Basic Computer Organization & Design 1

BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN

• Instruction Codes

• Computer Registers

• Computer Instructions

• Timing and Control

• Instruction Cycle

• Memory Reference Instructions

• Input-Output and Interrupt

• Complete Computer Description

• Design of Basic Computer Modern program-stored computer

(von-Neumann Architecture)
• Design of Accumulator Logic

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 2

INTRODUCTION
• Every different processor type has its own design (different
registers, buses, microoperations, machine instructions, etc)
• Modern processor is a very complex device
• It contains
– Many registers
– Multiple arithmetic units, for both integer and floating point calculations
– The ability to pipeline several consecutive instructions to speed execution
– Etc.
• However, to understand how processors work, we will start
with a simplified processor model, which is similar to what
real processors were like ~45 years ago, PDP8 from DEC
• M. Morris Mano introduces a simple processor model he
calls the Basic Computer
• We will use this to introduce processor organization and the
relationship of the RTL model to the higher level computer
processor

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 3

THE BASIC COMPUTER

• The Basic Computer has two components, a processor and

memory
• The memory has 4096 words in it
– 4096 = 212, so it takes 12 bits to select a word in memory
• Each word is 16 bits long

CPU RAM
0

15 0

4095

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 4 Instruction codes

INSTRUCTIONS

• Program
– A sequence of (machine) instructions
• (Machine) Instruction (Machine Code)
– A group of bits that tell the computer to perform a specific operation
(a sequence of micro-operation)
• The instructions of a program, along with any needed data
are stored in memory
• The CPU reads the next instruction from memory
• It is placed in an Instruction Register (IR)
• Control circuitry in control unit then translates the
instruction into the sequence of microoperations
necessary to implement it

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 5 Instruction codes

INSTRUCTION FORMAT
• A computer instruction is often divided into two parts
– An opcode (Operation Code) that specifies the operation for that
instruction
– An address that specifies the registers and/or locations in memory
to use for that operation
• In the Basic Computer, since the memory contains 4096 (=
212) words, we needs 12 bit to specify which memory
address this instruction will use
• In the Basic Computer, bit 15 of the instruction specifies
the addressing mode (0: direct addressing, 1: indirect
addressing)
• Since the memory words, and hence the instructions, are
16 bits long, that leaves 3 bits for the instruction’s opcode

Instruction Format
15 14 12 11 0
I Opcode Address

Addressing
mode

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 6 Instruction codes

ADDRESSING MODES
• The address field of an instruction can represent either
– Direct address: the address in memory of the data to use (the address of the
operand), or
– Indirect address: the address in memory of the address in memory of the data
to use
Direct addressing Indirect addressing

22 0 ADD 457 35 1 ADD 300

300 1350

457 Operand
1350 Operand

+ +
AC AC

• Effective Address (EA)

– The address, that can be directly used without modification to access an
operand for a computation-type instruction, or as the target address for a
branch-type instruction
P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture
Basic Computer Organization & Design 7 Instruction codes

PROCESSOR REGISTERS
• A processor has many registers to hold instructions,
addresses, data, etc
• The processor has a register, the Program Counter (PC) that
holds the memory address of the next instruction to get
– Since the memory in the Basic Computer only has 4096 locations, the PC
only needs 12 bits
• In a direct or indirect addressing, the processor needs to keep
track of what locations in memory it is addressing: The
Address Register (AR) is used for this
– The AR is a 12 bit register in the Basic Computer
• When an operand is found, using either direct or indirect
addressing, it is placed in the Data Register (DR). The
processor then uses this value as data for its operation
• The Basic Computer has a single general purpose register –
the Accumulator (AC)

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 8 Instruction codes

PROCESSOR REGISTERS
• The significance of a general purpose register is that it can be
referred to in instructions
– e.g. load AC with the contents of a specific memory location; store the
contents of AC into a specified memory location
• Often a processor will need a scratch register to store
intermediate results or other temporary data; in the Basic
Computer this is the Temporary Register (TR)
• The Basic Computer uses a very simple model of input/output
(I/O) operations
– Input devices are considered to send 8 bits of character data to the processor
– The processor can send 8 bits of character data to output devices
• The Input Register (INPR) holds an 8 bit character gotten from an
input device
• The Output Register (OUTR) holds an 8 bit character to be send
to an output device

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 9 Registers

BASIC COMPUTER REGISTERS

Registers in the Basic Computer

11 0
PC
Memory
11 0
4096 x 16
AR
15 0
IR CPU
15 0 15 0
TR DR
7 0 7 0 15 0
OUTR INPR AC

List of BC Registers
DR 16 Data Register Holds memory operand
AR 12 Address Register Holds address for memory
AC 16 Accumulator Processor register
IR 16 Instruction Register Holds instruction code
PC 12 Program Counter Holds address of instruction
TR 16 Temporary Register Holds temporary data
INPR 8 Input Register Holds input character
OUTR 8 Output Register Holds output character
P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture
Basic Computer Organization & Design 10 Registers

COMMON BUS SYSTEM

• The registers in the Basic Computer are connected using a

bus
• This gives a savings in circuitry over complete
connections between registers

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 11 Registers

COMMON BUS SYSTEM

S2
S1 Bus
S0
Memory unit 7
4096 x 16
Address
Write Read
AR 1

LD INR CLR
PC 2

LD INR CLR

DR 3

LD INR CLR
E
ALU AC 4

LD INR CLR

INPR
IR 5
LD
TR 6
LD INR CLR
OUTR
Clock
LD
16-bit common bus
P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture
Basic Computer Organization & Design 12 Registers

COMMON BUS SYSTEM

Read
INPR
Memory Write
4096 x 16
Address E ALU

AC

L I C

L I C L

L I C DR IR L I C

PC TR

AR OUTR LD

L I C

7 1 2 3 4 5 6

16-bit Common Bus

S0 S1 S2

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 13 Registers

COMMON BUS SYSTEM

• Three control lines, S2, S1, and S0 control which register the
bus selects as its input
S2 S1 S0 Register
0 0 0 x
0 0 1 AR
0 1 0 PC
0 1 1 DR
1 0 0 AC
1 0 1 IR
1 1 0 TR
1 1 1 Memory

• Either one of the registers will have its load signal

activated, or the memory will have its read signal activated
– Will determine where the data from the bus gets loaded
• The 12-bit registers, AR and PC, have 0’s loaded onto the
bus in the high order 4 bit positions
• When the 8-bit register OUTR is loaded from the bus, the
data comes from the low order 8 bits on the bus

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 14 Instructions

BASIC COMPUTER INSTRUCTIONS

• Basic Computer Instruction Format

Memory-Reference Instructions (OP-code = 000 ~ 110)

15 14 12 11 0
I Opcode Address

Register-Reference Instructions (OP-code = 111, I = 0)

15 12 11 0
0 1 1 1 Register operation

Input-Output Instructions (OP-code =111, I = 1)

15 12 11 0
1 1 1 1 I/O operation

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 15 Instructions

BASIC COMPUTER INSTRUCTIONS

Hex Code
Symbol I=0 I=1 Description
AND 0xxx 8xxx AND memory word to AC
ADD 1xxx 9xxx Add memory word to AC
LDA 2xxx Axxx Load AC from memory
STA 3xxx Bxxx Store content of AC into memory
BUN 4xxx Cxxx Branch unconditionally
BSA 5xxx Dxxx Branch and save return address
ISZ 6xxx Exxx Increment and skip if zero

CLA 7800 Clear AC

CLE 7400 Clear E
CMA 7200 Complement AC
CME 7100 Complement E
CIR 7080 Circulate right AC and E
CIL 7040 Circulate left AC and E
INC 7020 Increment AC
SPA 7010 Skip next instr. if AC is positive
SNA 7008 Skip next instr. if AC is negative
SZA 7004 Skip next instr. if AC is zero
SZE 7002 Skip next instr. if E is zero
HLT 7001 Halt computer

INP F800 Input character to AC

OUT F400 Output character from AC
SKI F200 Skip on input flag
SKO F100 Skip on output flag
ION F080 Interrupt on
IOF F040 Interrupt off

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 16 Instructions

INSTRUCTION SET COMPLETENESS

A computer should have a set of instructions so that the user can
construct machine language programs to evaluate any function
that is known to be computable.

• Instruction Types
Functional Instructions
- Arithmetic, logic, and shift instructions
- ADD, CMA, INC, CIR, CIL, AND, CLA
Transfer Instructions
- Data transfers between the main memory
and the processor registers
- LDA, STA
Control Instructions
- Program sequencing and control
- BUN, BSA, ISZ
Input/Output Instructions
- Input and output
- INP, OUT

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 17 Instruction codes

CONTROL UNIT

• Control unit (CU) of a processor translates from machine

instructions to the control signals for the microoperations
that implement them

• Control units are implemented in one of two ways

• Hardwired Control
– CU is made up of sequential and combinational circuits to generate the
control signals
• Microprogrammed Control
– A control memory on the processor contains microprograms that
activate the necessary control signals

• We will consider a hardwired implementation of the control

unit for the Basic Computer

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 18 Timing and control

TIMING AND CONTROL

Control unit of Basic Computer

Instruction register (IR)

15 14 13 12 11 - 0 Other inputs

3x8
decoder
7 6543 210
D0
I Combinational
D7 Control Control
logic signals

T15
T0

15 14 . . . . 2 1 0
4 x 16
decoder

4-bit Increment (INR)

sequence Clear (CLR)
counter
(SC) Clock

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 19 Timing and control

TIMING SIGNALS
- Generated by 4-bit sequence counter and 416 decoder
- The SC can be incremented or cleared.

- Example: T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T0, T1, . . .

Assume: At time T4, SC is cleared to 0 if decoder output D3 is active.
D3T4: SC 
T0 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T0
Clock

T0

T1

T2

T3

T4

D3

CLR
SC

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 20

INSTRUCTION CYCLE

• In Basic Computer, a machine instruction is executed in the

following cycle:
1. Fetch an instruction from memory
2. Decode the instruction
3. Read the effective address from memory if the instruction has an
indirect address
4. Execute the instruction

• After an instruction is executed, the cycle starts again at

step 1, for the next instruction

• Note: Every different processor has its own (different)

instruction cycle

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 21 Instruction Cycle

FETCH and DECODE

• Fetch and Decode T0: AR  PC (S0S1S2=010, T0=1)
T1: IR  M [AR], PC  PC + 1 (S0S1S2=111, T1=1)
T2: D0, . . . , D7  Decode IR(12-14), AR  IR(0-11), I  IR(15)

T1 S2

T0 S1 Bus

S0
Memory
7
unit
Address
Read

AR 1

LD
PC 2

INR

IR 5

LD Clock
Common bus

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 22 Instrction Cycle

DETERMINE THE TYPE OF INSTRUCTION

Start
SC  0

T0
AR  PC
T1
IR  M[AR], PC  PC + 1
T2
Decode Opcode in IR(12-14),
AR  IR(0-11), I  IR(15)

(Register or I/O) = 1 = 0 (Memory-reference)

D7

(I/O) = 1 = 0 (register) (indirect) = 1 = 0 (direct)

I I

T3 T3 T3 T3
Execute Execute AR  M[AR] Nothing
input-output register-reference
instruction instruction
SC  0 SC  0 Execute T4
memory-reference
instruction
SC  0

D'7IT3: AR  M[AR]
D'7I'T3: Nothing
D7I'T3: Execute a register-reference instr.
D7IT3: Execute an input-output instr.
P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture
Basic Computer Organization & Design 23 Instruction Cycle

REGISTER REFERENCE INSTRUCTIONS

Register Reference Instructions are identified when
- D7 = 1, I = 0
- Register Ref. Instr. is specified in b0 ~ b11 of IR
- Execution starts with timing signal T3

r = D7 IT3 => Register Reference Instruction

Bi = IR(i) , i=0,1,2,...,11
r: SC  0
CLA rB11: AC  0
CLE rB10: E0
CMA rB9: AC  AC’
CME rB8: E  E’
CIR rB7: AC  shr AC, AC(15)  E, E  AC(0)
CIL rB6: AC  shl AC, AC(0)  E, E  AC(15)
INC rB5: AC  AC + 1
SPA rB4: if (AC(15) = 0) then (PC  PC+1)
SNA rB3: if (AC(15) = 1) then (PC  PC+1)
SZA rB2: if (AC = 0) then (PC  PC+1)
SZE rB1: if (E = 0) then (PC  PC+1)
HLT rB0: S  0 (S is a start-stop flip-flop)

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 24 MR Instructions

MEMORY REFERENCE INSTRUCTIONS

Operation
Symbol Symbolic Description
Decoder
AND D0 AC  AC  M[AR]
ADD D1 AC  AC + M[AR], E  Cout
LDA D2 AC  M[AR]
STA D3 M[AR]  AC
BUN D4 PC  AR
BSA D5 M[AR]  PC, PC  AR + 1
ISZ D6 M[AR]  M[AR] + 1, if M[AR] + 1 = 0 then PC  PC+1

- The effective address of the instruction is in AR and was placed there during
timing signal T2 when I = 0, or during timing signal T3 when I = 1
- Memory cycle is assumed to be short enough to complete in a CPU cycle
- The execution of MR instruction starts with T4
AND to AC
D0T4: DR  M[AR] Read operand
D0T5: AC  AC  DR, SC  0 AND with AC
ADD to AC
D1T4: DR  M[AR] Read operand
D1T5: AC  AC + DR, E  Cout, SC  0 Add to AC and store carry in E

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 25

MEMORY REFERENCE INSTRUCTIONS

LDA: Load to AC
D2T4: DR  M[AR]
D2T5: AC  DR, SC  0
STA: Store AC
D3T4: M[AR]  AC, SC  0
BUN: Branch Unconditionally
D4T4: PC  AR, SC  0
BSA: Branch and Save Return Address
M[AR]  PC, PC  AR + 1
Memory, PC, AR at time T4 Memory, PC after execution
20 0 BSA 135 20 0 BSA 135
PC = 21 Next instruction 21 Next instruction

AR = 135 135 21
136 Subroutine PC = 136 Subroutine

1 BUN 135 1 BUN 135

Memory Memory
P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture
Basic Computer Organization & Design 26 MR Instructions

MEMORY REFERENCE INSTRUCTIONS

BSA:
D5T4: M[AR]  PC, AR  AR + 1
D5T5: PC  AR, SC  0

ISZ: Increment and Skip-if-Zero

D6T4: DR  M[AR]
D6T5: DR  DR + 1
D6T6: M[AR]  DR, if (DR = 0) then (PC  PC + 1), SC  0

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 27 MR Instructions

FLOWCHART FOR MEMORY REFERENCE INSTRUCTIONS

Memory-reference instruction

AND ADD LDA STA

D0 T 4 D1 T 4 D2 T 4 D 3T 4
DR  M[AR] DR  M[AR] DR  M[AR] M[AR]  AC
SC  0

D0 T 5 D1 T 5 D2 T 5
AC  AC  DR AC  AC + DR AC  DR
SC  0 E  Cout SC  0
SC  0

BUN BSA ISZ

D4 T 4 D5 T 4 D6 T 4
PC  AR M[AR]  PC DR  M[AR]
SC  0 AR  AR + 1

D5 T 5 D6 T 5

PC  AR DR  DR + 1
SC  0
D6 T 6
M[AR]  DR
If (DR = 0)
then (PC  PC + 1)
SC  0

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 28 I/O and Interrupt

INPUT-OUTPUT AND INTERRUPT

A Terminal with a keyboard and a Printer
• Input-Output Configuration
Input-output Serial Computer
terminal communication registers and
interface
flip-flops
Receiver
Printer interface OUTR FGO

AC

Transmitter
Keyboard interface INPR FGI
INPR Input register - 8 bits
OUTR Output register - 8 bits Serial Communications Path
FGI Input flag - 1 bit Parallel Communications Path
FGO Output flag - 1 bit
IEN Interrupt enable - 1 bit

- The terminal sends and receives serial information

- The serial info. from the keyboard is shifted into INPR
- The serial info. for the printer is stored in the OUTR
- INPR and OUTR communicate with the terminal
serially and with the AC in parallel.
- The flags are needed to synchronize the timing
difference between I/O device and the computer
P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture
Basic Computer Organization & Design 29 I/O and Interrupt

PROGRAM CONTROLLED DATA TRANSFER

-- CPU -- -- I/O Device --
/* Input */ /* Initially FGI = 0 */ loop: If FGI = 1 goto loop
loop: If FGI = 0 goto loop
INPR  new data, FGI  1
AC  INPR, FGI  0

/* Output */ /* Initially FGO = 1 */ loop: If FGO = 1 goto loop

loop: If FGO = 0 goto loop consume OUTR, FGO  1
OUTR  AC, FGO  0

FGI=0 FGO=1
Start Input Start Output

FGI  0
AC  Data
yes yes
FGI=0
FGO=0
no
no
AC  INPR
OUTR  AC

yes More FGO  0

Character
yes More
no Character
END no
END
P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture
Basic Computer Organization & Design 30

INPUT-OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS

D7IT3 = p
IR(i) = Bi, i = 6, …, 11

p: SC  0 Clear SC
INP pB11: AC(0-7)  INPR, FGI  0 Input char. to AC
OUT pB10: OUTR  AC(0-7), FGO  0 Output char. from AC
SKI pB9: if(FGI = 1) then (PC  PC + 1) Skip on input flag
SKO pB8: if(FGO = 1) then (PC  PC + 1) Skip on output flag
ION pB7: IEN  1 Interrupt enable on
IOF pB6: IEN  0 Interrupt enable off

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 31 I/O and Interrupt

PROGRAM-CONTROLLED INPUT/OUTPUT
• Program-controlled I/O
- Continuous CPU involvement
- I/O takes valuable CPU time
- CPU slowed down to I/O speed
- Simple
- Least hardware

Input Output

LOOP, LDA DATA

LOOP, SKI LOP, SKO
BUN LOOP BUN LOP
INP OUT

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 32

INTERRUPT INITIATED INPUT/OUTPUT

- Open communication only when some data has to be passed --> interrupt.

- The I/O interface, instead of the CPU, monitors the I/O device.

- When the interface founds that the I/O device is ready for data transfer,
it generates an interrupt request to the CPU

- Upon detecting an interrupt, the CPU stops momentarily the task

it is doing, branches to the service routine to process the data
transfer, and then returns to the task it was performing.

* IEN (Interrupt-enable flip-flop)

- can be set and cleared by instructions

- when cleared, the computer cannot be interrupted

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 33 I/O and Interrupt

FLOWCHART FOR INTERRUPT CYCLE

R = Interrupt f/f
Instruction cycle =0 =1 Interrupt cycle
R

Fetch and decode Store return address

instructions in location 0
M[0]  PC

Execute =0
IEN
instructions
=1 Branch to location 1
PC  1
=1
FGI
=0
=1 IEN  0
FGO R0
=0
R1

- The interrupt cycle is a HW implementation of a branch

and save return address operation.
- At the beginning of the next instruction cycle, the
instruction that is read from memory is in address 1.
- At memory address 1, the programmer must store a branch instruction
that sends the control to an interrupt service routine
- The instruction that returns the control to the original
program is "indirect BUN 0"
P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture
Basic Computer Organization & Design 34 I/O and Interrupt

REGISTER TRANSFER OPERATIONS IN INTERRUPT CYCLE

Memory
Before interrupt After interrupt cycle
0 0 256
1 0 BUN 1120 PC = 1 0 BUN 1120

Main Main
255 Program 255 Program
PC = 256 256
1120 1120
I/O I/O
Program Program

1 BUN 0 1 BUN 0

Register Transfer Statements for Interrupt Cycle

- R F/F  1 if IEN (FGI + FGO)T0T1T2
 T0T1T2 (IEN)(FGI + FGO): R  1

- The fetch and decode phases of the instruction cycle

must be modified Replace T0, T1, T2 with R'T0, R'T1, R'T2
- The interrupt cycle :
RT0: AR  0, TR  PC
RT1: M[AR]  TR, PC  0
RT2: PC  PC + 1, IEN  0, R  0, SC  0

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 35 I/O and Interrupt

FURTHER QUESTIONS ON INTERRUPT

How can the CPU recognize the device

requesting an interrupt ?

Since different devices are likely to require

different interrupt service routines, how can
the CPU obtain the starting address of the
appropriate routine in each case ?

Should any device be allowed to interrupt the

CPU while another interrupt is being serviced ?

How can the situation be handled when two or

more interrupt requests occur simultaneously ?

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 36 Description
COMPLETE COMPUTER DESCRIPTION
Flowchart of Operations
start
SC  0, IEN  0, R  0

=0(Instruction =1(Interrupt
R
Cycle) Cycle)
R’T0 RT0
AR  PC AR  0, TR  PC
R’T1 RT1
IR  M[AR], PC  PC + 1 M[AR]  TR, PC  0
R’T2 RT2
AR  IR(0~11), I  IR(15) PC  PC + 1, IEN  0
D0...D7  Decode IR(12 ~ 14) R  0, SC  0

=1(Register or I/O) D7 =0(Memory Ref)

=1 (I/O) =0 (Register) =1(Indir) =0(Dir)

I I

D7IT3 D7I’T3 D7’IT3 D7’I’T3

Execute Execute AR <- M[AR] Idle
I/O RR
Instruction Instruction
Execute MR D7’T4
Instruction

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 37 Description
COMPLETE COMPUTER DESCRIPTION
Microoperations

Fetch RT0: AR  PC
RT1: IR  M[AR], PC  PC + 1
Decode RT2: D0, ..., D7  Decode IR(12 ~ 14),
AR  IR(0 ~ 11), I  IR(15)
Indirect D7IT3: AR  M[AR]
Interrupt T0T1T2(IEN)(FGI + FGO):
R1
RT0: AR  0, TR  PC
RT1: M[AR]  TR, PC  0
RT2: PC  PC + 1, IEN  0, R  0, SC  0
Memory-Reference
AND D0T4: DR  M[AR]
D0T5: AC  AC  DR, SC  0
ADD D1T4: DR  M[AR]
D1T5: AC  AC + DR, E  Cout, SC  0
LDA D2T4: DR  M[AR]
D2T5: AC  DR, SC  0
STA D3T4: M[AR]  AC, SC  0
BUN D4T4: PC  AR, SC  0
BSA D5T4: M[AR]  PC, AR  AR + 1
D5T5: PC  AR, SC  0
ISZ D6T4: DR  M[AR]
D6T5: DR  DR + 1
D6T6: M[AR]  DR, if(DR=0) then (PC  PC + 1),
SC  0

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 38 Description
COMPLETE COMPUTER DESCRIPTION
Microoperations

Register-Reference
D7IT3 = r (Common to all register-reference instr)
IR(i) = Bi (i = 0,1,2, ..., 11)
r: SC  0
CLA rB11: AC  0
CLE rB10: E0
CMA rB9: AC  AC
CME rB8: E  E
CIR rB7: AC  shr AC, AC(15)  E, E  AC(0)
CIL rB6: AC  shl AC, AC(0)  E, E  AC(15)
INC rB5: AC  AC + 1
SPA rB4: If(AC(15) =0) then (PC  PC + 1)
SNA rB3: If(AC(15) =1) then (PC  PC + 1)
SZA rB2: If(AC = 0) then (PC  PC + 1)
SZE rB1: If(E=0) then (PC  PC + 1)
HLT rB0: S0

Input-Output D7IT3 = p (Common to all input-output instructions)

IR(i) = Bi (i = 6,7,8,9,10,11)
p: SC  0
INP pB11: AC(0-7)  INPR, FGI  0
OUT pB10: OUTR  AC(0-7), FGO  0
SKI pB9: If(FGI=1) then (PC  PC + 1)
SKO pB8: If(FGO=1) then (PC  PC + 1)
ION pB7: IEN  1
IOF pB6: IEN  0

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 39 Design of Basic Computer

DESIGN OF BASIC COMPUTER(BC)

Hardware Components of BC
A memory unit: 4096 x 16.
Registers:
AR, PC, DR, AC, IR, TR, OUTR, INPR, and SC
Flip-Flops(Status):
I, S, E, R, IEN, FGI, and FGO
Decoders: a 3x8 Opcode decoder
a 4x16 timing decoder
Common bus: 16 bits
Control logic gates:
Adder and Logic circuit: Connected to AC

Control Logic Gates

- Input Controls of the nine registers
- Read and Write Controls of memory
- Set, Clear, or Complement Controls of the flip-flops
- S2, S1, S0 Controls to select a register for the bus
- AC, and Adder and Logic circuit

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 40 Design of Basic Computer

CONTROL OF REGISTERS AND MEMORY

Address Register; AR
Scan all of the register transfer statements that change the content of AR:
R’T0: AR  PC LD(AR)
R’T2: AR  IR(0-11) LD(AR)
D’7IT3: AR  M[AR] LD(AR)
RT0: AR  0 CLR(AR)
D5T4: AR  AR + 1 INR(AR)

LD(AR) = R'T0 + R'T2 + D'7IT3

CLR(AR) = RT0
INR(AR) = D5T4

12 12
From bus AR To bus
D'7
I
LD Clock
T3
T2 INR
CLR
R
T0
D5
T4

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 41 Design of Basic Computer

CONTROL OF FLAGS
IEN: Interrupt Enable Flag
pB7: IEN  1 (I/O Instruction)
pB6: IEN  0 (I/O Instruction)
RT2: IEN  0 (Interrupt)

p = D7IT3 (Input/Output Instruction)

D
7
p
I J IEN
Q
B7
T3

B6
K
R
T2

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 42 Design of Basic Computer

CONTROL OF COMMON BUS

x1
x2 S2
Multiplexer
x3
Encoder S1 bus select
x4
x5 inputs
x6 S0
x7

selected
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 S2 S1 S0 register
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 AR
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 PC
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 DR
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 AC
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 IR
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 TR
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Memory

For AR D4T4: PC  AR
D5T5: PC  AR

x1 = D4T4 + D5T5

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 43 Design of AC Logic

DESIGN OF ACCUMULATOR LOGIC

Circuits associated with AC 16
Adder and
16 16 16
From DR logic AC

8 circuit To bus
From INPR

LD INR CLR Clock

Control
gates

All the statements that change the content of AC

D0T5: AC  AC  DR AND with DR
D1T5: AC  AC + DR Add with DR
D2T5: AC  DR Transfer from DR
pB11: AC(0-7)  INPR Transfer from INPR
rB9: AC  AC Complement
rB7 : AC  shr AC, AC(15)  E Shift right
rB6 : AC  shl AC, AC(0)  E Shift left
rB11 : AC  0 Clear
rB5 : AC  AC + 1 Increment

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture

Basic Computer Organization & Design 44 Design of AC Logic

CONTROL OF AC REGISTER

Gate structures for controlling

the LD, INR, and CLR of AC

From Adder 16 16 To bus

and Logic AC
D0 AND LD Clock
T5 INR
D1 ADD CLR
D2 DR
T5
p INPR
B11
r COM
B9
SHR
B7
SHL
B6
INC
B5
CLR
B11
P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture
Basic Computer Organization & Design 45 Design of AC Logic

ALU (ADDER AND LOGIC CIRCUIT)

One stage (bit) of Adder and Logic circuit

DR(i)
AC(i)

AND

Ci ADD LD
FA Ii J Q
DR AC(i)
C i+1

INPR K
From
INPR
bit(i)
COM

SHR
AC(i+1)
SHL
AC(i-1)

P.Moallem,E.E. Dept., University of Isfahan Computer System Architecture