05 ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpdd

; u;;
cyf mjpfhur; rkepiy
,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; Kbtile;J Gj;jhapuk; (kpNydpak;)
Mz;L gpwe;jJ tiuahd fle;j miu E}w;whz;L tuyhw;iw ,g;ghlj;jpy;
ePq;fs; fw;fg; NghfpwPu;fs;. INuhg;ghtpd; ifapy; ,Ue;j cyfj;
jiyikj;Jtk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; iffSf;F ,lk; khwpaJ. mjw;F
vjpuhd Gjpa rf;jpahf u\;ah cUthdJ. mitfSf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l
mjpfhug; Nghl;biag;gw;wp ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;JNthk;.
If;fpa mnkupf;fh cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;
1776Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjk; 14 Mk; jpfjp If;fpa mnkupf;fh
Rje;jpu munrhd;whf cUthdJ. mjpypUe;J ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kd;diug; gFjptiu> cyf muq;fpy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F Kd;du;> gyk;
tha;ej; Njrpaf; nfhs;if xd;iw cUthf;Ftjpy; mJ <Lgl;bUe;jijf;
fhzf; $bajhapUe;jJ.
If;fpa mnkhpff
; muR cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp ngWifapy; mtu;fs;
ifahz;l cs;ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifahdJ> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifiag;
Nghd;Nw Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;FupajhFk;. Mifahy; me;j cs;ehl;Lf;
nfhs;if njhlu;ghfTk; RUf;fkhf ehk; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

nkapd;
;l d; tHkd;l
Nth\pd
tl kpNd epA+ `k;\aH
nkhd;lhdh
nlNfhl;l nrhl;l epANahHf;
tp] krhRnrld;
kpg;gpfs;

xupfd; nfh ;
njd; d;rpj
,lhNfh ; Nuhl; Iyd;l;
nlNfhl;l
gpNahkpq; ngd;rpy; fndf;fl;
Nyhth ; Ntdpah
pt
neHap];

njgpu];fh epa+N[u;rp
,d;b
ahd

eptu;l;h x`
,s

nltntahH
Cl;lh Nkhp Nyd;l;
fp
fy

nfhuhNlh nfd;rh]; kp#hp ;l

fd
pNg

n NtH[pdpah
hz

xf nldrp tl fNuhypdh
pa

;yN Mf;fd;
h

mupNrhdh epA+ `
hk rh];
h
;
;gpf

[pa H

nkf;rpf;Ngh
my;

njd; fNuhypdh
ghkh

h
h
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h
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;fh
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my

If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR

glk; - 5.1

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 41 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 If;fpa mnkupf;fh cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpailaj; njhlq;fpaJ
1914 - 1919 Mk; Mz;LfSf;fpilapy; ,lk; ngw;w Kjyhk; cyf
kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhFk;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L KOtJk; jkJ Njrj;ij
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cyf ty;yunrhd;whf cUthf;Ftjw;fhf> ehl;ilf;
fl;bnaOg;Gk; Nehf;Fld; me;ehl;Lj; jiyth;fSk; nghJ kf;fSk;
xd;Wgl;L Njrpa czh;TlDk; mu;g;gzpg;GlDk; nraw;gl;ldu;.
gpupj; j hdpag; NguurpypUe; J Rje; j puk; ngw; w gjpd; % d; W
FbNaw;wq;fSk;> xNu murhf vOr;rp ngWtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd murhq;fk;
xd; i w cUthf; f pf; nfhz; l ikNa mtu; f s; ifahz; l Kjy;
eltbf;ifahFk;. mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa rpwe;j Ml;rp
KiwfisNah my;yJ jkJ jhafkhd gpupjj ; hdpahtpy; tuyhW G+uhfTk;
tsu;r;rpaile;j ghuhSkd;w KiwiaNah gpd;gw;whJ> epiwNtw;wjp-
fhuj;Jld; $ba $l;lhl;rp Kiw xd;iwj; jkf;nfd;W cUthf;fpf;-
nfhz;ldu;. ,jd; thapyhf xd;Wf;nfhd;W jdpj;Jtkhd gjpd;%d;W
FbNaw;wq;fSk; xd;wpize;J xNu murhf ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jJ.
mLj;J> If;fpa mnkupf;fh vDk; Gjpa muirg; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
nghUshjhu Kiw xd;iwAk; Nju;e;njLj;jdu;. jdpahu; Kaw;rpahz;-
ikAldhd Rje;jpukhd Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu KiwNa mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdnjdj; jPuk ; hdpjj
; du;. mjd; KjyhtJ [dhjpgjpahd N[hu;[;
nth\pq;ld; mtu;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;l mur nrayhsu; (mikr;ru;)
mnyf;]hz;lu; `kpyl ; d; ,j;juP k
; hdj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;. mLj;J gjtpfF ;
te;j midj;J [dhjpgjpfshYk; mf;nfhs;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpukilAk; NghJ me;ehl;by;> ,lj;jpw;fplk; gutpapUe;j rpwpa epy
cilikahsu;fisf; nfhz;l tptrha Kiw xd;Nw fhzg;gl;lJ. 19
Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpastpy; me;ehl;by; tpupthd ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp
xd;iw elj;jp NgusTf; ifj;njhopy;fisf; nfhz;l Kjyhspj;Jtg;
nghUshjhu Kiw xd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. mjw;Fj; Njitahd
epyk;> ePu;> fdpa tsk; midj;JNk mq;F fhzg;gl;ld. ifj;njhopy;
mgptpUj;jpAld; ngUe;njUf;fSk;> Gifapujg; ghijfSk;> kpdD ; w;gj;jpAk;>
Vida fl;likg;G trjpfSk; tpUj;jpAw;wd.
,tw;NwhL gue;j epyg;gpuNjrj;jpy; gapur; n
; ra;ifia Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j
tptrhapfSk;> njhopyhsu;fSk; Jupjkhf Kd;Ndw;wkile;jdu;. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;by; cyf ty;yurhfj; Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd nghUshjhug;
gyj;ij> Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; CNl fle;j E}w;wpUgj;ije;J
Mz;LfSf;Fs; mJ cUthf;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gij 1900 Mz;lstpy;
fhzf;$bajhapUe;jJ.
If; f pa mnkupf; f h ,t; t hW vOr; r pailtjw; F g; nghUe; J k;
tpjj;jpyhd ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if xd;iw 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L KOtJk;
ifahz;L te;jJ. mf;fhyj;jpy;> Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;ff;
fz;lq;fspy; FbNaw;wq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhff; jkf;fpilNa
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 42 tuyhW> juk; - 11
Nkhjy; f is Vw; g Lj; j pf; nfhs; t jpy; INuhg; g paf; fz; l j; j tu; f s;
<Lgl;bUe;jdu;. If;fpa mnkupf;fh jhk; gykiltjw;fhd mj;jpthuj;ij
,l;Lf;nfhs;Sk; tiu> ,J Nghd;w ntsp eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtijj;
jtpuj
; J
; f; nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; xJq;fpapUf;Fk; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifiaf;
filg;gpbg;gjhf mjd; Kjy; [dhjpgjpahd nth\pq;ld;
gpufldg;gLj;jpdhu;. mLj;Jg; gjtpf;F te;j [dhjpgjpfs; midtUk;
,f; nfhs;ifiaNa ifahz;ldu;. 1820 ,y; [dhjpgjp> jkJ gpurpj;jp
ngw;w “nkhd;Nuh” gpufldj;jpy; ,jid typAWj;jpdhu;.
,jw;fpilNa 1865 ,y; me;ehl;bd; xw;Wik rpijtilAk; tz;zk;
cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu; xd;W Vw;gl;lJ. vd;whYk; mJtiu fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUe;j
xw;Wikahy;> mr;rthiyAk; rkhspj;J vjpu;nfhz;L xw;Wikia NkYk;
gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s mjdhy; Kbe;jJ. ifj;njhopy;> tptrha tu;j;jf
eltbf;iffspYk;> Jupj mgptpUj;jp Vw;gl;L 19 Mk; ehw;whz;bd; gpdd ; iug;
gFjpahFk; NghJ cyfpypUe;j gzf;fhu ehLfSs; xd;whf Kd;dplj;jpwF ;
te;jJ. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J me;ehL ntsp cyF gw;wpa Mu;tj;ijAk;>
jkJ nry;thf;if mq;nfy;yhk; gug;g Ntz;ba mj;jpahtrpaj;ijAk;>
ntspf;fhl;lj; njhlq;fpaJ.
nghUshjhu eyd;fisg; ngwTk; Njrpag; GfOf;fhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> mf;fhy INuhg;gpa ehLfisg; Nghd;W
Mjpf; f k; nrYj; J tjw; f hd gpuNjrq; f s; cyfpy; mtu; f Sf; F
vQ;rpapUf;ftpy;iy. Mifahy; me;ehL GjpaNjhh; topKiwiaf;
filg;gpbg;gjpy; jdJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jj; njhlq;fpaJ. mf;fhyj;jpy;
gue;j tu;jj; fj;jpw;F trjptha;gG
; fs; ,Ue;j rPd> [g;ghdpa JiwKfq;fs;
rpytw;iw INuhg;gpah;fs; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUe;jdu;. If;fpa
mnkupf;fh “rPd> [g;ghdpa th;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl midj;J
ehl;ltUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;” vd;Dk; vz;zj;ijf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. “jpwe;j thapy; nfhs;if” vdg;gl;l ,t;thNyhridia
1899 ,y; mur nrayhsu; (mikr;ru;) N[hd; Nyh njuptpj;jhu;. mjd;
thapyhf “nkfd;]p” [dhjpgjpapd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Kjd;Kiwahf
If;fpa mnkhpf;fh gue;j ntspehl;L tpahghu eltbf;iffs; rk;ge;jkhf
INuhg;gpah;fSld; rkdhf <Lgl Kd;te;jJ. vdpDk;> jdJ gyj;ijf;
fhz;gpfF; k; tz;zk; Kjd;Kiwahf If;fpa mnkhpff ; h 1898 Mk; Mz;by;
];ghdpahTld; Nkhjy; xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
If;fpamnkupf;f - ];ghdpa Nkhjy;
If; f pa mnkupf; f hTld; tpupthd tu; j ; j fj; njhlu; G fisf;
nfhz;bUe;j fpA+gh mf;fhyj;jpy; ];ghdpahtpd; Mjpff; j;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ.
1895 ,y; ];ghdpahtpd; vNjr;rhjpfhu Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf fpA+gh Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jJ. Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; ,t;tplaj;jpy; If;fpa
mnkupf;fh eLepiyik tfpj;jJ. 1898,y; `thdh JiwKfj;jpy;
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 43 tuyhW> juk; - 11
epWj;jpitf;fg;gl;bUe;j If;fpa mnkupf;ff; fg;gy; xd;W jhf;FjYf;F
,yf;fhfp mjd; khYkpfs; 260 NgUk; kuzkile;jdu;. ,jdhy; If;fpa
mnkupff; h ];ghdpahTf;F vjpuhfg; Nghupy; <Lgl Neu;ej
; J. mr;re;ju;gg; j;jpy;
Rje;jpuj;ij toq;Ftjw;F Kd;du;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyfl;lj;jpw;F fpA+gh
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gl;lJ. vd;whYk;
,jidtpl If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR mile;j ntw;wpfshf ];ghdpa
cilikahf ,Ue;j Nghl;NlhupNfh Fthk;> gpypg;igd;]; vd;gdtw;iwg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;likiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Gjpa tpahghuj; njhlu;Gfis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf rPdh [g;ghdpag; gpuNjrq;fis vjpu;ghu;jj ; pUe;j
If;fpa mnkupf;fhTf;F ,g;gpuNjrj;ijr; rhu;e;j gpypg;igd;]; fpilf;fg;
ngw;wJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
If;fpa mnkupf;fhTf;F Vfhjpgj;jpa eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjw;F
,t; n tw; w p topaikj; J f; nfhLj; j J. ,ijaLj; J > ntspehl; L f;
nfhs;ifahf ntspaplg;gl;l Gjpa gpufldj;jpd;gb ngUq; FsWgbapd;wp>
If;fpa mnkupff ; h ntspehl;L Mjpff; j;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.
mj;Jld; rPdhTlDk; tu;jj ; ff; nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy; eltbf;iffisAk;>
Nkw;nfhs;sf; $bajhapUe;jJ.
Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;Jld; If;fpa mnkupff; h ty;yunrhd;whfp>
ru;tNjr Nkhjy;fspy; jhKk; <Lglj; njhlq;fpaJ.

Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpy; <Lgly;.

If;fpa mnkupf;f muR ePz;l fhykhff; filg;gpbj;J te;j
eLepiyikf; nfhs;ifiaf; iftpl;L> 1914 ,y; INuhg;gpau;fspilNa
Muk;gpj;j Nghupy; <LgLtjw;Fj; jPuk
; hdpj;jJ. 1915 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;f
gpui[fs; gazpj;j “Y}rpjhdpah” vDk; fg;giy N[u;khdpau;fs;
%o;fbj;jikNa ,jw;Ff;fhuzkhf mike;jJ. ,jid Kd;ida
ghlj;jpy; tpupthff; fw;wJ QhgfkpUf;Fk;. Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy;
If;fpa mnkupf;f muR gpupj;jhdpah> ngy;[pak;> Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ,j;jhyp>
fdlh> [g;ghd;> gpNurpy;> rPdh vDk; el;G ehLfs; mzpapy; Nru;e;J>
kj;jpa INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfshd N[u;kd;> M];jpupah> `q;Nfup> JUf;fp>
gy;Nfupah Mfpa ehLfSf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gl;lJ.
[dhjpgjp T+l;Nwh tpy;rd; 14 mk;rq;fs; mlq;fpa ~~rfyUf;Fk;
epahak;|| vDk; fbjj;ij kj;jpa ty;yuRfSf;F mDg;gpitj;jhu;.
Njhy;tpaile;j mzpf;F nfsutj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; tz;zk;
nraw;gLtNj ,jd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;ljhFk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 44 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 “rfyUf;Fk; epahak;” rpj;jhe;jq;fspy; rpy..........
• epahakhd Rje;jpuj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
• ru;tNjr csTr; Nritfis xopj;jy;.
• rKj;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; Rje;jpuj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
• Aj;j MAj cw;gj;jpfisf; Fiwj;jy;.
• nghUshjhuj; jilfis tpjpf;fhik.

1920 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; Kjyhk; cyfAj;jj;jpd; tpisthy; ngUk;

nghUshjhu ke;jj;jhy; cyf ehLfs; gytw;wpdJk; nghUshjhuk;
];jk;gpj;J Ngha;tpl;lJ vs;whYk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; nghUshjhuk;
kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ MAj
tpahghuj;jhy; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ij ,e;ehL <l;bf; nfhz;likNa
mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. mijj; njhlu;e;Jk; cyf ehLfSf;F MAj
Vw;Wkjpahy; ngUe;njhifg; gzk; tUkhdkhf te;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,d;Wk; me;epiy njhlHfpwJ.

nts;is khspif
glk; 5.2

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 45 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpy; <Lgly;
,uz; l hk; cyfAj; j j; j pd;
NghJ 1941 brk;gh; 7Mk; jpfjp
If;fpa mnkhpf;f Fbaurpd; Ngu;s;
JiwKfj; j py; epWj; j p itf; f g;
gl; b Ue; j mjd; fg; g y; f s; kP J
[g;ghd; Fz;L nghopej ; J. ,jdhy;
If;fpa mnkupff ; h ,g;Nghupy; <Lgl
Neu; e ; j J. mg; N ghija If; f pa
mnkupf; f h [dhjpgjp gpuq; s pd;
&];nty;l; Mthu;.
Ngu;s; JiwKfj;ij
1945 ngg;uthpapy; [g;ghid Fz;L tPrpj; jfu;jj
; y;
ruzilAkhW If;fpa mnkupf;fh glk; 5.3
NfhupaJ. mjw;F ,zq;fhikahy;
me;ehl;bd; kPJ 1945 Mf];l; khjk; 6 Mk; jpfjp `pNuh\pkhkPJk; 1945
Mf];l; 9 Mk; jpfjp ehf\hfpkPJk; mZFz;Lfisg; Nghl;lJ. ,jdhy;
,yl;rf; fzf;fhd [g;ghdpau;fs; kuzpj;jdu;. mjd; gpd;du; 1945
nrg;nlk;gu; 2 Mk; jpfjp [g;ghd; ruzile;jJ. mg;NghJ mZthAjj;ijf;
nfhz;bUe;j xNu ehL If;fpa mnkupf;fh MFk;. ,jdhy; cyfg;
ngUk; ty;yurhf mJ vOr;rpAw;wJ.

,uz;lhk; kfhAj;jj;jpy;
If;fpa mnkhpf;ff; FbauR> <LgLj;jpa MAj cgfuzq;fs;
* tpkhdq;fs; 60>000
* tpkhd vjpug
; G
; MAjq;fs; 20>000
* Aj;j jhq;fpfs; 45>000
* Aj;jf; fg;gy;fs; 1>275

If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l

etPduf tpkhdk;
glk; 5.4

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 46 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 mnkupf;fh Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; jiyikia Vw;wy;
,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk; KbTw;wjd; gpd;du; mnkupf;fh>
gpupj;jhdpah> Nrhtpaj; u\;ah Mfpa ehLfs; xd;wpize;J cyf
rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf epue;jukhd cWjpahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
vd cyf kf;fs; vjpug ; hu;jj
; du; Mdhy;> ,lk; ngw;wNjh Ntwhf ,Ue;jJ.
1917 ,y; u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; mq;F fk;A+dpr Ml;rpKiw xd;iw
];jhgpj;Jf; nfhz;lNjhL> mjid KO cyfpYk; gutr; nra;J jdJ
jiyikia ];jhgpf;f Kide;jJ. ,jw;F vjpuhf Kjyhspj;Jtg;
nghUshjhu ehLfSf;F If;fpa mnkupf;fh FbauR jiyik jhq;fpr;
nraw;gl Ntz;b Neu;e;jJ.
“[dehaf Ml;rpapd; topfhl;bfshf ehNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;”
- gpuhq;spd; B &];nty;l;
[dehafj;ij tsu;gg ; jw;fhf> ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpdd; u;>
If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurhy; rh;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mg;NghJ Mrpa> Mgpupff ; ehLfs; gyTk; gpupjj
; hdpa>
gpuhd;rpa ehLfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;bUe;jd. ,tw;wpw;F Rje;jpuj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd If;fpa mnkupf;f muR Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLj;jJ.
mg;Nghija If;fpa mnkhpf;fh [dhjpgjp `up v];. l;&kd;>
gpypg;igd;Rf;F Rje;jpuj;ij toq;f eltbf;if vLj;jhu;. mNj Nghd;W
gpupj;jhdpa Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;bUe;j ,e;jpah> gu;kh (kpahd;khu;) Nghd;w
ehLfSf;F Rje;jpuj;ij toq;Fk;gb If;fpa mnkupf;fh Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLj;jJ. xy;yhe;juplkpUe;J ,e;NjhNd\pah Rje;jpuj;ijf; Nfl;L epdw ; J.
mjd; Rje;jpuj;jpy; If;fpa mnkupff
; muR kj;jpa];ju; Nghd;W nraw;gl;lJ.
,J Nghd;Nw Mgpupf;fhtpy; fhdh> ie[Pupah> nfd;ah> cl;gl gy
ehLfSk; Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;F If;fpa mnkupf;f murpd; nraw;ghLfs;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jd.
ty;yurhf ,Ue;j If;fpa mnkupf;f muR INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfspd;
gyj;ijf; Fiwj;J> cyf murpay; muq;fpy; jhd; Kjyplj;ij mila
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf je;jpukhf nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. INuhg;gpa
ty;yuRfs; If;fpa mnkupf;f murpd; el;G ehLfshapDk; mtw;wpd;
Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPOs;s ehL mt;ty;yuRfspd; gykhf ,Ug;gjhf If;fpa
mnkupff; muR fUjpaJ. [dehafj;jpd; Nguhy; ,tw;wpwF
; Rje;jpuj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J mtw;iw vy;yhk; jkJ Kjyhspj;Jt mzpapy;
Nru;jJ
; f; nfhz;L> jd;id Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Raey vz;zk; If;fpa mnkupf;f muRf;F ,Ue;jJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 47 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 Rje;jpukile;j Mrpa> Mgpupf;f ehLfs; Kjyhspj;Jt [dehaff;
Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;Wk; vd If;fpa mnkupf;f muR vjpu;ghu;j;jJ.
mNj Neuj;jpy; mjd; vjpupahd Nrhtpaj; u\;ahNth me;ehLfspy;
fk; A +dpr Ml; r pia cUthf; f vz; z paJ. cjhuzkhf 1960,y;
ngy;[paj;jplkpUe;J nfhq;Nfh ehL ngl;up]; YKk;gh jiyikapy;
Rje;jpukile;jJ. ,tu; u\;ahtpd; Mjuthsuhthu;. nfhq;Nfhtpy; fl;lq;fh
gpuNjrk; ANudpak;> nrk;G> ituk; Nghd;w fdpatsk; epuk;gg;ngw;w
gpuNjrkhFk;. If;fpa mnkupf;f murpdJk; INuhg;gpa jdpahu; fk;ngdp
KjyhspfspdJk; MjuTld; nghap];l;nrhk;Ng vd;gtu; flq;fhit
Rje;jpukhd munrhd;whfg; gpufldQ; nra;jhu;. mjdhy; Vw;gl;l
gpur;rpidfshy; ngl;up]; YKk;gh Nfhukhff; nfhy;yg;gl;L> nrhk;Ng
ntw;wpngw;W> KjyhspjJ ; t mzpapy; Nrh;eJ
; nfhz;lhu;.

khu;\y; jpl;lk;
1949Mk; Mz; b y; nraw; g Lj; j g; g l; l ,j; j pl; l j; j pd; %yk; >
Kjyhspj;Jt> [dehaff; Nfhl;ghLfisg; Gjpjhf Rje;jpuk; ngw;w
ehLfspy; Vw; g Lj; j pf; nfhs; t jw; F J}z; L jy; mspg; g Nj If; f pa
mnkupf;fhtpd; Nehf;fkhapUe;jJ. Vfhjpgj;jpa thjj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy
ngw;w mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfSf;F cjtp toq;Ftjw;fhfNt
,j;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljhf mJ Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jw;fikthf Mrpa>
Mgpupf;f> yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfSf;F tptrhak;> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;>
Nghd;w gy;NtW JiwfspYk; cjtpfisg; Gupe;J tUfpwJ. ,jd; Muk;g
fhyj;jpy; Nehu;Nt> ngy;[pak;> Nkw;F N[u;kd;> neju;yhe;J> yf;]k;Ngu;f>;
fpNuf;fk;> JUf;fp> Nghu;jJ
; f;fy;> Nghd;w ehLfSk; ,jd; fPo; cjtpfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd. Nrhtpaj; u\;ah cl;gl> fpof;F INuhg;gpa
ehLfs; ,t;Tjtpia epuhfupj;jd.

NATO - Nel;Nlh mikg;G

1948,y; Nkw;F N[u;kdpAk; If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; jiyikapyhd
KjyhspjJ ; t mzpapy; Nru;eJ
; nfhz;likahy;> Nkw;F ngu;ypd; efUf;F
czT> kUe;J Nghd;w Kf;fpa nghUl;fis fpof;F N[u;kdp Clhff;
nfhz;L nry;Yk; Gifapujg; ghijia u\;ah %btpl;lJ. u\;ahtpd;
,e;eltbf;iff;F vjpuhf Kjyhspj;Jt mzp ehLfs; xd;W Nru;e;J
tlf;F mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (NATO) xd;iw
1949 Vg;uy; 4Mk; jpfjp ifnahg;gkpl;l “nth\pq;ld; xg;ge;jk;” %ykhfr;
nra;J nfhz;ld. mjpy; If;fpa mnkupff ; h fdlh> gpupjj
; hdpah> gpuhd;]>;
,j;jhyp> Nkw;F N[u;kdp> ];ghdpah> Nghu;jJ; f;fy;> nld;khu;f>; ngy;[pak;>

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 48 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 neju;yhe;J> yf;]k;Ngu;f;> RtPld;> M];jpupah> mau;yhe;J> JUf;fp
vDk; gjpdhW ehLfs; mq;fk; ngWfpd;wd. ,jd; jiyikafk;
gpuhd;]py; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nel;Nlh mikg;gpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jjd;
Nehf;fk; nth\pq;ld; xg;ge;j;jpd; 5tJ trdj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

“mnkupf;f - INuhg;gpa mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; Vjhtnjhd;wpd; kPJ>

vjpup ehnlhd; W jhf; F jy; elj; J khapd; > mjid midj; J
mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; kPJk; elj;jg;gl;ljhff; fUjpr; nraw;gLNthk;”
- Nel;Nlh xg;ge;jj;jpd; 5 tJ thrfk;.

If;fpa mnkupf;fh cl;gl Kjyhspj;Jt mzpapd; gyj;ijg;

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tNj ,t;tikg;gpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jw;fhf
,e;ehLfs; jkJ tUlhe;j tuT - nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy; 20 tPjj;jpw;F
Nkw; g l; l njhifiag; ghJfhg; G eltbf; i ffSf; f hfr; nrytpl
Ntz;bAs;sd. If; f pa mnkupf; f h Kjyhspj; J tg; nghUshjhuf;
nfhs;ifiaAk; [dehaf Ml;rp KiwiaAk; gug;Gtjw;fhf Nel;Nlhitg;
gad;gLj;JfpwJ.

mnkupf;f muRfspd; xd;wpak;

,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfs; 21 cld; Nru;e;J If;fpa mnkupf;fh
mnkupf;f muRfspd; xd;wpak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. fpA+ghtpd; Clhf nghJ
cilikthjk; ,e; e hLfspy; guTtijj; jLg; g Nj ,t; t ikg; g pd;
Nehf;fkhFk;. n`hz;b A+uh]; FbauR> yPkh FbauR> epf;fuFth>
Mu;[d;Bdh> gpNurpy;> nfhyk;gpah> vy;ry;tNlhu;> nkf;]pf;Nfh> gdhkh>
NgU> cUFNt> ntdprpAyh Nghd;w ehLfs; ,jpy; mq;fj;Jtk;
ngw;Ws;sd.
jw; f hyj; j py; yj; j P d ; mnkupf; f ehLfSf; N f cupa Vo; i k>
njhopypd;ik> gztPf;fk; Nghd;w gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F
mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> If;fpa mnkupf;f
murpd; top fhl;Ljiyf; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fhJ tpl;Ls;sd. mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd cjhuzk; ntdprpAyh [dhjpgjp `pA+Nfh rhNt]; If;fpa
mnkupf;fhTf;F rthy; tpLj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 49 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 ,];Nuy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lik
1948 - ngy;gu; mwpf;ifapd;gb midj;J muG ehLfspdJk;
tpNuhjj;Jf;F kj;jpapy; gpupj;jhdpahTk;> If;fpa mnkupf;f muRk;; Nru;eJ
;
,]; N uy; vd; W xU ehl; i l cUthf; F tjw; F eltbf; i ffis
Nkw;nfhz;ld. muG cyfj;jpy; - kj;jpa fpof;fpy; If;fpa mnkupf;f
murpd; nry;thf;if Kd;ndLf;Fk; gzpia ,];Nuy; nra;fpwJ. If;fpa
mnkupf;f muR cyfpy; ve;jnthU ehl;bd; kPJk; nfhz;buhj msTf;F
,];Nuy; kPJ mgpkhdj;ijAk;> ek;gpf;ifiaAk; itj;Js;sJ.
,ufrpa csTr; Nrit (CIA)
kj;jpa ,ufrpa csTr; Nritapy; <LgLj;jg;gl;Nlhupd; njhif
20>000 f;F NkyhFk;. cyfk; G+uhfTk;> gue;jpUf;Fk; gj;jpupifahsu;>
rl;l mwpQu;fs;> mikr;ru;fs;> jpizf;fsj; jiytu;fs;> Nguhrpupau;fs;>
Nghd; w gy; N tW juhjuj; j pdiuAk; jkJ Nritapy; ,izj; J f;
nfhs; t jw; F ,tu; f shy; ,aYkhapUe; j J. Aj; j KiwapNyh>
Gj;jprhypjj
; dkhfNth If;fpa mnkupff ; hTf;F mtu;fspd; nfhs;iffSf;F
vjpuhf cUthFk; eilKiwfisj; jLg;gNj ,r;Nritapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPo;r;rpAk;> ,r;NritahNyNa epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sjhf
ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
,];NuypdhYk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w csTr; Nrit xd;W elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
mJ ‘nkh]hl;” vd miof; f g; g Lfpd; w J. mtu; f Sk; nghJ
cilikthjj;jpw;F vjpuhf If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; rpe;jid> murpay;
tplaq;fisg; gug;Gtjpy; gq;fspf;fpd;wdu;.
nghJ clikthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd ehLfSf;F toq;Fk;
cjtpfs;
tlnfhupah nghJ cilik ehLfs; mzpapy; NrUk;NghJ> njd;
nfhupahTf;F ,uhZt> nghUshjhu cjtpfis mnkupf;fh toq;fpaJ.
rPdh J}ufpof;fhrpahtpd; Kf;fpakhd nghJ cilik ehlhfj; jpfo;e;j
NghJ mjd; nry;thf;F mg;gpuhe;jpa ehLfspy; guthky; jLg;gjw;fhf
mtw;Wld; el;Gwit tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;L> [g;ghD}lhf mg;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;
[dehafj;ijAk;> KjyhspjJ ; tj;ijAk; ];jhgpgg
; jw;fhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhz;lJ. tpal;ehkpYk;> epf;fuFthtpYk; nghJ cilikthj
murhq;fq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ> mq;Fs;s vjpu;r;rf;jpfSf;F cjtp
xj;jhir Gupe;J fpsh;r;rpfisj; J}z;btpl;lJ.

,t;thW gy;NtW topKiwfisf; ifahz;L If;fpa mnkupf;fh

Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu KiwiaAk;> [dehaf Ml;rp KiwiaAk;
epiyepWj;Jtjw;Fg; gfPujg; gpuaj;jdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 50 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 nraw;ghL :
If; f pa mnkupf; f muR cyfpy; Kjyhspj; J t mzpiag;
gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff.

Nrhtpaj; u\;ah cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpAwy;

“czT> epyk;> rkhjhdk;” vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wj; jUtjhff; $wp
tptrhapfs;> njhopyhsu;fs; MfpNahupd; MjuTld; 1917 xf;Nlhgu;
Gul;rpia elj;jp ntw;wpngw;w nydpd; cyfpd; Kjy; nghJ cilik
muir u\;ahtpy; cUthf;fpdhu;.
nghJ cilikg; Gul;rpapd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspj;j fhuzpfs;
tUkhW
v ru;thjpfhu kd;duhy; kf;fs; mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fs;
v u\;ahtpy; fhzg;gl;l nghUshjhu mOj;jq;fs;
v tptrhapfSk; njhopyhsu;fSk; gilapdUk; vjpu;Nehf;fpa
gpur;rpidfs;.
v epyg; gpuGf;fspd; nfhLikahd mjpfhuk;
v epyg; gpuGf;fSk;> rka FUkhh;fSk; $ba RfNghfj;ij
mDgtpj;jik.
,f; f huzpfshy; tpise; j u\; a g;
Gul;rpahy; epyk;> tq;fp> jdpahu; jhgdq;fs;
midj;Jk; nghJ cilikahf;fg;gl;ld.
njhopw;rhiyfspd; epu;thfk; mq;F Ntiy
ghu;j;j njhopyhsu; FOf;fsplk; xg;gilf;
fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; 1917 - 1921 tiuahd
fhy fl; l j; j py; vjpu; g hu; j ; j ,yf; i f
vl;lKbatpy;iy. vdNt nydpd; 1921 - 1924
Mz;L fhyfl;lj;jpy; GjpanjhU nghUsh
jhur; rP u ; j pUj; j j; i j Nkw; n fhz; l hu; .
,jw;fika epyk;> ghupa ifj;njhopy;fs;>
tq;fpfs;> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs; midj; nydpd;
ijAk; muRilikahf;fpdhu;. nghUl;fis glk; 5.5
tpepNahfpjj; y;> rpyy; iw tu;jj
; fk; vd;gtw;wpy;
nghJkf;fs; <Lgl ,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffshy;
RWRWg;ghd re;ij cUthfp> nghUshjhuk; cWjpaile;jJ. nydpdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwahy; rf;jptha;e;j mur fl;likg;nghd;W
Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; nghUshjhuKk; gyg;gl;lJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 51 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 nydpid mLj;J gjtpNaw;w ];lhypd; cWjpahd eph;thfj;Jf;Fg;
ngau; Nghdtu;. 1924 ,y; jiyikf;F te;j mtu; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpll
; q;fis
nraw;gLj;jpdhu;. mtw;wpd; Nehf;fk;> u\;ahitg; nghUshjhu rf;jpkpf;f
ehlhf; F tNjahFk; Kjyhk; Ie; j hz; L j; jpl; l k; 1928 ,y;
nraw; g Lj; j g; g l; l J. mjd; %yk; ngUk; tptrhag; gz; i zfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;wpy; etPd Kiwapyhd cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mit $l;LwT mikg;gpdhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;ld.
,jdhy; njhopy;fs; ngUfpd. cw;gj;jp ngUfpaJ. nghUshjhuKk;
tsu;r;rpAw;wJ.
];lhypd; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpll; q;fis nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf “Nfh];gs ; d;”
vDk; murhq;f Mizf;FO xd;iw epWtpdhu;. ,t; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpll ; j;jhy;
u\;ahtpd; ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jp 136 tPjKk;> tptrha cw;gj;jp 35
tPjKk; mjpfhpg;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. NkYk; ntspehl;L epGzh;fis
mioj;J> Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld.

KjyhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jhy; vjph;ghHf;fg;gl;l fdpa vz;nza;

cw;gj;jp ,yf;if ,uz;liu Mz;LfspNyNa milaf;$bajhapUe;jJ.
coT ,ae;jpuk;> tptrha
cgfuzq;fs;> Nkhl;lhu; tz;b
vd;gtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpapy; 1933,y;
vjpu; g hu; j ; j ,yf; i f milaf;
$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. epyf;fup> rPdp>
kpd;rhu cw;gj;jpfspd; jpl;lkplg;
gl;l msit %d;W Mz;Lfspy;
milaf; $bajha; ,Ue; j J.
,Uk; G Uf; F > Jzp vd; g tw; w pd;
cw;gj;jpfs; jpl;lkpl;l msitAk; u\;ahtpd; Nk jpdk;
kpQ;rpr; nrd;wd. Ju;f;fp];jhd; - glk; 5.6
irgPupad; Gifapujg; ghij mikj;jYk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F xU
tUlj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;thwhf Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; ntw;wpaspf;fNt njhlu;e;Jk;

Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; u\;ag; nghUshjhuk;
gykile;jJ.

];uhypid mLj;J gjtpf;F te;j epfplh FUN\Tk; Ie;jhz;Lj;

jpl;lq;fisj; njhlu;e;J Kd;ndLj;jhu;. mtu; cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopiy
NkYk; gykilar; nra;tjw;fhf gpuNjr kl;lj;jpyhd mikg;Gf;fisj;
Njhw;Wtpj;J mtw;wplk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisf; ifaspj;jhu;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 52 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 nghUshjhu uPjpahfg; gykile;jikahy; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhdj;
Jiwfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. 1932,y; kpd; cw;gj;jpf;fhf mZ
rf; j piag; gad; g Lj; J tjw; f hd gupNrhjidfspy; u\; a h <Lglj;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; If;fpa mnkupf;f
muR cs;spll ; KjyhspjJ ; t mzpAld; Vw;gl;l Nghl;bahy; VTfidfis
tpz;ntspapy; itg;gjw;Fk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; 1960,y;
tpz;ntsp Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1961,y; u\;auhd A+upffhupd;
Kjd;Kjyhf tpz;ntspapy; rQ;rupj;j kdpju; vd;Wk; mtiu mLj;J
ntyd;bdh nju];Nfhth Kjy; tpz;ntspg; ngz; vd;Wk; ngUik
ngw;wdu;.

u\;ah milag; ngw;w murpay;> nghUspay; gyj;jhy; nghJ

cilikf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mtu;fspd; gzj;ijg;
ngUksTf;Fr; nrytplf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. murhq;fj;jpd; JizAld;
u\;a murpay;> nghUspay;> r%f mikg;G njhlu;ghd E}y;fs; gy;NtW
nkhopfspy; gpuRupf;fg;gl;L kpfTk; Fiwe;j tpiyf;F tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;ld.
u\;ah nghJTilik mzpapd; jiyikia Vw;wy;.
nghUshjhu uPjpahf gpugy;akile;j u\;ah jdJ nghJ cilikf;
nfhs;ifiag; gug;Gtjpy; <Lgl;lJ. 1940 ,d; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; nghJTlik
munrhd; W tlnfhupahtpy; cUthfpaJ. 1949,y; khNth NrJq;
jiyikapy; rPdhtpy; nghJ cilik Ml;rp xd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s
mjdhy; KbAkhapUe;jJ. njhlu;e;Jk; rPdhTf;F cjtpfis toq;fp
te;jJ. 1959,y; If;fpa mnkupf;f murhq;fj;jpd; Mjuitg; ngw;w
ru;thjpfhupahd ngb];lhtpd; muirf; ftpo;j;J ,lJrhup munrhd;iwj;
jhgpg;gjw;F gpnly; f\;NwhTf;F KbAkhapUe;jJ. mJNghy fpof;F
INuhg;ghtpy; Nghye;J> UNkdpah> `q;Nfup> gy;Nfupah>
nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpah> fpof;F N[h;kd; ehLfspYk; nghJ cilik
Kiw ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nthu;N]h mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;
fpof;ifNuhg;gpa nghJ cilikthj ehLfshd fpof;F N[u;kdp>
Nghye;J> `q;Nfup> nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpah> UNkdpah> gy;Nfupah vDk;
ehLfis ,izj;J u\;ah 1955 - Nk 11,y; Nghye;jpd; jiyefuhd
Nthu;N]htpy; xg;ge;jk; xd;iwf; ifnaOj;jpll
; J. Nel;Nlh mzpapypUe;J
vjpu;Nehf;Fk; mr;RWj;jYf;F Kfk; nfhLf;fNt “Nthu;N]h mzp”
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. VjhtJ Xu; vjpup ehL ,t;tikg;igr; Nru;e;j VjhtJ
xU ehl;Lf;F vjpuhf ,uhZt eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhy; mJ
jkJ ehl;Lf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhff; fUjpr; nraw;gLtjw;F
mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhz;ld.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 53 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 nghJ cilikf; nfhs;iffisg; gug;Gjy;> ghJfhj;jy; vd;gd
,t;tikg;gpd; %y Nehf;fkhapUe;jJ. mjw;fika> ,t;tikg;G 1956,y;
`q;Nfupapy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpf;Fk; 1968,y; nrf;nfh];Nyhthf;fpahtpy;
Vw;gl;l fpsu;r;rpfis mlf;Ftjw;Fk; cjtpfisg; Gupe;jJ.
nghJTilikf; nfhs;if guTjy;
rPdh> fpA+gh Mfpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpfspd; gpd;du; Mrpa>
Mgpupf;f ehLfspYk; fk;A+dpr Ml;rp miytPrj; njhlq;fpaJ. N`hrp
kpd; jiyikapy; tpal;dhkpy; fk;A+dpr muR xd;W cUthfpaJ.
nfhq;Nfhtpd; jiytu; ngl;up]; Yk;gh nghJ cilik thjj;ijr;
rhu;e;jhu;. vfpg;jpy; mg;Jy; fkhy; e]hu;> m];thd; mizf;fl;il
epu;khzpg;gjw;F Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfsplk; cjtp Nfhup fpl;lhj NghJ
nghJ cilik mzpiar; rhuj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ,J Nghy ypgpahtpy;
flhgp> ,e;jpahtpy; NeU vd;NghUk; u\;ahtpd; nghJ cilik thjj;jpy;
Neubahfr; rhuhj NghJk; If;fpa mnkupf;f Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; u\;a ,uhZtk; epiy nfhz;lJ.
,yq;if 1948,y; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wNghJ> mjd; Kjy; gpujk ke;jphpahd
b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f If;fpa mnkupf;fhTf;Fr; rhu;ghd nfhs;ifiaf;
filg; g pbj; j hu; . Mdhy; 1956,y; gpujkuhd v]; . lgps; A +.Mu; . b.
gz;lhuehaf;f nghJ cilik ehLfSld; el;Gwit Vw;gLj;jp cjtpfs;
ngWk; tz;zk; xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
KGB csTr; Nrit
nghJ cilikthj mzpapd; csTr; Nritahd K. G . B.> If;fpa
mnkupf;f muR csTr; Nritahd C. I. A. Nghd;Nw gpurpj;jkhdjhFk;.
,J u\;ahtpy; nkh];Nfhitj; jiyikafkhff; nfhz;L nraw;gl;lJ.
jdJ vjpuzpahd mnkupf;fh cs;spl;l Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; Aj;j
,ufrpaq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tNjhL> nghJ cilikthjj;ijg;
gug;GtjpYk; <LgLfpwJ. etPd El;gq;fis ,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; C. I. A. cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;Fk; gzk; nfhLj;J
jfty; f isg; ngw; W f; n fhz; L s; s J. ntspehl; L j; J}Jth; f s; >
Nguhrpupau;fs;> mur Nkyjpfhupfs; vd;wthW gy;NtW tifg;gl;NlhUk;
,t; t ikg; G ld; rk; g e; j k; itj; J f; nfhz; L s; s du; . mjp etP d
njhopDl;gj;ij ,jw;fhff; ifahs;fpd;wdu;. Kjyhspj;Jt mzpapdupd;
jfty;fisg; ngw;W mjw;F khw;Wfisf; fz;lwpe;J> nghJ cilik
thjj;ijg; gug;GtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,jd;gb ghu;f;ifapy;> If;fpa mnkupf;fh muR Kjyhspj;Jtj;ijg;
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; gug;Gtjw;Fk; ifahSk; mNj je;jpuj;ij> u\;ah nghJ
cilikthjj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ifahStjw;Fk;
Kaw;rp nra;fpd;wJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 54 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 nraw; g hL :
cyfg; GwTUtg; glnkhd;wpy; Nel;Nlh> Nthu;N]h mikg;G
ehLfis NtWgLj;Jk; tz;zk; Fwpj;J ngaupl;L epwe;jPl;Lf.

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nraw;ghLfs;

I. eh. rigapd; mikg;Gj; njhlu;ghf 11.4 mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpupthff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sgbahy;> ,q;F mj;jhgdk; cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf> Mw;Wk;
gq; f spg; i g khj; j puk; ghu; g ; N ghk; . ,jidf; fP o ; t Uk; %d; W
jiyg;GfspD}lhf tFj;J Nehf;FNthk; :
01. nfLgpbg;Nghupd; NghJ I. eh. rigapd; nraw;ghLfs;.
02. nfLgpbg;Nghu; Kbe;j gpd;duhd nraw;ghLfs;.
03. MAjg; gupfuzk;

nfLgpbg; Nghupd; NghJ I. eh. tpd; nraw;ghLfs; :

cyfg; N ghiu mLj; J ehLfs; ,U mzpfshfg; gpsTgl; L
nfLgpbg;Nghu; my;yJ gdpg;Nghu; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; MAj Nkhjyw;w
nfhs; i fg; Nghh; xd; w py; <Lglj;
njhlq;fpd. 1945 ,d; gpd;du; ehd;F
jrhg;jq;fshf Kjyhspj;Jt -
rkTlikthj mzpfSf;fpilNa ,J
Nghd;w gyg;guPl;irAk;> xd;Wf;nfhd;W
ek;gpfi
; fapdi; kAk;> nfhs;ifg; NghUk;>
xd;Wf;nfhd;W mr;RWj;jYk;> ,ufrpa
csTj; jhgdq;fs; vd;gdTk; ,g;Nghupd;
gpujhd ,yl;rzq;fshfpd. ,f;nfLgpbg; I. eh.tpd; rkhjhdg;gil
Nghu; fhyj;jpy; cyfpd; rpwr
; py ,lq;fspy; glk; 5.7
,U mzpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl ,Ue;j MAj Nkhjy;fs; I. eh.
rigahy; jLj;J epWj;jg;gl;ld. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; tUkhW :
ngh;ypd; gpur;rpid
Rna]; neUf;fb
fpA+gh neUf;fb
nfhupag; gpur;rpid

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 55 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 ngu;ypd; gpur;rpid
,uz;lhk; cyfg; ngUk;Nghupd; gpd;du; ngu;ypd; efuk; fpof;F>
Nkw;F vd;W ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. Nkw;F ngHypDf;F ehza
rPu;jpUj;jj;ij Nkw;F ehLfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jpd. mjdhy; 1948 [_d; 23
Mk; jpfjp Nkw;F ngu;ypDf;Fs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; midj;J topfisAk;
%btpLtjw;F u\;aj; jiytu; ];uhypd; KbT nra;jhu;. N[u;kd; Nkw;F
fpof;fhf ,U ehLfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lNghJ> mtw;wpd; Kd;ida
jiyefuhd ngu;ypd; fpof;F N[u;kdpf;Fs; nrd;W tpl;lJ. mjdhy;
jiyefUk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. xU tUlksTf;F ePbj;j
,g;gpur;rpid 1949 Nk 4 Mk; jpfjp I. eh. rigapd; nrayhsu; ehafj;jpd;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd; %yk; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ngUk; ty;yuRfspd;
gyg;guPl;irapd; Xuk;rk; ,t;thW KbTw;wJ.

nfhupag; gpur;rpid
1948 ,y; nfhupaf; FlhehL tlf;F - njw;fhfg; gpsTgl;lJ. tl
nfhupah u\;ahTf;Fk; njd; nfhupah mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; rhu;ghapUe;jd.
tl mfyhq; F 38 0 ghif ,U ehLfSf; F khd vy; i yahf
epuz
; apff ; g;gl;lJ. vd;whYk; 1950 [_d; 25 Mk; jpfjp tlnfhupa ,uhZtk;
njd; nfhupahit Mf;fpukpj;jJ. njd; nfhupahTf;F mnkupf;fh gilia
mDg;gpaJ. I. eh.tpd; ghJfhg;Gr; rigapy; tl nfhupah njhlu;ghff;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jPu;khdj;ij u\;ah jdJ ,uj;J mjpfhuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;fpaJ. 1953 ,y; ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa
rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij Muk;gkhdJ. mJTk; Njhy;tpAw;wJ. 1991
brk;gu; 13 Mk; jpfjp kPsTk; rkhjhd cld;gbf;if mJ tiu Njr
vy;iyia I. eh. rigapd; nghJr; rig fz;fhzpj;J te;jJ. ,e;j
gpur;rpidapd; NghJ rPdhTk; u\;ahTk; tlnfhupahTf;Fk;> If;fpa
mnkupf;fh nfhupahTf;Fk; rhu;ghf ,Ue;jd.

Rna]; neUf;fb
vfpg; j pa [dhjpgjp mg; J y; fkhy; erhu; nghJTilikf;
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb Rna]; fhy;thia Njrpa cilikahf;fpdhu;. mjdhy;
gpupj;jhdpa - gpuhd;]pa fk;ngdp ghjpg;Gw;wJ. ,jdhy; ,t;tpU ehLfSk;
,];NuYld; Nru;e;J> Rna]; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gilnaLj;jd. 1954 ,y;
I. eh. rigapd; gilazp xd;W mg;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W> gilfis
mfw;wp rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;baJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 56 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 fpA+gh neUf;fb
fpA+ghtpy; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l NghJ Njhy;tpAw;W me;ehl;bypUe;J If;fpa
mnkhpf;fhTf;F Xba $l;lj;jpdh;> mq;F Aj;jg; gapw;rp ngw;W gpnly;
f];l;Nuhtpd; r%fTlik muRf;F vjpuhf MAjghzpfshfj; jpUk;gp
te; j du; . ,jdhy; cs; e hl; L Aj; j epiy xd; W cUthdJ.
fpsu;r;rpahsu;fSf;F mnkupf;fhtpd; cjtp fpilj;jikahy;> 1962
xf;Nlhgupy; mnkupf;fhitf; jhf;ff;$ba tifapy; fpA+gh u\;a
VTfizfis nghUj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; [dhjpgjp N[hd; vg;. nfdbapd;
fl;lisg;gb fpA+gh Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lNjhL> u\;ahit Nehf;fpa tz;zk;>
JUf;fpapy; mnkupff ; VthAjq;fs; nghUj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;neUf;fb I.eh.tpd;
nrayhsu; ehafj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l kj;jpa];jj;jpd; %yk; jsu;j;jg;gl;lJ.

nfLgpbg;Nghupd; gpd;dh; I.eh.tpd; rkhjhd eltbf;iffs;

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPo;r;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J gyk; tha;e;j ,U
Kfhk;fSf;fpilNaahd Nghl;b Kw;Wg; ngw;whYk; Aj;j eltbf;iffs;
,lj;Jf;fplk; eilngw;wd. mtw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;F ,d;Dk; I. eh. rig
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. mt;thwhd rpy re;ju;g;gq;fshtd:
1. tisFlh neUf;fb
2. Utz;lh ,d xopg;G
3. fk;G+r;rpag; gpur;rpid

tisFlh neUf;fb
<uhf;fpd; vy;iyapy; fhzg;gl;l Unkapyh fdpa vz;nza;
taypypUe;J Fitj; ehL vz;nzia cwpQr ; pajhf <uhf; Fw;wQ;rhl;baJ.
,jw;fhf Fwpjj ; xU ngUe;njhifia e\;l <lhf toq;Fk;gb Fitj;jplk;>
<uhf; NfhupaJ. ,g;gpur;rpidia itj;J Fitj;ij mJ Mf;fpukpj;jJ.
,jw;F vjpuhf mnkupf;fh gilfis mDg;gpaJ.
“xU ehL gpwpnjhU ehl;bd;kJ
P Mf;fpukpgi
; g Nkw;nfhs;tJ rfpjJ; f;
nfhs;s KbahjjhFk;. mt;thW nra;ifapy; mikjpahf mjidg;
ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJ mjw;F gf;fgykhf ,Ug;gJ Nghd;wjhFk;”
vd;W mg;Nghija mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp N[hu;[; lgpspA+ G\; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpw;F ,uz;lhtjhd ,e;j Aj;jj;jhy;
Ngustpyhd capu;> cilikr; Nrjq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ghupa #oy;
khriljYk; ,lk; ngw;wJ. I. eh. rigf;F ,g;Nghiuj; jLj;Jf; nfhs;s
,ayhkw;NghdJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 57 tuyhW> juk; - 11

fk;G+r;rpag; gpur;rpid
1970fspy; mjw;F Kd;ida Kg;gJ
Mz;Lfshf fk;G+r;rpa kd;du; rp`Df;fpd;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; gy;NtW fpsu;r;rpahsu;
fSf;FkpilNa Nkhjy;fs; ,lk; ngw;W
te;jd. rp`Df; kd;du; ngausT ehl;bd;
jiytuhf ,Uf; f > nghy; n ghl; vDk;
ru;thjpfhup ehl;il Mz;L te;jhu;. ,tiu
vjpu;j;J tpal;dhk; gilnaLj;jJ. ,jidr;
rkhspg;gjw;fhf 1985 ,y; I. eh. rigapd;
nrayhsu; ehafk; fk;g+r;rpahtpd; rfy VthAjk;
glk; 5.8
jug;ghUlDk; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jpdhu;.
mjd; gpwF 1989 ,y; tpal;dhkpag; gil fk;g+r;rpahittpl;L mfd;wJ.
1993 ,y; I. eh. rigapd; jiyikapy; Nju;jy; elj;jg;gl;L> Rje;jpu
murhq;fk; xd;W ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Uthz;lh ,d xopg;G
1990 Mk; Mz;bypUe;Nj Utz;lh mur gilfSf;Fk; Utz;lh
Njrg;gpNukpfs; Kd;dzpf;Fk; ,ilNa Nkhjy;fs; Muk;gpj;jd. 1993
,y; ,uz;L gFjpapdUf;Fkpilapy; rkhjhdk; Vw;gl;lhYk; 1994 Vg;uy;
6 Mk; jpfjp Utz; l h> GUz; b [dhjpgjpfs; ,UtUk; tpkhd
tpgj;njhd;wpy; ,we;J NghfNt rz;il %z;lJ. 1994 ,y; I. eh.
rigapd; rkhjhdg;gil xd;W nrd;W epiyikiar; rkhspj;Jtpl;L
kPz;lgpwF kPz;Lk; Utz;lhtpy; `{L> Ll;]p ,dq;fSf;fpilNa
rz;il%z;L tuyhW fhzhj kdpj mtyk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jidAk; I.
eh. rig jiyapl;Nl kPsTk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;Lte;jJ.

nraw;ghL :
I. eh. rigapd; rkhjhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehLfis
ml;ltizg;gLj;jp me;j ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfis mjpy;
cs;slf;Ff

cyfg; nghUshjhu epu;thfk;

nfLgpbg; Nghu; Kbtile; j 1980 Mk; gjpw; W fspy; u\; a h
tPo;r;rpaile;J> Kjyhspj;Jt mzp kl;Lk; vQ;rpapUe;jJ. ,uz;lhk;
cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; ,uz;L Kfhk;fSf;fpilNaAk; Nghl;b
,lk; ngw;wijj; njspthff; fhzf;$bajhapUe;jJ. mjpy; mnkupf;fh

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 58 tuyhW> juk; - 11

Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy; <Lgl;bUe;jJ. mjw;fhf
1949,y; l;&kd; [dhjpgjp “ehd;Kf Ntiyj; jpl;lj;ijr;” nraw;gLj;jp
mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfSf;Fg; nghUshjhu cjtpfis toq;fp
jkJ Mjpff ; KfhKf;Fs; <u;jJ
; f;nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
1948,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l khu;\y; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fKk;> mJNtahFk;.
Nel;Nlh mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ljw;F mJTk; xU fhuzkhFk;.
,Nj Nghd;W mnkupf;fh Vio ehLfSf;F NfhJik> gp];fl;> ghy;>
czTfisAk;> cjtpahf toq;fpaJ. cjhuzkhf “PL - 480”
xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; ,yq;iff;F NfhJik khitf; Fiwe;j tpiyapy;
mJTk; nlhyupy; md;wp> &ghtpy; gzk; nrYj;jf;$ba Kiwapy;
,d;Wtiu toq;fptUfpwJ. 1980 Mk; Mz;L tiu ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiy
khzth;fSf;F gfYzthf Ngh\izr; rf;jp kpff ; gp]f
; l; toq;fpaijAk;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
u\; a h nghJ cilikf; Nfhl; g hl; i lAk; fk; A +dp] Ml; r p
KiwiaAk; gug;Gtjpy; <Lgl;lJ. rPdh> tlnfhupah> fpA+gh> tpal;dhk;>
fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F tpNrlkhf cjtpfis toq;fpaNjhL
mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; Mrpa> Mgpupff
; fz;lq;fisr; Nru;ej
; ehLfSf;F
njhopDl;gk;> fy;tp> fyhrhu cjtpfis toq;fpaJ. cjhuzkhf
,yq;iff;F fsdp uau; njhopw;rhiyiaAk;> Kfj;Jthu khtiuf;Fk;
MiyiaAk; fl; b j; j e; j J. mJ Nghd; N w ,yq; i f Nghd; w
mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfspd; tpQ;QhdpfSf;F ngl;wp]; YKk;gh
el;GwTg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; NtW gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; gapw;rp ngw
re;ju;gg
; j;ij toq;fpAk; khzth;fSf;F tUlhe;jk; Gyikg;guprpy;fisf;
nfhLj;Jk; cjtp Gupe;jJ. me;ehl;L Rankhopfspy; u\;ah murpay;>
,yf;fpak;> NtW nra;jpfisAk; nfhz;l E}y;fisAk; rQ;rpiffisAk;
mr;rpl;L> rYif tpiyapy; toq;fpte;jJ. mjd; %yk; me;ehLfspy;
nghJ cilikf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gug;GtNj mjd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
u\; a hTk; Vida nghJ cilik ehLfSk; mgptpUj; j p
aile;JtUk; ehLfSf;F ,t;thW cjtpfisg; Gupe;J te;Js;sd.
fsdp uau; njhopw;rhiyAk; nfhOk;G Kfj;Jthuj;jpYs;s kh miuf;Fk;
MiyAk; Nrhtpaj; u\;ah mikj;Jj; je;jjhFk;. Jy;`pupa nerthiy
fpof;F N[u;kdpapd; cjtpAld; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
cyfk; G+uhfTk; mjpfkhd ehLfs; 1950 Mk; gjpw;wpy; nghJ
cilik Nfhl; g hl; i lg; gpd; g w; w p jdpahUf; F r; nrhe; j khd
cilikfisj; Njrpa kakhf;Fk; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;lijf;
fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghjpUe;j gy;Njrpa epWtdq;fis
mfw;WtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhapUe;jJ. cjhuzkhf vfpg;jpd; Rna];
fhy;tha; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;lik> ,yq;ifapy; fdpa vz;nza;> thA
cw;gj;jpj; epWtdq;fSk; JiwKfq;fSk; muRilikahf;fg;gl;lik
Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 59 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 ,t; t hwhf cyf ty; y uRfs; jkJ murpay; > nghUspay;
jj;Jtq;fis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jd.
mzprhuh ehLfspd; kfhehL
,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; mnkupf;fh jiyikapyhd
Kjyhspj;Jt KfhKk;> u\;ahtpd; jiyikapyhd nghJ cilik
KfhKk; jj;jkJ murpay;> nghUspay;> jj;Jtq;fis Kd;ndLf;ifapy;
cyfpd; Vida ehLfshd Mrpa> Mgpupf;ff; fz;lq;fisr; rhu;e;j
ehLfs; me;epa Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy ngw;W Rje;jpu muRfisj;
Njhw; W tpj; J f; nfhz; b Ue; j d. me; e hLfspd; r%f> nghUshjhu
epiyfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F cjtp xj;jhir Gupa ,t;tpU Kfhk;fSk;
Kd; t e; j d. mg; g b cjtp toq; F k; jug; g hUf; F NeubahfNth
kiwKfkhfNth MjuT toq;FtJ ,e;ehLfspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;
gpur;rpidfisj; jUtjhapUe;jJ.
Mifahy; > ehLfspd; Rahjpgj; j paj; i jg;
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> r%f> nghUshjhu
eyd;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;
ehLfSf;fpilNa el;GwT> rkhjhd rf tho;it
Nehf; f khff; nfhz; L Mjpf; f Kfhk; f spd;
Ngjq;fspypUe;J tpLgl;L mzprhuh ehLfspd;
mikg;nghd;iw ,e;ehLfs; Muk;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s
Kw;gl;ld.
[t`u;yhy; NeU
1954 ,y; nfhOk;gpYk; 1955 ,y; glk; 5.9
,e;NjhNd\pahtpd; ghz;Lq; efupYk; ele;j Njrj;
jiytu;fspd; kfhehl;by; ,f;fUj;ijf; fye;JiuahlYf;F cl;gLj;jpdu;.
mjpy; ,e;jpag; gpujku; NeU mtu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gQ;rrPyf;
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb 1961 nrg;nlk;gu; 1 Mk; jpfjp A+Nfh];yhtpahtpd;
jiyefuhd ngy;fpNul;by; ,jd; KjyhtJ kfhehL $l;lg;gl;lJ. mjpy;
,yq;if> ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhNd\pah> vfpg;J> A+Nfh];yhtpa ehLfspd;
Njrj; jiytu; f s; fye; J nfhz; l du; . mzprhuh mikg; G f; F
mbg;gilahf mike;j gQ;rrPyf; Nfhl;ghLfs; tUkhW :
01. vy;yh ehLfspdJk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; If;fpaj;jpw;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy;
02. ve;jnthU ,dKk; ,d;ndhU ,dj;ij Mf;fpukpf;fhjpUj;jy;.
03. ve;jnthU ehl;bdJk; cs;ehl;L tplaq;fspy; jiyaplhik.
04. rkj;JtKk; r%f eyDk; Ngzg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; nraw;gly;
05. rkhjhd rftho;it Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 60 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 mLj;jLj;J ,lk;ngw;w kfhehLfs; $l;lg;gl;l Mz;LfSk;>
,lk;ngw;w efh;fSk;> fye;J nfhz;l ehLfspd; njhifAk; tUkhW:
1961 - ngy;fpNul; (A+Nfh];yhtpah) - 45
1964 - nfa;Nuh (vfpg;J) - 47
1970 - Y]hf;fh (rk;gpah) - 53
1973 - my;[pa]; (my;[Pupah) - 75
1976 - nfhOk;G (,yq;if) - 85

nraw;ghL
“Mjpf; f mzpfs; ,uz; L ,Uf; i fapy; $l; L r; Nruhf;
nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu xd;W
tiuf.

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPor

; r
; p
Mrpa - INuhg; g pa fz; l q; f s; ,uz; i lAk; Nru; e ; j ngUk;
epyg;gug;igf; nfhz;bUe;j Nrhtpaj; u\;ah fLk; mjpfhug; Nghf;fpNyNa
Msg;gl;lJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mt;tsT gpukhz;lkhd gpuNjrj;ij Ms;tJ
rpukkhdjhapUe;jJ. mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd murpay; nghwpKiwnahd;W
fhzg; g l; l hYk; ifj; n jhopy; > tptrhaj; Jiwfspyhd epu; t hfk;
gytPdKw;Wr; nrd;wJ. ,jdhy; murpaypYk; nghUspaypYk; rPu;jpUj;jk;
Nkw; n fhs; s Neu; e ; j J. ,Jtiu ,Ue; J te; j nghJ cilikf;
nfhs;iff;Fg; gjpyhf 1980 Mk; gjpw;wpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; mf;fhyj;jpy;
u\; a [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue; j kp`apy; nfhu; g r; N \t; mtu; f shy; >
“ngu];nuha;fh”, “fpsh]; n eh]; l ;” vDk; rP u ; j pUj; j q; f s; mwpKfg; -
gLj;jg;gl;ld. mf;nfhs;ifiaj; njhlu;eJ ; > nfhu;gr;N\tpd; Mjuthsuhd
nay;l;rpd; [dhjpgjpahYk; njhlu;e;J Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. mjd;
gpujpgydhf u\;ah nghJ cilikf; nfhs;ifapy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L
Rje;jpu nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;Wk; ehL xd;whf khwpaJ.
mr;ruP j
; pUj;jq;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzq;fs; tUkhW:
01. mjpfhuthjKk; mjpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfSk;
02. nghJ cilikg; nghUshjhu Kiwahy; Nghl;b
mbg;gilapyhd cw;gj;jp eilngwhik.
03. jpl;lkpl;l nghUshjhukhd gbahy;> Gjpa cw;gj;jp Kiwfs;
Njhd;whikAk; Nghl;bKiwapyhd tpiy epythikAk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 61 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 04. re;ijapd; Njitfisj; njupe;J nfhs;shky; cw;gj;jpia
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
05. Njitf;F Nkyjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;J> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp
itj;Jf; nfhs;sy;
06. ,t;Tw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghl;lhy;> Vw;gLk; el;lj;ij muNr jhq;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jik.
07. kpf mjpfkhd ghJfhg;Gr; nryT.
08. nghJ cilikf; nfhs;ifiag; gug;Gtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
mjpf nryT.
09. Rje;jpu nghUshjhuj;ijg;gw;wp Gjpa jiyKiwapdupilNa
fhzg;gl;l mgpg;gpuhak;.
10. If;fpa mnkupf;fh murpd; ,ufrpa csTr; Nritapd;
nraw;ghLfs;.

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPor

; r
; pahy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;
Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPor
; r
; papd; gpd;dh; Vw;gl;l tpisTfis Njrpa>
ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; Muha;e;J ghu;f;fyhk;.

01. ru;tNjr tpisTfs;

01. nghJ cilikg; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpAw;wik.
02. Kjyhspj; J t mzpapd; jiyik ehlhd If; f pa
mnkupf;fh muR Nghl;bapy;yhj jiyikf;F tuy;.
03. nghJ cilik Kiwik guTtjw;F ,Ue;j #o;epiy
Fiwe;J Nghdik.
04. mZthAj njhopDl;gk; NtW ehLfSf;Fk; gutpaik.
cjhuzkhf :- ,e;jpah> tlnfhupah> <uhd;
05. nfLgpbg; Nghu; Kw;Wg; ngw;wik.
06. MAj cw;gj;jp Nghl;b ,y;yhkw; Nghf Neh;e;jik
07. Nthu;N]h mzp fiye;J Nghdik

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 62 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 02. Njrpakl;lj;jpyhd tpisTfs;;.
01. u\;ah gy ehLfshfg; gphpe;J Nghdik. mitahtd:

01. u\;ah 06. cf;iud; 11. f]f];jhd;

02. ngNyh u\;ah 07. nkhy;Nlypah 12. c];ngfp];jhd;
03. v];Njhdpah 08. N[hu;[pah 13. fpu;fp];jhd;
04. yj;tpah 09. Mu;kPdpah 14. j[pfp];jhd;
05. ypJNtdpah 10. mrh;ig[hd; 15. Lu;f;nkdp];jhd;
02. xNu fl; r p Ml; r pf; F g; gjpyhf gy; f l; r p [dehaf
Ml;rpKiw Vw;gl;lik.
03. nghJ cilik thjg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf
jdp cilikthjg; nghUshjhuk; Vw;gl;lik.
04. murhq; f Kaw; r pahz; i kf; F g; gjpyhf jdpahu;
Kaw;rpahz;ik Vw;gl;lik.
05. Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,y;yhkw; Nghdik.
06. xNuabahf ,wf;Fkjpfs; ngUfpaikahy; gztPf;fk;
Ntfkhff; $br; nrd;wik.
07. ntspehl;Lf; fld;fisg; ngw Neh;e;jik.

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPor

; r
; piaj; njhlu;eJ
; u\;ahtplKk;> mjpypUe;J
gpupe;j ehLfsplkpUe;Jk; mZthAj njhopDl;gk;> Aj;j tpkhdq;fs;>
VthAjq;fs; vd;gd tlnfhupah> ,e;jpah> <uhd; Clhf gaq;futhjpfspd;
iffSf;Fk; nrd;W tpLNkh vd mQ;rg;gLfpwJ.
Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpy; Gjpa nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jk; mwpKfg;
gLj;jg;gl;lijj; njhlu;eJ
; fpsu;rr
; pAw;w [df; $l;lk; nghJ cilikia
,opTgLj;jp> nydpdJ rpiyfisAk; mopj;njhopj;jdu;. nydpd; fpNul;
rJf;fk;> mjd; gioa ngauhd gPl;lu;]; Ngu;f; rJf;fk; vdg; ngau;
khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd;whYk; ehl;by; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhur; rPu;FiyTk;
mjpfupj;j gztPf;fKk;> czTg; nghUl;fSf;fhd jl;Lg;ghLk;> Ntiy
tha;g;gpd;ikAk; 1990Mk; gjpw;wpd; Kbtpy; “kPz;Lk; nghJ cilik
thjj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;” vDk; kdg;Nghf;F u\;ahntq;Fk;
gutpr; nrd;wJ. ,jdhy; kWrPuikg;ig Mjupj;j nay;l] ; pDf;Fg; gjpyhf
mLj;j Nju;jypy; nghJ cilikthjf; fl;rpg; gpujpepjpahd tpyhbkpu;
Gl;bd; [dhjpgjpahfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mtu; ngNyh u\;ah cl;gl>
gpupe;J nrd;w rpy FbauRfis xd;wpizj;J u\;ag; nghJ eythaj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 63 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 Nrhtpaj; u\;ah tPo;r;rpaile;jikahy;> fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfs;
Nel;Nlh mikg;ig vjpu;nfhs;tjw;F cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l Nthu;Nrh
mikg;G fiyf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. mj;NjhL A+Nfh];Nytpa>
nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpa ehLfs; gpsTz;L Nghapd. fpof;F N[u;kdp>
Nkw;F N[u;kdpAld; xd;wpize;jJ. fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspy;
nghJ cilikthjk; mfd;W Kjyhspj;Jt thjg; nghUshjhuKk;
[dehaf Ml;rpKiwAk; Vw;gl;ljw;F u\;ahtpd; MjuT
fpilf;fhkw;NghdJk;. fhuzkhFk;. ,jd;gb cyfpy; nghJ cilikthjk;
guTtJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ.
nraw;ghL :
1. Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfisg; guprPypf;f.
2. Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPo;r;rpapd; gpd;du; cUthd Gjpa
,uhr; r paq; f isg; gw; w pa jfty; f is Nrfupg; g NjhL>
GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; mtw;iwf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
3. A+Nfh]; N yhtpahtpypUe; J gpupe; J cUthd ehLfis
epytiuapd; cjtpNahL gl;bay;gLj;Jf.

[g;ghdpd; vOr;rp
,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fg; gpd;du;
cyf ty;yuRfspd; epiyf;F vOr;rpAw;w
Kf;fpa MrpaehL [g;ghdhFk;.`pNuh\pkh>
ehf\hfp moptpd; gpd;du; khh;\y; jpl;lj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L [g;ghd; vOr;rpaile;j
tpjj;ij ,q;F mtjhdpj;Jg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; tiuahd fhyj;jpy;
[g;ghdpd; ifj;njhopyf
; Sf;fhfj; Njitg;gl;l
%yg;nghUl;fs;> fdpa vz;nza;> epyf;fup>
gpA+[pahkh vupkiy
kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd czTg; nghUl;fs; glk; 5.10
midj;Jk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. [g;ghdpd;
tsg; gw;whf;FiwNa ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf
midj;J njhopw;rhiyfSk; nraw;ghlw;Wg; Nghapd. mtu;fs; Aj;jj;jpy;
ifg;gw;wpa ehLfisj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;f Neh;e;jikahy;> [g;ghdpd;
vy;iy RUq;fpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
If;fpa mnkupf;f muRg; gilfs; [g;ghdpy; epiy nfhs;sy;
[g;ghd; Aj;jj;jpy; Njhy;tpAw;wJld; lf;s]; nkf; Mj;ju; jsgjpapd;
fPohd gilnahd;W [g;ghDs; gpuNtrpj;jJ. [g;ghdpd; Aj;j tYitf;

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 64 tuyhW> juk; - 11

Fiwj;jy;> [g;ghDf;F [dehaf Ml;rp Kiw xd;iw mwpKfQ; nra;jy;
vd;gtw;iw mtu;fSila gpujhd Nehf;fq;fshff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
[g;ghd; mile;j Kd;Ndw;wj;ij murpay;> nghUspay;> r%fk;>
fyhrhuk; vDk; jiyg;Gfspy; fye;JiuahLNthk;.
murpay; Kd;Ndw;wk;
1946 ,y; nkf; Mj;ju; jsgjpapd; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; Gjpa Idehaf
Ml;rpKiw xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ> mJ 1947 Nk 3 Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J
nraw; g Lj; j g; g l; l J. mjd; g b [g; g hdpa kf; f s; rkhjhdj; j pdJk;
[dehafj; j pdJk; cau; e ; j Nehf; f q; f isf; fhg; g hw; W tjw; F f;
flg;ghLilNahuhapdu;.
“[g;ghdpa kf;fshfpa ahk; rkhjhdj;ij vd;Wk; MrpgN
; ghk;......
rkhjhdj;ijf; fhg;gjw;Fk; nfh^u Ml;rp> mbikj;Jtk;> kf;fspd;
Jd;gk;> nghWikapd;ik vd;gtw;iw ,g;G+kpapypUe;J mfw;Wtjw;F
Kaw;rpf;Fk; ru;tNjr r%fj;Jf;F nfsutkhd ,lnkhd;iwg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F KOkdJld; xj;Jiog;Nghk;”.
- [g;ghdpa murpay; ahg;G
,uz; l hk; cyf kfh
Aj;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; [g;ghdpag;
Nguurplk; ehl;bd; nghJ
kf;fspd; ,iwik xg;gilf;fg;
gl;bUe;jJ. Gjpa ahg;gpd;gb
ehl;bd; jiyik muruplKk;>
epu;thfj; jiyik kf;fshy;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l ghuhSkd;wj;
jplKk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ehl;L
epu;thfj;jpy; ve;j mjpfhuKk;
NguurUf;F toq;fg;gltpy;iy. [g;ghdpa mur khspif
glk; 5.11
gpujkiu epakpj;jy;> ePjpauru;
fis epakpjj ; y; Nghd;w ngaustpyhd flikfs; Nghd;witNa mtuplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. gpujku;> lal; vdg;gLk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigahy;
ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJld;> ePjpaurh;fs;> mikr;ruitapdhy; ngau;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gpd;du;> Nguuru; epakdj;ij nra;thu;. mikr;ruitapd;
Ntz;LNfhspd;gb lal; rigiaf; $l;Ljy;> nfsutg; gl;lq;fis
toq;Fjy;> kf;fspd; ngauhy; rl;lj;ijg; gpwg;gpj;jy;> xg;ge;jq;fspy;
ifnaOj;jply; vd;gdTk; Nguurupd; nghWg;GfshFk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 65 tuyhW> juk; - 11

lal; (gpujpepjpfs;) rig
1947,y; nkf; Mj;jupd; murpay;
ahg;gpd;gb cUthf;fg;gl;l
ghuhSkd;wk; lal;rig vdg;gLk;. mJ
486 Ngiuf; nfhz;l kf;fs; gpujp epjpfs;
rigahYk;> 250 gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l
MNyhridr; (Nky; ) rigahYk;
MdJ. 123 Nju;jy; njhFjpfspy; xd;W
ePqf
; yhf Vida midj;Jk; gy;Nju;jy;
njhFjpfshFk;. ,tw;wpy; xt;nthd;
lal; rig
wpypUe;Jk; 2 - 5 gpujpepjpfs; njupT
nra;ag;gLtu;.
,r; rigapd; MAl; fhyk; 4 Mz;LfshFk;. MNyhridr; rigapd;
MAl; fhyk; 06 tUlq;fs; MFk;. %d;whz;LfSf;F xUKiw ghjpg;Ngh;
tPjk; njupthtu;. 20 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l midtUf;Fk; thf;FupikAz;L.
fl;rp mbg;gilapyhd Nju;jy; ,lk; ngWk;. vy;yhr; rl;lq;fSk; ,tw;wpy;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; Nguurupd; mDkjp ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; - epu;thfk;
Nguuruplk; ,Ue;j rfy epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fSk; gpujkh; cs;spll ;
mikr;ruitaplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mikr;ru;fspd; njhif 18,w;F
Nkw;glhjpUf;Fk;. mtu;fs; midtUk; lal; rigf;F $l;lhfg; nghWg;Gr;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. mikr;rh;fis epakpg;gJk; ePf;FtJk; gpujkupd;
mjpfhuq;fshFk;. jw;NghJ gpujkupd; epu;thfj;jpd;fPo; mikr;Rf;fs; 12
ck; V[d;]pfs; 5 ck; RNar;irahd fzf;fha;Tr; rig xd;Wk;
nraw;gLfpd;wd.
cs;@uhl; r p
[g;ghdpd; cs;@uhl;rp 46 gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ. Nlhf;fpNah efuk;
,jpy; xd;whFk;. gpuNjr rig> efurig> fpuhk rig vDk; mikg;Gfshy;
cs;@
; uhl;rpr; rigapd; nraw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

ePjpj;Jiw
1889 Nk[p murpay; ahg;gpd;gb ePjpkd;w nraw;ghLfs; XusTf;F
cau; epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;fpaJ. Gjpa ahg;gpd;gb mJ Rje;jpukhd
mikg;nghd;whf;fg;gl;lJ. cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fSf;F Xa;T ngWk;
tiu my;yJ 10 tUlq;fs; tiu Nritahw;w KbAk;. mtu;fspilNa
Coy; fhzg;gl;lhy;> MNyhridr; (Nky;) rigapd; gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;l FO xd;why; guprPyid nra;ag;gLk;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 66 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 cau; ePjpkd;wk; gpujk ePjpaurUld; 14 ePjpauru;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
fPoe
; j
P pkd;wq;fspy; ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;> cau;ej P pkd;wj;jhy; toq;fg;gLk;
ngau;g; gl;baypypUe;J mikr;ruitahy; njhpT nra;ag;gLk;.

ntspehl;LwT

[g;ghdpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfspd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhf>

rkhjhdk;> jd;dpiwT> Rje;jpuk;> kdpj tu;f;fj;jpd; eyd;fspy; gq;F
ngWjy; vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpdd; u; 1947,y; mwpKfkhd Gjpa murpay;

ahg;G el;G ehLfspd; nry;thf;fhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1951 nrg;nlk;gu;
khjk; mnkupf;fhtpd; nrd;gpud;rp];Nfh efupy; [g;ghDk; 48 ehLfSk;
ifnaOj;jpl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; mJ Rje;jpu munrhd;whf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1956,y; [g;ghd; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; mq;fk; ngw;W>
mjd; RWRWg;ghd mq;fj;jtuhf khwpAs;sJ.

1951,y; [g;ghDk; mnkupf;fhTk; ghJfhg;G xj;Jiog;G xg;ge;jk;

xd;iwr; nra;Jnfhz;ld. 1960,y; mJ jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lNjhL>
mt;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; mnkupf;f gilfSf;F [g;ghdpy; jq;fpapUf;f
mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;lJ. 1952,y; [g;ghd;> rPdhTlDk; rkhjhd xg;ge;jk;
nra; J nfhz; l J. mjd; %yk; Kd; G epytpa gifAzu; i tj;
jdpj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F mJ Kaw;rpj;jJ. mNj Nghd;W 1956,y; [g;ghd;>
u\;ahTld; J}jufj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. NkYk; [g;ghd;>
Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfSld; nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G
eltbf; i ffis Nkw; n fhz; L s; s J. 1965Mk; Mz; b y; [g; g hd;
mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfSf;F toq;fpa cjtp 485 kpy;ypad;
nlhyu;fshFk;. [g;ghd; jdJ Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; xU tPjj;ij
tUlhe;jk; ntspehl;L cjtpahf xJf;fp tUfpwJ. 1966 ,y; 200 kpyy
; pad;
nlhyu;fis Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapy; KjyPL nra;jjd; %yk; 20
tP j gq; F f; F cupikahsuhdJ. 1955,y; [g; g hd; GATT - fl;
(tpahghuj;jpw;Fk; jPu;itf;Fkhd nghJ cld;gbf;if - I. eh. rig)
jhgdj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. 1964,y; IMF - (ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;
- I. eh. rig) ,y; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk;
ehLfSf;F njhopDl;g mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhf 1960 Mk;
Mz;Ltiu 18 ehLfspy; gapw;rp epiyaq;fis epWtpAs;sJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 67 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 [g;ghdpd; nghUshjhu tsu;rr
; p
[g;ghd; 1960 ,y; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffSf;fhf Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lk; xd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhYk; 1966 ,y; gztPf;fk; mjpfupj;-
jikahy; mJ rhj;jpakilatpy;iy. [g;ghdpah;fspd; gpujhd czT
NrhW vd; g jdhy; > ney; i yAk;
mjDld; NfhJik> ghu;yp Nghd;w-
tw;iwAk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wdu;.
,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpw;F Kd;du;
gpuGf; f Sf; N f epyk; nrhe; j khf
,Ue;jikahy;> tptrhapfs; nrhe;j
epykw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. Gjpa
murpay; ahg;ghy; Nguurupd;
mjpfhuq;fs; mfw;wg;gl;likahy;
gpuGf;fspdJk; Mjpf;fk; kiwe;J
NghdJ. mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa `pNuhrpkh Fz;L ntbg;G
rPu;jpUj;jq;fspdhy; epyk; epidTr; rpd;dkhd rkhjhdg; G+q;fh
glk; 5.13
tptrhapfSf;fhdJ. KO epyj;jpYk;
gapuplf;$ba gug;gsT 16.2% kl;LNk. ,jdhy; 2.5 Vf;fu; gug;gsitf;
nfhz;l rpwpa tptrhag; gz;izfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. tpistpf;ff;$ba
epyj;jpd; xt;nthW mq;Fyj;ijAk; gapu;r; nra;iff;Fl;gLj;jpapUg;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,ae;jpukag;gLj;jg;gl;l etPd cw;gj;jp Kiwfs;
ifahsg;gLtjhy; tpisr;ry; ntFthf mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. Gw;wiufs;
fhzg; g lhikahy; tpyq; F Ntshz; i k Fiwe; j stpNyNa ,lk;
ngWfpwJ. ,q;F 1964 ,y; KO epyg;gug;gpYk; 2/3 gq;F fhlhff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. me;ehl;bd; kuj; Njitf;fhf ntspehLfspypUe;J kuq;fs;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd vd;whYk; kPsf; fhlhf;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLfpd;wJ.
MjpapypUe;Nj kPd;gpbapy; [g;ghd; Kd;dzpapy; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sJ.
1961 - 1964 fhy fl;lj;jpy; mur jiyaPl;lhy; kPd; cw;gj;jp mjpfupj;jJ.
[g;ghdpd; ifj;njhopy; Mf;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa gpujhd fhuzp
kpd;rf;jpahFk;.

[g;ghdpd; tpisahl;luq;F
glk; 5.14

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 68 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 $ba kiotPor; r
; piag; ngWk; ehlhdgbahy;> 1955 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
KO nkhj;j kpd;Dw;gj;jpapy; 70% ePuhNyNa ngwg;gl;lJ. 1968Mk;
Mz;lhFk; NghJ cyfpNyNa mjpfsT kpdr ; huj;ij tPlL
; g; ghtidf;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jk; ehlhf [g;ghd; jpfo;e;jJ. 1962,y; mdy; kpd;idAk;
1965,y; mZkpd;idAk; cw;gj;jp nra;aj; njhlq;fpaJ.
[g;ghd; fdpa tsj;ijg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; Xu; Vio ehlhFk;.
mq;F mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;
epyf; f upAk; ghtidf; F nghUj; j
khdjy;y. fhuPak;> Jj;jehfk;> M]dpf>;
fe;jfk;> Rz;zf;fy;> rpypfh> nlhyikl;>
ngy;];ghu;> [pg;]k; Nghd;w fdpaq;fs;
Fwpgg
; plj;jf;f mstpy; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d.
fdpa vz;nzapd; KOj; Njitapy;
[g;ghdpa vz;nza;f; fg;gy; 2% c s ; e h l ; b y p U e ; N j n g w ; W f ;
glk; 5.15 nfhs;sg;gLfpdw ; J. ,jdhy; me;ehl;Lf;-
Fj; Njitg;gLk; fdpaq;fSs; 90 tPjj;ijAk; ntspehLfspypUe;Nj
,wf;Fkjp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. vd;whYk; mtu;fSila
ifj;njhopy;Jiw kpfTk; rpwg;ghd epiyapYs;sJ.

ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jp
,Ugjhk; E}w; w hz; l hFk;
NghJ [g;ghdpy; ,yF ifj;njhopy;
cw;gj;jpNa Kf;fpakhdjhf
,Ue;jJ. 1930Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ
ghupa cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fs;
Muk;gkhapd vd;w NghjpYk; mf;
ifj;njhopyf; Sk; $l Fwpgg; plj;jf;f
Gifapuj epiyaj;jpy; epw;Fk; kf;fs;
msT jpUg;jpahdjhf ,Uf;ftpyi ; y. glk; 5.16
,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ
[g;ghdpd; ifj;njhopy;fs; Kw;whf ];jk;gpj;Jg; Ngha;tpl;ld. Aj;jj;jpd;
gpwF %d;W fl;lq;fspD}lhf ifj;njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mtjhdpff ; yhk;
1 Mk; fl;lk; - 1945 - 1952 Gduikg;Gf; fhyk; - ifj;njhopy;fis
kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
2 Mk; fl;lk; -1952 - 1959 xd;wpizf;Fk; fhyk; - gue;j njhlu;Gfisf;
ifahSjy;.
3 Mk; fl;lk; -1960 - 1967 vOr;rpngWk; fhyk; - gy;NtWgl;l
ifj;njhopy;fspYk; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 69 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 gzf;fhu KjyPll ; hsu;fs; ,Ue;jik
ifj; n jhopypd; ntw; w pf; F f; fhuz
khapUe;jJ. MapDk; [g;ghdpa tuyhw;wpy;
ngUk; mu;g;gzpg;Gk; xOq;FNk mjd;
Kd; N dw; w j; j pd; mbg; g il vdyhk; .
gz; l q; f spd; juKk; KO cyfpYk;
tu;j;jff; fz;fhl;rpfis elj;jpaikAk; ,uz;L khb Gifapujk;
N[u;kdpapdJk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpdJk; glk; 5.17
tpiyfis tplf; Fiwthd tpiyapy;
tpw;wJk; Gjpa njhopDl;gj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jpaJkhd fhuzq;fshy; [g;ghdpd;
ifj;njhopy; ngUk; ntw;wpaspj;jJ.

Nkhl;lhu; thfd njhopwr

; hiy
glk; 5.18

Kf;fpakhd ifj;njhopy;fs; tUkhW

v fg;gy; fl;Le; njhopypy; etPd El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; Kd;dzp
tfpj;jJ. 1956,y; cyfpNy fg;gy; fl;Ljypy; Kjyplj;jpw;F te;jJ.
v Gifapuj cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy; - 1960Mk; gjpwW; fspy; Mu;[d;Bdh>
u\;ah> rT+jp mNugpah ehLfSf;F mjpNtf vd;[pdf ; isf; nfhz;l
Gifapujq;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;jJ.
v 1960 Mk; gjpw;wpy; [g;ghdpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l njhiyf;fhl;rp>
thndhyp> Fsp&l;b> kpd;Dgfuzq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cyfpy;
ve;jnthU ehl;bYk; fhzf;$bajhapUe;jJ. 1965,y; 612 kpy;ypad;
nlhyUf;F ,t;Tgfuzq;fs; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
v 1966,y; cyf Nkhl;lhu; thfd cw;gj;jpapy; ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ijg;
gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. 1990Mk; gjpw;wpy; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTf;Fk;
ngUQ; rthyha; mikAk; tz; z k; mJ ,j; J iwapy;
tsu;r;rpngw;wJ.
v 1960 - 1965 fhyfl;lj;jpy; cyfpd; gpujhd Nkhl;lhu; irf;fps;
cw;gj;jp ehlhf [g;ghd; ,Ue;jJ. jdJ cw;gj;jpia gjpide;J
klq;fhy; mjpfupjpj;Jf; nfhs;s mjdhy; Kbe;jJ.
v [g;ghdpy; ,Uk;Gj; jhJk; epyf;fupAk; ,y;yhjNghJk;> ntspehLfspy;
,Ue;J mjid ,wf;Fkjp nra;J ,Uk;G cUf;Fr; re;ijapy;
Kd;dzp ehlhf kpspu;fpd;wJ. 1965,y; 27>502>000 njhd; ,Uk;igAk;
41>161>000 njhd; cUf;ifAk; mJ cw;gj;jp nra;J cyfpy;
%d;whtJ ,lj;Jf;F te;jJ. 1960,y; JUg;gpbf;fhj ,Uk;ig
cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; cyfpy; %d;whk; ,lj;ij Vw;fdNt ngw;wpUe;jJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 70 tuyhW> juk; - 11
v Gifg; g lf; f Utp> %f; F f; f z; z hb> njhiyNehf; f p vd; g dTk;
Gfo;ngw;w cw;gj;jpfshFk;.
v ,jd; cgfuzq;fs; KO cyfpYk; Fwpg;ghf MrpahtpYk; kpfg;
gpurpj;jkhdit.
ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;
[g; g hdpd; KOg; nghUshjhuKk; ru; t Njr tu; j ; j fj; j pd; kP N j
jq;fpapUe;jJ vd;gJ ntspg;gilahdjhFk;. [g;ghdpy; %yg;nghUl;fs;
NghjpasT ,y;yhj gbahy;> ,jw;fhf ntspehLfspypUe;Nj mtw;iwg;
ngwNtz;bapUe;jJ. Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;tjhapd; 90% %yg;nghUl;fSk;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. ,tw;iwj; jkJ njhopy; El;gj;jhy;> KbTg;
nghUshf khw;wp Vw;Wkjp nra;tjpNyNa mjd; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;
jq;fpapUe;jJ. 1961 ,y; me;ehl;bd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy; 55% ntspehl;Lr;
re;ijia ,yf;fhff;nfhz;Nl cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L Vw;Wkjpahapd.
[g;ghdpa cw;gj;jpfspy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;j rpwg;gk;rq;fshf mjd;
Nghl;bj;jd;ikahd tpiy> ftu;r;rpahd jd;ik> ePz;lfhyg; ghtid
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jdhy; cyfk; KOtjpYk; ,th;fSila
nghUl;fs; [duQ;rfkhapd.
r%f epiyik
[g;ghd; ifj;njhopy;kakhdgbahy;> ngUe;njhifahd kf;fs;
efiu Nehf;fp tu Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,jdhy; 1960Mk; gjpw;wpd; Kbtpy;
[g;ghd; efukakhd xU ehlhf khw;wKw;wJ.
je;ijia Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l r%fkhd [g;ghdpy;> tPl;Lg;
ghtidf;F etPd nghUl;fs; te;jikahy; tPl;L Ntiyg;gS Fiwe;J
[g;ghdpag; ngz;fSf;F NghjpasT Rje;jpuk; fpl;baJ. ,jdhy; mtu;fs;
cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspy; <Lglj;njhlq;fpdu;. Gjpa ahg;gpdg
; b Foe;ijia
tsu;g;gJ> fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ vd;git je;ijapdJk;
nghWg;ghFk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. [g;ghdpaf; FLk;gq;fspDs;
je;ijapd; Mjpgj;jpak; Gjpa kWrPuikg;Gfspd; gpdd
; u; Fiwtile;Js;sJ.
mjd; g b [g; g hdpa ,sty; f s; kpfTk; gue; J gl; l Rje; j puj; i j
mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;.
r%f eyd;Gupr; Nritfs;
,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; ifj;njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
mbg;gilahf itj;J> njhopyhsh;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J njhopw;rq;fq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mtw;wpy; fhzf;$ba rpwg;ghd gz;ghff;
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;baJ> mtu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; cWjpahd ek;gpf;ifAk;>
xOf;fKk; MFk;. 1965 MFk; NghJ 53>000 njhopw;rq;fq;fs; [g;ghdpy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 71 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 ,uz; l hk; cyfg; N ghupd; gpd; d u;
njhopyhsUf; f hd eyd; G upr; Nritfs;
Ngustpy; mgptpUj;jpAw;Ws;sd.
ifj;njhopy; kaj;Jld; #oy; khRwYk;
Vw; g l; l ikahy; > [g; g hdpaUf; F #oy;
ghJfhg;Gf;fhf ngUe; njhifiar; nryT
nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ. 1960 Mk; Mz;Lfspd;
Kbtpy; khRw; w eP i ur; Rj; j pfupg; g jw; F k; [g;ghdpa FLk;gk;
fopTfis Kfhikj; J tg; g Lj; J tjw; F k; glk; 5.19
mtu;fsJ ftdk; <u;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Viofisg; g w; w pa rl; l k; > tyJ
Fiwe;Njhu;> Foe;ijfs; eyd;Gupr; rl;lk;>
njhopyf; spy; <Lgl;Ls;NshUf;fhd fhg;GWjp>
nghJ kf;fs; fhg;GWjpr; rl;lk;> eyd;Gup>
Xa;T+jpa fhg;GWjpr; rl;lk;> jha; - Nra;
ey fhg;GWjp> tNahjpgh;fspd; eyd; fhg;Gr;
rl;lq;fs; Nghd;w rl;ljpl;lq;fs;
gytw;iwAk; 1950 Mk; gjpw;wpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;. 1964 MFk; NghJ 98.5%
Gjpa tPL glk; 5.20
NgUf; F itj; j paf; fhg; G Wjp trjp
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghiu mLj;J fLikahd tPl;Lj; jl;Lg;ghL
epytpaJ. 1955 ,y; murhq;fk; tPlikg;gpy; <Lgl;L> tUlhe;jk; %d;W
,yl;rk; tPLfs; tPjk; fl;bnaOg;gpaJ. 1964 ,y; vl;L ,yl;rj;J ehw;gj;J
%thapuk; tPLfis mikj;jNjhL> jdpahUf;F tPlikg;Gf; fldhf
98>513 kpy;ypad; njhifiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ. murhq;fj;jhy;
epuk
; hzpff ; g;gl;lit khbtPLfshFk;. mJ [g;ghdpa kf;fs; tho;fi ; fiag;
Gjpa ghijapy; ,l;Lr; nry;tjw;F topNfhypaJ.

fy;tp
[g;ghdpy; 1947 ,y; ,aw;wg;gl;l fy;tp
rk;ge;jkhd Muk;gr; rl;lKk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpr;
rl;lKk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjd;gb 15 taJ
tiu fl;lhaf; fy;tpia ,ytrkhfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;syhk;.
,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpdG
; fy;tpj;
jpizf;fsj;jhNyNa fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffs; fdp\l ; gphpT ghlrhiyapy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. E}yfq;fs;> E}jd rhiyfs; kjpa czT glk; 5.20
Nghd; w gy; N tW epWtdq; f Sf; F k; fy; t pj;
Jiwf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jd.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 72 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 1966Mk; Mz;lstpy; Ig;ghdpa
gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;F If;fpa mnkupf;fh
njd; nfhupah> rPdh Mfpa ehLfspypUe;J
6990 Ma;thsu;fs; rKfkspj;jdu;. [g;ghdpag;
gy; f iyf; f ofq; f spy; fw; N ghupy; Kg; g J
tPjj;jpdu; tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy; fw;ifia
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. cau; fdp\;l ghlrhiyapd;
tFg;giw

rka> fyhrhu epyik

[g;ghdpd; gpujhd rkak; ngsj;jKk;>
\pz;NlhTk; MFk;. jpUkz> kuzr;
rlq;Ffspd; NghJ $basT rkaf; fpupiafis
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. nfhd;gpA+]pa]pd;
NghjidfSk; jj;Jtnkhd;whf eilKiwapy;
cs;sJ. Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpd;gb murhq;fk;
ve;jnthU rka fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffspYk; Gj;ju; rpiy
glk; - 23
<LgLtjpyi ; y.
,Nj Nghd;W rpj;jpu> rpw;gf; fiyfspYk; Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;Nj
[g;ghd; gpurpj;jkile;jpUe;jNjhL 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; Nkw;fj;jpa
nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpd; ‘cfpNaht;” vDk; rpj;jpuf; fiy
INuhg;ghtpYk; gutpAs;sJ. mNj Nghy; [g;ghdpy; tUlhe;jk; eilngWk;
“Nlhf;fpNah igNdhy;” vDk; rpj;jpuf; fz;fhl;rp cyfpy; elj;jg;gLk;
gpukhz;lkhdfz;fhl;rpfSs; xd;whFk;.
rk;gpujha rq;fPjk; Nghd;W> Nkw;fj;ija rq;fPjKk; [g;ghdpy; kpfg;
gpurpj;jkhdjhFk;. 1961 ,y; [g;ghdpy; ,lk;ngw;w fpof;FNkw;F rq;fPjf;
fr;Nrup ,jw;Fr; rpwe;jnjhU cjhuzkhFk;.
tpisahl;Lj;JiwapYk;> rk;gpu
jha G+u;tkhd RNkh> [_Nlh> nfe;Njh
(thl;Nghu;)> vd;gd [duQ;rfkhdit
ahFk; . 1964,y; Nlhf; f pNahtpy;
eilngw;w 18 tJ xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy;
Fj;Jr;rz;il> ky;Aj;jk;> fug;ge;J>
ghue;J}f;Fjy;> [_Nlh> clw;gapw;rpg;
Nghl; b fspy; jq; f g; gjf; f q; f is
ntd;W %d;whk; ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
GJ tUl tpLKiwapy;
kf;fspd; G+i[

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 73 tuyhW> juk; - 11

nfhs;tjw;F [g;ghdhy; KbAkhapUe;jJ. Ng];Nghy;> nfhy;g;> ePr;ry;
vd;gd [duQ;rfkile;Js;sd.
,d;W [g;ghd; cyfpd; nry;te;j> cau; njhopDl;gk; tha;ff
; g;ngw;w
ehlhf kpspu;fpwJ. [g;ghdpa kf;fsJ tpidj;jpwd; 2006 Mk; Mz;by;
104% MFk;. cyfpy; cau;ej ; tho;fi
; fj; jukhd HDI (khDl mgptpUj;jpr;
Rl;nlz;) ngWkhdj;jpYk; mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; Kjyhk; ,lj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
,t;thW [g;ghd; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpy; Fg;Gw tpOe;jhYk;
rk;gpujha G+u;tkhd fiy> fyhrhu mk;rq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;L>
etPd njhopDl;gj;jpD}lhfTk; ey;nyz;zq;fshYk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j
,dkhf vOr;rpAw;W cyfpd; VO ifj;njhopy; (G - 7) ty;yuRfSs;
xd;whf> mJTk; Mrpahtpy; xd;Nw xd;whfj; jiy epkpu;e;J epw;fpwJ.

gapw;rp
01. Kjyhk; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jq;fspy; If;fpa mnkupf;f
muR <Lgl Neh;ej
; ikf;fhd fhuzq;fis KiwNa Fwpgg ; pLf.
02. If;fpa mnkupf;fh Kjyhspj;Jt mzpapd; jiyikia Vw;w
gpd;du; gpd;gw;wpa nraw;ghLfs; ahit ?
03. jw;NghJk; nghJ cilikthjk; epyTk; ehLfs; %d;wpd;
ngau; Fwpg;gpLf ?
04. nfLgpb Aj;jk; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ ?
05. ,g;ghlj;jpy; gpu];jhgpf;fg;glhj I. eh. rigapd; rkhjhd
eltbf;iffs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf ?
06. If;fpa mnkupf;f ,uhZtk; [g;ghdpy; gpuNtrpj;jjw;fhd
gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; ,uz;Lk; vit ?
07. milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs;spUe;J nghUj;jkhd nrhy;iyj; njupT
nra;J ,ilntspfis epug;Gf.
(Nel;Nlh / Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; / T+l;Nuh tpy;rd; / ,yq;if /
1961 / ,e;jpah/ A+Nfh];Nyhtpah / ,];Nuy; / Ra];fhy;tha; /
&];nty;l / lal; Nthu;Nrh)
7.1 ru;tNjr rq;fj;ij mikg;gjpy; Kd;Ndhbahfr; nraw;gl;l
If;fpa mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp ..........................................
7.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ If;fpa mnkupf;f
[dhjpgjp ....................................
7.3 tl mj; j pyhe; j pf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg; G xg; g e; j k;
................... vd RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;lg;gLfpwJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 74 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 7.4 1948 ,y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l ngy;gu; mwpf;ifapd; gb
............................ vDk; ehL cUthdJ.
7.5 Nel;Nlh mikg;ig vjph;nfhs;tjw;fhf nghJ cilik
ehLfs; ................................... mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jf;
nfhz;ld.
7.6 ];lhypd; nghUshjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
........................ nraw;gLj;jpdhu;.
7.7 1956 ,y; vfpg;jpa [dhjpgjp ............................... Njrpa
cilikahf;fpdhu;.
7.8 $l;Lr; Nruh kfhehL .................................. Mz;by;
.............................. ehl;by; Kjy; Kiw $baJ.
7.9. [g;ghdpag; ghuhSkd;wk; ................................ vdf; Fwpgg
; plg;gLk;.

08. fP o ; t Uk; $w; W f; f s; rupah> gpioah vdf; f z; L (ü/û)

milahsj;ij ,Lf.
8.1 [g;ghdpy; ,Uk;Gk; fdpa vz;nzAk; epiwaf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd ( )
8.2 [g;ghdpag; Nguurhplk; me;ehl;bd;
epiwNtw;wjpfhuk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ( )
8.3 [g;ghdpd; cfpNaht; vDk; rpj;jpuf; fiy kuG
INuhg;ghtpYk; nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ ( )
8.4 NgHs; JiwKfj;ij [g;ghd; jhf;fpaikNa
If;fpa mnkupf;fh Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;F
tuf; fhuzkhdJ. ( )
8.5 1951 ,y; rd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh xg;ge;jj;jpy;
ifnaOj;jpl;ljd; %yk; [g;ghd;
Rje;jpukile;jJ. ( )
8.6 f;sh];neh];l;> ngu];nuhapfh vDk;
rPu;jpUj;jq;fNs u\;ahtpy; jdp cilikg;
nghUshjhuj;Jf;F toptFj;jd. ( )
8.7 Nrhtpaj; u\;ah jw;NghJ 22 ehLfshfg;
gphpe;JNghAs;sJ. ( )
8.8 $l;Lr;Nruh ehLfs; mikg;G gQ;rrPyf;
Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdJ ( )
8.9 1994 ,y; Uthz;lhTf;F I. ehLfspd;
rkhjhdg;gil mDg;ggl;lJ ( )
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 75 tuyhW> juk; - 11
09. cyfg;glj;jpy; fPo;tUk; ,lq;fisf;; Fwpg;gpLf.
ehLfs; efu;fs;
1. fpA+gh 1. nrd;. gpuhd;rp];Nfh
2. gpypg;igd;]; 2. nl`;uhd;
3. [g;ghd; 3. ngh;ypd;
4. gpupj;jhdpah 4. Ngu;s; JiwKfk;
5. <uhf; 5. nrd;. gPl;lh;]; Ngu;f;
10. “m” njhFjpapYs;s tplaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd “M” njhFjpapYs;s
tplaj;ijj; njhpe;J cupa vOj;ij ,Lf.
m M

10.1 ngy;nghl; ( ) m. fpA+ghtpd; ngb];lh Ml;rpiag;

gjtp ftpo;j;jtu;

10.2 ngl;wp]; YYk;gh el;GwTg; M. u\;ahtpd; ru;thjpfhu

gy;fiyf;fofk; ( ) Ml;rpahsu;

10.3 gpnly; f];l;Nuh ( ) ,. $l;Lr;Nruh kfhehl;by;

gQ;rrPyf; Nfhl;ghl;ilr;
rku;g;gpj;jtu;

10.4 N[h]g; ];lhypd; ( ) <. fk;G+r;rpahtpd; ru;thjpfhup

10.5 =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f ( ) c. u\;ahtpy; cs;sJ

10.6 = [t`u;yhy; NeU ( ) C. $l;Lr;Nruh kfhehl;Lf;F 1976

,y; jiyik tfpj;jtu;.

10.7 Y}rpjhdpah %o;fbg;G ( ) v. gpupj;jhdpag; gpujk mikr;ru;

10.8 tpd;];ld; Nru;r;rpy; ( ) V. If; f pa mnkupf; f h FbauR

Nghupy; <Lglf;fhuzk;

10.9 nydpd; ( ) I. [g; g hid ntw; w p nfhz; l

jsgjp

10.10 lf;s]; kf; Mj;ju; ( ) x. nghJ cilik Ml; r pia

Kjypy; ];jhgpj;jtu;

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 76 tuyhW> juk; - 11