or false
15 document.querySelector("#li").addEventListener("click", handler,
true);
16
17 // called in the end - false for bubbling
18 document.querySelector("#div").addEventListener("click", handler,
false);
19 document.querySelector("#ul").addEventListener("click", handler,
false);
20
21 // target - true or false
22 document.querySelector("#li").addEventListener("click", handler,
false);
23
24 }
25
27 // event.eventPhase -> 0, 1 or 2
28 console.log(event.eventPhase + ' ' + event.target.id + ' ' +
event.currentTarget.id);
29 // event.stopPropagation();
30 // event.cancelBubble = true;
31 }
When Call of Duty is clicked
When Fortnite is clicked
When Popular games is clicked
When an area in the <div> is clicked
4.0 XML and JSON

XML - extensible markup language
JSON - JavaScript object notation
JSON is just a data format whereas XML is a markup language
XML
1 <empinfo>
2 <employees>
3 <employee>
4 <name>Daenerys Targaryen</name>
5 <age>17</age>
6 </employee>
7 <employee>
8 <name>Jon Snow</name>
9 <age>20</age>
10 </employee>
11 <employee>
12 <name>Robert Baratheon</name>
13 <age>46</age>
14 </employee>
15 </employees>
16 </empinfo>
JSON
1 {
2 "empinfo": {
3 "employees": [
4 {
5 "name": "Daenerys Targaryen",
6 "age": 17
7 },
8 {
9 "name": "Jon Snow",
10 "age": 20
11 },
12 {
13 "name": "Robert Baratheon",
14 "age": 46
15 }
16 ]
17 }
18 }
XML
In the HTML file
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
6 <title>XML and JSON</title>
7 </head>
8 <body>
9 <h1>XML and JSON</h1>
10 <p id="xml-demo"></p>
11 <script src="4-xml-json.js">
12 </script>
13 </body>
14 </html>
In the 4-xml-json.js file
1 var xmlText;
2
3 xmlText = "<bookstore>" +
4 "<book>" +
5 "<title>Everyday Italian</title>" +
6 "<author>Giada Laurentiis</author>" +
7 "<year>2005</year>" +
8 "</book>" +
9 "</bookstore>";
10
11 /* Convert to object hierarchy - DOM parser */
12
13 var parser = new DOMParser();
14
15 /* Convert string to object hierarchy */
16 xmlDOM = parser.parseFromString(xmlText, "text/xml");
17 xmlTitle = xmlDOM.getElementsByTagName("title")[0];
18 xmlTitle.childNodes[0].nodeValue += " - Modified";
19
20 document.getElementById("xml-demo").innerText =
xmlTitle.childNodes[0].nodeValue;
21
22 /* Convert object hierarchy to string - serializer for req/res */
23 var xmlTextSerializer = new XMLSerializer();
24 xmlString = xmlTextSerializer.serializeToString(xmlDOM);
25
26 console.log(xmlString);
Simple Server
Note: to start a simple server using python, run the following command (Terminal on Mac,
Command Prompt on Windows)
By default, it opens on port 8000
Go to http://localhost:8000 to find the files on the server
1 python -m http.server
To quit the server, execute CTRL-C (Windows and Mac)

You could also use XAMPP
Output
Rendered in a browser
Console
JSON
In the HTML file
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
6 <title>XML and JSON</title>
7 </head>
8 <body>
9 <h1>XML and JSON</h1>
10 <p id="json-demo-1"></p>
11 <p id="json-demo-2"></p>
12 <script src="4-xml-json.js">
13 </script>
14 </body>
15 </html>
In the 4-xml-json.js file
1 // JSON text always uses double quotes for the keys and
2 // values, not single quotes
3 var jsonText;
4 jsonText = '{"name": "Thor Ragnarok", "cast": ["Chris Hemsworth", "Tom
Hiddleston"]}';
5
6 // Using JSON.parse() to convert string to obj
7 jsonObj = JSON.parse(jsonText);
8 document.querySelector("#json-demo-1").innerText = jsonObj.name;
9
10 console.log(jsonObj.cast)
11 jsonObj.year = 2017;
12 jsonObj.rating = 7.8;
13
14 // Using JSON.stringify() to convery obj to string
15
16 var newJsonStr = JSON.stringify(jsonObj);
17 document.querySelector("#json-demo-2").innerText = newJsonStr;
18
19 // jsonObj.toString() -> can be sent to server
Output
Console
5.0 HTML 5
New input types and properties
HTML5 has added a little meaning (semantic) and identifiers to its elements, so web
developers can use them wisely in their web pages
New input types
email : email address

number : spinbox
range : slider
url : web addresses
color : color pickers
search : search boxes
date : date
time : time
file : input file selection
New input properties
placeholder
required
pattern
autofocus
New structural HTML5 tags
Basic HTML5 Document
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
6 <title>HTML Tags</title>
7 </head>
8 <body>
9 
11 <header>
12 <h1>Logo Here</h1>
13 </header>
14
15 <nav><ul>
16 <li>Link 1</li>
17 <li>Link 2</li>
18 <li>Link 3</li>
19 </ul></nav>
20
21 <article>
22 <section></section>
23 </article>
24
25 </body>
26 </html>
Input tags
tel for telephone numbers
Placeholders, regex, name
Color pickers
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
6 <title>HTML5 Inputs</title>
7 <script>
8 function setText() {
9 let col = document.querySelector("#colcode").value;
10 document.querySelector("#coltext").value = col;
11 }
12
13 function setColor() {
14 let text = document.querySelector("#coltext").value;
15 document.querySelector("#colcode").value = text;
16 }
17 </script>
18 </head>
19 <body>
20 <form action="save.py" method="GET">
21 
22
23 
24
25 <input type="tel" autofocus required placeholder="xxx-xxx-xxxx"
pattern="[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}" name="tel"></input>
26
27 
28 <input id="colcode" onchange="setText()" type="color"
name="ucolor"></input>
29
30 
31 <input id="coltext" onchange="setColor()" type="text"
id="coltext"></input>
32 <button type="submit">Submit</button>
33 </form>
34 </body>
35 </html>
Placeholders with format
Color picker
Audio
Standard src - use .ogg and .mp3
Avoid unnecessary download, use <source/> tags, instead of putting under <audio>
</audio> tags
<source src="song.mp3" type="audio/mp3"/>
Default message for no support
1 <audio preload controls="controls">
2 <source src="audio/Flip.mp3" type="audio/mp3"/>
3 </audio>
Video
Standard src - .ogg, .mp4 and webm
Use <video></video> and <source/> tags
Controls for pause, play
Default message
width, height
1 <video id="v1" autoplay controls="controls" height="200px" width="400px"

muted="muted">
2 <source type="video/mp4" src="video/infinity.mp4" type="video.mp4"/>
3 </video>
Progress
Progress bar for task completion (no need extensive JS and CSS)
1 <label for="prog">Progress</label>
2 <progress id="prog" value="0" max="100"></progress>
6.0 Canvas and SVG
Canvas
Uses JavaScript to draw graphics on a web page
Rectangular area of specified dimensions
Syntax
1 <canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100">

2 Canvas is not supported
3 </canvas>
The canvas element has no drawing abilities of its own
All drawing must be done inside a JavaScript using the context object
Code Implementation
HTML file
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3
4 <head>
7 <title>Canvas and SVG</title>
8 
9
10 <script type="text/javascript" src="8-canvas-svg.js"></script>
11 </head>
13 <canvas id="c1" width="400px" height="200px">
14 No canvas support
15 </canvas>
16 </body>
17
18 </html>
JS file
1 function init() {
2 c1 = document.querySelector("#c1");
3
4 /* Context object for 2D animation */
5 ctx = c1.getContext("2d");
6
7 ctx.fillStyle = "#FF0000";
8
9 // Syntax
10 // ctx.arc(centerx, centery, radius, startangle, endangle, direction);
11
12 // Clockwise semicircle
13 // ctx.arc(100, 100, 80, 0, Math.PI, 0);
14 // Anticlockwise semicircle
15 // ctx.arc(100, 100, 80, 0, Math.PI, 1);
16
17 ctx.arc(100, 100, 80, 0, 2*Math.PI, 0);
18 ctx.fill();
19
20 // For stroking, no filling
21 // ctx.strokeStyle = "#FF0000";
22 // ctx.rect(100, 100, 100, 100);
23 // ctx.stroke();
24 }
SVG
Scalable Vector Graphics
Vector-based graphics using HTML elements
Do not lose any quality if they are zoomed or resized
Syntax
Circle
1 <svg id="s1" width="400px" height="200px" border="1px solid black">

2 <circle cx="100" cy="100" r="80" stroke="green" stroke-width="4"
fill="red"/>
3 </svg>
Rectangle
1 <rect width="300" height="100" style="fill:rgb(0,0,255); stroke- width:3;

stroke:rgb(0,0,0)" />
Ellipse
1 <ellipse cx="200" cy="80" rx="100" ry="50" style="fill:yellow;

stroke:purple; stroke-width:2" />
Polygon
1 <polygon points="200,10 250,190 160,210" style="fill:lime; stroke:purple;

stroke-width:1" />
Text
1 <text x="0" y="15" fill="red" transform="rotate(30 20,40)">I love SVG</text>
7.0 Geolocation
The Geolocation API of HTML5 helps in identifying the user’s location
Only if user grants permission
Accessed via JavaScript, through the navigator.geolocation object
Methods
getCurrentPosition(success_callback [, error_callback, geo_loc_options])
watchPosition(success_callback [, error_callback, geo_loc_options])
Associated Objects
Success callback function receives position object with these read only properties: double
latitude, longitude, accuracy, altitude, altitudeAccuracy, heading
(direction), speed
Error callback function receives error object with these two properties:
short code
1 - PERMISSION_DENIED
2 - POSITION_UNAVAILABLE
3 - TIMEOUT
DOMString message
JavaScript
1 function getPos() {
2 navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(show, error);
3 }
4
5 function show(position) {
6 // Global for console
7 ps = position;
8 console.log("Current position: " + position.coords.latitude + " " +
position.coords.longitude);
9 }
10
11 function error(error) {
12 console.log(error);
13 }
HTML
1 <body onload="getPos()">
2 <button onclick="getPos()">Get current position</button>
3 </body>
Rendered in browser (only Chrome seemed to work for me; Firefox and Safari failed)
8.0 Web Worker

A web worker is a thread executing a JavaScript file
Asynchronous and autonomous
A web worker does not have access to the DOM of the page that creates the web worker
It can only listen for and post messages from and to the page
The worker thread can perform tasks without interfering with the user interface
Web worker performs tasks in the background, independent of other scripts and thus not
affecting their performance
The process is also called threading, i.e. separating the tasks into multiple parallel threads
During the time, the user can browse normally, as the page stays fully responsive
Implementation
A new Worker object in the main page must be created. The constructor takes the name of
the worker script (eg: my-worker.js )
If the specified file exists, the browser will spawn a new worker thread, which is downloaded
asynchronously
1 var worker = new Worker('my-worker.js');
The worker will not begin until the file has completely downloaded and executed
If the path to the file returns 404 , it will fail silently
Message Passing
Main JS file
1 // Create new thread

2 var worker = new Worker("9-worker.js");
3
4 // Posts message to worker
5 worker.postMessage('Hello, world!');
6
7 // Listens for messages coming from worker
8 worker.onmessage = (event) => {
9 if (typeof(event.data) != "object") {
10 console.log("Reply: " + event.data);
11 }
12 else {
13 console.log("Message: " + event.data.message + " " +
14 new Date().setTime(event.data.tstamp));
15 }
16 }
The worker file
1 this.onmessage = (event) => {

2 console.log("Message received: " + event.data + ' ' + new
Date().getTime());
3 }
4
5 // Sends message to main thread
6 postMessage({"message": "Bye, world", "tstamp": new Date().getTime()});
Needs to be run on a local server (how to setup a simple Python server)
Sometimes received first (observe timestamp is still later)
Sometimes sent first (usually this)
9.0 jQuery
JavaScript library that simplifies DOM manipulation and JS programming
Basic syntax for selecting
1 $(selector).action()
JavaScript vs jQuery
Hide an element with id textbox
JavaScript
1 document.getElementById('textbox').style.display = 'none';
jQuery
1 $('#textbox').hide();
Create a <h1> tag with 'my text'
JavaScript
1 var h1 = document.CreateElement("h1");
2 h1.innerHTML = "my text";
3 document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0].appendChild(h1);
jQuery
1 $(body).append($("<h1/>").html("my text")) ;
Code Example
Body of HTML
1 <body>
2 <p>Games</p>
3 <ul>
7 </ul>
8 </body>
jQuery inside the jQuery tags
ready function waits for document to load

Unlike onload , doesn't wait for images to load
1 

2 <script type="text/javascript" src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-
3.5.1.min.js"></script>
3
4 <script>
5 // Instead of using an init() function for event onload
6 $(document).ready(function () {
7 $("li:even").css("color", "blue");
8 console.log($("li.g1").html()); // only Fortnite
9
10 newli = document.createElement("li");
11
12 $(newli).html("<b>Halo</b>");
13 $("li:last").after(newli);
14
15 // Either of the two
16 $(newli).attr("id", "li2");
17 // newli.id = "li1";
18 });
19 </script>
Rendered in browser
Cascading
Chaining Methods, also known as Cascading, refers to repeatedly calling one method after
another on an object, in one continuous line of code
Example 1
1 $("#wrapper").fadeOut().html("Welcome, Sir").fadeIn();
Example 2
1 str.replace("k", "R").toUpperCase().substr(0,4);
Events
Register an event handler in one of two ways
1 $("span#message").click(function(event) {});
1 $("span#message").on("click", function(event) {});
Without the function reference argument, the event methods are treated like a manual firing
of event
1 $("span#message").click();
Code Example
Within any event handler function this element refers to the element for which the handler
is called
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8" />
5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"
/>
6 <title>jQuery Events</title>
7 <script
8 type="text/javascript"
9 src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.1.min.js"></script>
10 </script>
11 <script>
12 $(document).ready(function () {
13 // also $('p').on('click', function()) - multiple
14 $('p').click(function () {
15 $(this).css('color', 'green').html('I was clicked');
16 });
17
18 $('p').mouseover(function() {
19 // $('ul').slideToggle('slow');
20 // $('button').toggle().html('hidden');
21 if ($('button').attr('visible')) {
22 $('button').show().html('hidden');
23 }
24 else {
25 $('button').hide().html('click');
26 }
27 })
28
29 // animate
30 $('li.g1').click(function() {
31 if ($(this).css('opacity') == 1) {
32 $(this).animate({
33 left: '100px',
34 opacity: 0.4,
35 fontSize: '3em'
36 }, 1000);
37 }
38 else {
39 $(this).animate({
40 left: '0px',
41 opacity: 1,
42 fontSize: '1em'
43 }, 1000);
44 }
45 })
46 });
47 </script>
48 </head>
49 <body>
50 
51 <p>Games</p>
52 <ul>
56 </ul>
57 <button>Click</button>
58 </body>
59 </html>
60
Rendered in browser
Lots of animation/styling effects can be accomplished using the effects methods like hide,
show, toggle, fadein, fadeout etc (read docs)
10.0 Callbacks and Promises

Callbacks
Function references
Passed as arguments to other functions
Promises
jQuery
A promise is used to handle the asynchronous result of an operation
With Promises, we can defer execution of a code block until an async request is completed
The primary way of interacting with a promise is through its then method, which registers
callbacks to receive either a promise’s eventual value or the reason why the promise cannot
be fulfilled
The then() method accepts two functions: one to execute in the event that the promise is
fulfilled and the other if the promise is rejected
If a promise is neither fulfilled nor rejected (for example, still waiting for the response of a
server calculation), it’s pending
A promise may be in one of the three states: unfulfilled, fulfilled, and failed
The promise may only move from unfulfilled to fulfilled, or unfulfilled to failed
Code Example
1 /*
2 1. Callbacks - function refs accepted as argument, asynchronous
3 2. Promises - used to handle async result of
4 operation (conditonal execution of callbacks)
5 */
6
7 var weather;
8 const date = new Promise(
9
10 // Attach a callback based on then and catch
11 function(resolve, reject) {
12 // Usually an API call - with delay
13 setTimeout(function () {
14 weather = true;
15
16 if (weather) {
17 const dateDetails = {
18 name: 'Cuban Restaurant',
19 location: '55 Street',
20 table: 5
21 };
22 resolve(dateDetails);
23 } else {
24 reject(new Error('Bad weather'));
25 }
26 }, 2000);
27 }
28 )
29
30 // Status will be resolved or rejected, or pending
31 date
32 .then(function(details) {
33 console.log('We are going on a date');
34 console.log(details);
35 })
36 .catch(function(error) {
37 console.log(error.message);
38 })
Console
11.0 Single Page Applications

Instead of the default method of the browser loading entire new pages, a single-page
application (SPA) interacts with the web browser by dynamically rewriting the current web
page with new data from the web server
Can be built using AJAX, JS frameworks etc
The page does not reload at any point in the process, nor does it transfer control to another
page
AJAX
Using XHR or XMLHTTPRequest
1 var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

XHR Object Properties
open(method, url [, asynchronous])
Initialises the request in preparation for sending to the server

method - HTTP method like GET, POST etc
url - relative or absolute URL the request will be sent to
asynchronous - boolean
onreadystatechange
Function to call whenever the readyState changes

send([body])
Initiates the request to the server

The body parameter should contain the body of the request
a string containing fieldname=value&fieldname2=value2 ... for POSTs
a null value for GET request
readyState - int indiciating state of the request
0 - uninitialized
1 - loading
2 - response headers received
3 - some response body received
4 - request complete
status - HTTP status code
responseText , responseXML and response
And more (read docs)
Code Example
Needs to be run on a local server (how to setup a simple Python server)
Note: simple http server doesn't support POST methods
JavaScript
1 function loadData() {
2 let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
3
4 // true - asynchronous
5 xhr.open("get", "sample.txt", true);
6 xhr.onreadystatechange = showData;
7 // Default - text
8 xhr.responseType = 'text';
9 xhr.send(null);
10 }
11
12 function showData() {
13 // this refers to xhr object
14 if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) {
15 // this.response or responseText or responseXML
16 document.querySelector('#container').innerHTML =
this.responseText;
17 }
18 }
HTML
1 <button onclick="loadData()">Load Data</button>

2 <div id="container"></div>
sample.txt
12.0 jQuery ajax and fetch() methods

jQuery provides methods that use XMLHttpRequest internally to make AJAX requests
Syntax
1 $.ajax({name:value, name:value})
Code Example
1 function getData() {
2 $.ajax({
3 url: 'sample.txt',
4 method: 'get',
5 success: function (result) {
6 $("#container").html(result);
7 },
8 error: function (xhr, textstatus, errMsg) {
9 console.log("Error: " + errMsg);
10 }
11 })
12 }
Note: simple http server doesn't support POST methods

To implement post, you might need to install XAMPP
Fetch Method
1 const mydiv = document.querySelector('.my-div');

2
3 fetch('resp.html')
4 .then(function(response) {
5 return response.text();
6 })
7 .then(function(text) {
8 mydiv.innerHTML= text;
9 });

Unit 2 Class Notes

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Unit 2 Class Notes

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Unit 2 - HTML5, JQuery And Ajax

Class notes by Vibha Masti

0.0 Table of Contents

1.0 Document Object Model (DOM)

HTML Document structure

meta title link div script

DOM elements are relative to the body

Accessing DOM Elements

Access Element By Equivalent Selector Method

Class .demo getElementsByClassName('demo')

Tag <tag_name> like <p> getElementsByTagName('p')

Selector (single) Any CSS Selector querySelector('selector')

Selector (all) Any CSS Selector querySelectorAll('selector')

Traversing the DOM

firstChild, body.children[0] lastChild, body.children[1]

div.children[0], firstChild div.children[1] div.children[2], lastChild

parentNode parentNode parentNode

Creating Element Objects

Node properties and methods

node.textContent or node.innerText - get or set the text content of an element node

In the HTML file

In the JavaScript file (try it out by un-commenting)

Insert before the first g1

Insert before the first child

Remove the child at index 2

Replace child at index 2 with the new element

Events are created by activities associated with specific HTML elements

The process of connecting an event handler to an event is called registration

There are distinct approaches to event handler registration:

Inline event handlers

Event Sources and Events

DOM Level 2 Event Flow

if flag = false , handler registered for bubbling phase

When Call of Duty is clicked

When Fortnite is clicked

When Popular games is clicked

When an area in the <div> is clicked

4.0 XML and JSON

In the HTML file

In the 4-xml-json.js file

To quit the server, execute CTRL-C (Windows and Mac)

In the HTML file

In the 4-xml-json.js file

New input types

email : email address

Placeholders with format

1 <video id="v1" autoplay controls="controls" height="200px" width="400px"

6.0 Canvas and SVG

1 <canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100">

The canvas element has no drawing abilities of its own

1 <svg id="s1" width="400px" height="200px" border="1px solid black">

1 <rect width="300" height="100" style="fill:rgb(0,0,255); stroke- width:3;

1 <ellipse cx="200" cy="80" rx="100" ry="50" style="fill:yellow;

1 <polygon points="200,10 250,190 160,210" style="fill:lime; stroke:purple;

1 <text x="0" y="15" fill="red" transform="rotate(30 20,40)">I love SVG</text>

8.0 Web Worker

1 var worker = new Worker('my-worker.js');

1 // Create new thread

The worker file

1 this.onmessage = (event) => {

Needs to be run on a local server (how to setup a simple Python server)

Sometimes received first (observe timestamp is still later)

Sometimes sent first (usually this)

Hide an element with id textbox

Create a <h1> tag with 'my text'

ready function waits for document to load

1

1 $("span#message").on("click", function(event) {});

10.0 Callbacks and Promises

11.0 Single Page Applications

1 var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

Initialises the request in preparation for sending to the server

Function to call whenever the readyState changes

Initiates the request to the server

responseText , responseXML and response

And more (read docs)