Basics of MATLAB-I

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao
Professor & Head
Department of Mathematics
Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya
Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Material Description

Material Description
The material provides a gentle introduction to the MATLAB com-
puting environment, and designed to give a basic understanding of
MATLAB. No prior programming experience or knowledge of MAT-
LAB is assumed.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

 Objectives
The main objectives are:
* Understanding the MATLAB environment
* Being able to do simple calculations using MATLAB
* Being able to carry out simple numerical computations and
analyses using MATLAB

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Prerequisites

Prerequisites
* No specific prerequisites are needed.
* It is advisable to have a have a good familiarity with PC oper-
ations.
* Basic knowledge of computer programming and an understand-
ing of matrix and linear algebra are highly beneficial.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Features of MATLAB

* MATLAB is a high-level programming language with data struc-

tures, control flow statements, functions, output/input, and
object-oriented programming
* It permits both, rapidly creating speedy throw-away programs,
and creating complete, complex and large application programs.
* It provides an interactive environment that allows iterative ex-
ploration, design, and problem-solving.
* It is a bunch of tools that a programmer can use. It includes
abilities for handling the variables in the workspace & import-
ing/exporting data
* It also contains tools for development, handling, debugging,
and profiling MATLAB files and offers built-in graphics useful
for data visualizing, and tools for generating custom plots.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Features of MATLAB

* MATLAB is a high-level programming language with data struc-

tures, control flow statements, functions, output/input, and
object-oriented programming
* It permits both, rapidly creating speedy throw-away programs,
and creating complete, complex and large application programs.
* It provides an interactive environment that allows iterative ex-
ploration, design, and problem-solving.
* It is a bunch of tools that a programmer can use. It includes
abilities for handling the variables in the workspace & import-
ing/exporting data
* It also contains tools for development, handling, debugging,
and profiling MATLAB files and offers built-in graphics useful
for data visualizing, and tools for generating custom plots.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Features of MATLAB

* MATLAB is a high-level programming language with data struc-

tures, control flow statements, functions, output/input, and
object-oriented programming
* It permits both, rapidly creating speedy throw-away programs,
and creating complete, complex and large application programs.
* It provides an interactive environment that allows iterative ex-
ploration, design, and problem-solving.
* It is a bunch of tools that a programmer can use. It includes
abilities for handling the variables in the workspace & import-
ing/exporting data
* It also contains tools for development, handling, debugging,
and profiling MATLAB files and offers built-in graphics useful
for data visualizing, and tools for generating custom plots.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Features of MATLAB

* MATLAB is a high-level programming language with data struc-

tures, control flow statements, functions, output/input, and
object-oriented programming
* It permits both, rapidly creating speedy throw-away programs,
and creating complete, complex and large application programs.
* It provides an interactive environment that allows iterative ex-
ploration, design, and problem-solving.
* It is a bunch of tools that a programmer can use. It includes
abilities for handling the variables in the workspace & import-
ing/exporting data
* It also contains tools for development, handling, debugging,
and profiling MATLAB files and offers built-in graphics useful
for data visualizing, and tools for generating custom plots.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Features of MATLAB

* MATLAB is a high-level programming language with data struc-

tures, control flow statements, functions, output/input, and
object-oriented programming
* It permits both, rapidly creating speedy throw-away programs,
and creating complete, complex and large application programs.
* It provides an interactive environment that allows iterative ex-
ploration, design, and problem-solving.
* It is a bunch of tools that a programmer can use. It includes
abilities for handling the variables in the workspace & import-
ing/exporting data
* It also contains tools for development, handling, debugging,
and profiling MATLAB files and offers built-in graphics useful
for data visualizing, and tools for generating custom plots.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Features of MATLAB
* It offers a huge library of mathematical functions needed for
computing statistics, linear algebra, numerical integration, fil-
tering, Fourier analysis, optimization and solving regular differ-
ential equations.
* MATLAB Application Program Interfaces (APIs) allow users to
write C/C++ and Fortran programs that directly interact with
MATLAB.
* A Toolbox is a set of functions designed for a specific purpose
and compiled as a package. These Toolboxes include MATLAB
code, apps, data, examples and the documentation which helps
users to utilize each Toolbox. Users can compile MATLAB files
to create toolboxes if they require sharing with others.
* There are separate Toolboxes available from Mathworks, to be
used for specific purposes, for example, text analytics, image
processing, signal processing, deep learning, statistic & machine
learning, and many more.
Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I
Features of MATLAB
* It offers a huge library of mathematical functions needed for
computing statistics, linear algebra, numerical integration, fil-
tering, Fourier analysis, optimization and solving regular differ-
ential equations.
* MATLAB Application Program Interfaces (APIs) allow users to
write C/C++ and Fortran programs that directly interact with
MATLAB.
* A Toolbox is a set of functions designed for a specific purpose
and compiled as a package. These Toolboxes include MATLAB
code, apps, data, examples and the documentation which helps
users to utilize each Toolbox. Users can compile MATLAB files
to create toolboxes if they require sharing with others.
* There are separate Toolboxes available from Mathworks, to be
used for specific purposes, for example, text analytics, image
processing, signal processing, deep learning, statistic & machine
learning, and many more.
Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I
Features of MATLAB
* It offers a huge library of mathematical functions needed for
computing statistics, linear algebra, numerical integration, fil-
tering, Fourier analysis, optimization and solving regular differ-
ential equations.
* MATLAB Application Program Interfaces (APIs) allow users to
write C/C++ and Fortran programs that directly interact with
MATLAB.
* A Toolbox is a set of functions designed for a specific purpose
and compiled as a package. These Toolboxes include MATLAB
code, apps, data, examples and the documentation which helps
users to utilize each Toolbox. Users can compile MATLAB files
to create toolboxes if they require sharing with others.
* There are separate Toolboxes available from Mathworks, to be
used for specific purposes, for example, text analytics, image
processing, signal processing, deep learning, statistic & machine
learning, and many more.
Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I
Features of MATLAB
* It offers a huge library of mathematical functions needed for
computing statistics, linear algebra, numerical integration, fil-
tering, Fourier analysis, optimization and solving regular differ-
ential equations.
* MATLAB Application Program Interfaces (APIs) allow users to
write C/C++ and Fortran programs that directly interact with
MATLAB.
* A Toolbox is a set of functions designed for a specific purpose
and compiled as a package. These Toolboxes include MATLAB
code, apps, data, examples and the documentation which helps
users to utilize each Toolbox. Users can compile MATLAB files
to create toolboxes if they require sharing with others.
* There are separate Toolboxes available from Mathworks, to be
used for specific purposes, for example, text analytics, image
processing, signal processing, deep learning, statistic & machine
learning, and many more.
Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I
Getting Started With MATLAB

What Is MATLAB?
MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory) is an efficient user-friendly interac-
tive software package, which is very effective for solving engineering,
mathematical, and system problems.
MATLAB Windows
The assumption here is that the reader is sitting in front of an
active computer and MATLAB is installed. To begin MATLAB,
double click the MATLAB icon on the computer’s desktop or select
MATLAB from the Start or Program menu. Immediately a special
window called the MATLAB desktop appears as below.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

 Figure: MATLAB Desktop

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Componets of MATLAB Desktop

The MATLAB desktop consists of the following components:

1. Command Window
2. Command History
3. Workspace
4. Current Directory
5. Help Browser
6. Start Button
The command window is a place where certain basic operations
like simple mathematical calculations can be easily performed. The
difficulty with command prompt is that previously typed lines cannot
be modified.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Componets of MATLAB Desktop

The Command history provides all the details of the functions

typed and codes executed from the command prompt in the recent
past.
The current directory shows the location where the program is
held or the directory from where the current execution is running.
Work folder in the drive where MATLAB is installed is the default
folder where programs are stored.
Help browser is the way to go through the details of the documen-
tation made available with MATLAB.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

The prompt >> is the program prompt indicating that you are in
the MATLAB environment. Each instruction line in the command
window begins with a prompt (>>), which is automatically inserted
by MATLAB. An instruction is executed after pressing the enter key.
The result of a command appears on the next line. The result can
be
A MATLAB output
A MATLAB prompt, meaning that the instruction was executed
and MATLAB is waiting for the next command
An error message

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Input-Output

The following examples indicates the input-output relations of MAT-

LAB and its response
>> a = 6 ∗ 3 ← Input by user
a=
18 ← Output by MATLAB
>> ← Waiting for the next command
A MATLAB prompt, meaning that the instruction was executed and
MATLAB is waiting for the next command
>> a = 6 ∗ 3; ← Input by user
>> ← Waiting for the next command (meaning that
command is executed)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Input-Output

This activity of entering and executing commands is carried out in

the main window (called command window) and is used to enter
single line commands only. Besides the main window, there are two
more windows are interest that are defined as follows:
The figure window, which is used to display graphs and plots
executed by a program entered at the command window
The editor or debugger window is the place where program are
created and modified. These programs can be saved in the form
of files
When the user first enters MATLAB, the main program window or
command window is active. The edit window is used only when a
program is created or modified and then stored in a file. The graphic
or figure window is created when plots are generated as a result of
executing a set of instructions.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

MATLAB Operations

MATLAB Operations

Symbol Operation Example Answer

+ Addition 6+3 9
- Subtraction 6-3 3
* Multiplication 6*3 18
/ Right Division 6/3 2
\ Left Division 3\6 2
ˆ Exponentation 2ˆ3 8

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Mathematical Functions

Mathematical Functions

MATLAB Command Function Example

√
sqrt(x) x sqrt(3)
log(x) loge (x) log(2)
log10(x) log10 (x) log10(2)
exp(x) ex exp(2)
sin(x) sinx sin(pi/3)
cos(x) cosx cos(pi/4)
acos(x) cos −1 x acos(0.2)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

home, clc, clear commands

>> home
home moves the cursor to the upper-left corner of the Command
Window. You can use the scroll bar to see the history of previous
functions.
>> clc
clc clears all input and output from the Command Window display,
giving you a ”clean screen”. After using clc, you cannot use the
scroll bar to see the history of functions, but you still can use the
up arrow to recall statements from the command history.
>> clear
clear removes all variables from the workspace. This frees up system
memory.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Different formats

MATLAB always attempts to display integers (whole numbers) ex-

actly. However, if the integer is too large, it is displayed in scien-
tific notation with five significant digits, e.g. 1234567890 is dis-
played as 1.2346e+009 (i.e.1.2346109 ). Check this by first entering
123456789 at the command line, and then 1234567890.
Numbers with decimal parts are displayed with four significant digits.
If the value xis in the range 0.001 < x ≤ 1000 it is displayed in fixed
point form, otherwise scientific (floating point) notation is used, in
which case the mantissa is between 1and 9.9999, e.g. 1000.1 is
displayed as 1.0001e+003. Check this by entering following numbers
at the prompt (on separate lines): 0.0011, 0.0009, 1/3, 5/3, 2999/3,
3001/3

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Different formats

This is what is called the default format, i.e. what normally hap-
pens. However, you can change from the default with variations on
the format command, as follows. If you want values displayed in
scientific notation (floating point form) whatever their size, enter
the command
>> format short e
All output from subsequent display statements will be in scientific
notation with five significant digits, until the next format command
is issued. Enter this command and check it with the following values:
0.0123456, 1.23456, 123.456 (all on separate lines). If you want
more accurate output, you can use
>> format long e
This also gives scientific notation, but with 15 significant digits. Try
it out on 1/7.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

format short, format long, format bank, and format rat

format short, format long, format bank, and format rat

The commonly used formats are format short, format long, format
bank, format rat
We can change the format to format long by typing
>> format long √
View the result of value of 3 by typing
>> sqrt(3)
ans =
1.732050807568877
When the format is set to format short
>>format short
>> sqrt(3)
ans =
1.7321

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

format short, format long, format bank, and format rat

When the format is set to format bank

>>format bank
>> sqrt(3)
ans =
1.73
When the format is set to format rat
>> format rat
>> sqrt(3)
ans =
1351/780
Note :The format function affects only how numbers are displayed,
not how MATLAB computes or saves them.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

fix, ceil, floor , round commands

Difference between fix, round, ceil and floor commands

>> round(6.628)
ans =
7
round command rounds the element of x to towards nearest integer
>> fix(6.628)
ans =
6
fix command rounds the element x to nearest integer towards zero

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

fix, ceil, floor , round commands

>> ceil(6.628)
ans =
7
ceil command rounds the element x to nearest integer towards
infinity
>> floor(6.628)
ans =
6
floor command rounds the element x to nearest integer towards
minus infinity

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Arrays & Matrices

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Row Vectors

Arrays are the backbone of MATLAB computation. A 2-D array is a

list of numbers arranged in rows and columns. If you form an array
by writting numbers in rows, all rows must have the same number
of entities. Same is true for columns. An array with m rows and n
columns is called m × n array and it has a total of m.n entries.
Array Creation:
To create an array with six elements in a single row, separate the
elements with either a comma (,) or a space.
>> a=[3 5 7 -8 5 2]
a=
3 5 7 -8 5 2
This type of array is called row vector

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Commands-Outputs

Let a, b be two row vectors of same size.

Command Output
size(a) We get size of the array
a+b Performs point-wise addition
a−b Performs point-wise subtraction
a.*b Performs point-wise multiplication
a./b Performs point-wise division
sum(a) We get sum of all the elements of a
prod(a) We get product of all the elements of a
a(i) i th element of a will be displayed
a(end) Last element of a will be displayed
a(i)=y i th element of a will be replaced by y
max(a) maximum element of a will be replaced

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Creating Row Vectors

Very often we need to create a vector of numbers over a given range

with specified increment.The general command do this in MATLAB
is
>> v=a:h:b
Where a is the initial value , h is the increment value, b is the final
value. If no increment is specified, MATLAB uses the default
increament of 1.
Examples:
>> a=1:2:13
a=
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
>> b=1:8
b=
12345678

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Two frequently used built-in-functions to generate vectors:
>> v=linspace(a,b,n)
It generates a linearly spaced vector of length n from a to b i.e., It
divides [a,b] into n-1 equally spaced sub-intervals
Examples:
>> a=linspace(0,20,5)
a=
0 5 10 15 20
b−a
Thus,v=linspace(a,b,n) is the same as v = a : :b
n−1
Also v=linspace(a,b) produce a vector of length 100 from a to b

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Relational
Operators

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Relational Operators

Relational operators can also work on both scalar and non-scalar

data. Relational operators for arrays perform element-by-element
comparisons between two arrays and return a logical array of the
same size, with elements set to logical 1 (true) where the relation
is true and elements set to logical 0 (false) where it is not. The
following table shows the relational operators available in MATLAB.

Operator Description
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
∼= not equal to

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

For example,
>> a=[2 4 2 5 7 8 9 10]; b=[5 7 3 5 3 2 6 3];
>> a>4
ans =
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
>> a==b
ans =
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

 Syntax of find command: ind = find(X)
ind = find(X) locates all nonzero elements of array X, and returns
the indices of those elements in vector ind. If X is a row vector,
then ind is a row vector; otherwise, ind is a column vector. If X
contains no nonzero elements or is an empty array, then ind is an
empty array.

>> find(a> 4)
ans =
4 5 6 7 8
>> find(a==b)
ans =
4

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sorting

For vectors, sort(X) sorts the elements of X in ascending order and

for matrices,sort(X) sorts each column of X in ascending order.
>> m=[ 28 3 5 -10 0 6 4 3];
>> sort(m)
ans =
-10 0 3 3 5 6 28
>>[n ind]=sort(m)
n=
-10 0 3 3 5 6 28
ind =
4 5 2 7 3 6 1

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

>> sort(m,’descend’)
ans =
28 6 5 3 3 0 -10

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problems

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
P
Find the value of n
n=1

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
P
Find the value of n
n=1

We need a sequence S = {1, 2, 3, · · · , 100}

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
P
Find the value of n
n=1

We need a sequence S = {1, 2, 3, · · · , 100}

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
P
Find the value of n
n=1

We need a sequence S = {1, 2, 3, · · · , 100}

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> S=1:100;

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
P
Find the value of n
n=1

We need a sequence S = {1, 2, 3, · · · , 100}

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> S=1:100;
* >> value =sum(S)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of squares of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of the squares of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
n2
P
Find the value of
n=1

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of squares of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of the squares of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
n2
P
Find the value of
n=1

We need a sequence S = {12 , 22 , 32 , · · · , 1002 }

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of squares of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of the squares of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
n2
P
Find the value of
n=1

We need a sequence S = {12 , 22 , 32 , · · · , 1002 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of squares of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of the squares of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
n2
P
Find the value of
n=1

We need a sequence S = {12 , 22 , 32 , · · · , 1002 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> S=1:100;

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of squares of first ’n’ natural numbers

Find the sum of the squares of first 100 natural numbers?

OR

100
n2
P
Find the value of
n=1

We need a sequence S = {12 , 22 , 32 , · · · , 1002 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> S=1:100;
* >> value = sum(S.Λ 2)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ odd numbers

Find the sum of first 50 odd numbers?

OR

50
P
Find the value of (2n − 1)
n=1

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ odd numbers

Find the sum of first 50 odd numbers?

OR

50
P
Find the value of (2n − 1)
n=1

We need a sequence S = {1, 3, 5 · · · , 99}

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ odd numbers

Find the sum of first 50 odd numbers?

OR

50
P
Find the value of (2n − 1)
n=1

We need a sequence S = {1, 3, 5 · · · , 99}

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ odd numbers

Find the sum of first 50 odd numbers?

OR

50
P
Find the value of (2n − 1)
n=1

We need a sequence S = {1, 3, 5 · · · , 99}

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> S=1:2:100;

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sum of first ’n’ odd numbers

Find the sum of first 50 odd numbers?

OR

50
P
Find the value of (2n − 1)
n=1

We need a sequence S = {1, 3, 5 · · · , 99}

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> S=1:2:100;
* >> value = sum(S)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Indexing

Write a MATLAB program that adds all elements of array S

with even indices

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Indexing

Write a MATLAB program that adds all elements of array S

with even indices
Let S=[3 6 2 7 5 -10 4 92 3 44 76]

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Indexing

Write a MATLAB program that adds all elements of array S

with even indices
Let S=[3 6 2 7 5 -10 4 92 3 44 76]
We need S(2)+S(4)+S(6)+S(8)+S(10)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Indexing

Write a MATLAB program that adds all elements of array S

with even indices
Let S=[3 6 2 7 5 -10 4 92 3 44 76]
We need S(2)+S(4)+S(6)+S(8)+S(10)
* >> P=S(2:2:end)
* >> value = sum(P)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

N
1
aN , for a =
P
Find the value of 2 and N = 50
n=1

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

N
1
aN , for a =
P
Find the value of 2 and N = 50
n=1

We need a sequence S = {0.51 , 0.52 , 0.53 · · · , (0.5)50 }

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

N
1
aN , for a =
P
Find the value of 2 and N = 50
n=1

We need a sequence S = {0.51 , 0.52 , 0.53 · · · , (0.5)50 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

N
1
aN , for a =
P
Find the value of 2 and N = 50
n=1

We need a sequence S = {0.51 , 0.52 , 0.53 · · · , (0.5)50 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> N=1:50;

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

N
1
aN , for a =
P
Find the value of 2 and N = 50
n=1

We need a sequence S = {0.51 , 0.52 , 0.53 · · · , (0.5)50 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> N=1:50;
* >> S=(0.5).Λ N

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

N
1
aN , for a =
P
Find the value of 2 and N = 50
n=1

We need a sequence S = {0.51 , 0.52 , 0.53 · · · , (0.5)50 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> N=1:50;
* >> S=(0.5).Λ N
* >> value = sum(S)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

9
nn
P
Find the value of
n=1

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

9
nn
P
Find the value of
n=1

We need a sequence S = {11 , 22 , 33 · · · , 99 }

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

9
nn
P
Find the value of
n=1

We need a sequence S = {11 , 22 , 33 · · · , 99 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

9
nn
P
Find the value of
n=1

We need a sequence S = {11 , 22 , 33 · · · , 99 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> n=1:9;

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

9
nn
P
Find the value of
n=1

We need a sequence S = {11 , 22 , 33 · · · , 99 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> n=1:9;
* >> S=n.Λ n

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Problem

9
nn
P
Find the value of
n=1

We need a sequence S = {11 , 22 , 33 · · · , 99 }

Next, we have to add all the numbers in the set S
* >> n=1:9;
* >> S=n.Λ n
* >> value = sum(S)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Roots of a polynomial equation

Find the roots of the equation x 5 − 3x 3 + 5x + 1 = 0

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Roots of a polynomial equation

Find the roots of the equation x 5 − 3x 3 + 5x + 1 = 0

* >> a=[1 0 -3 0 5 1]

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Roots of a polynomial equation

Find the roots of the equation x 5 − 3x 3 + 5x + 1 = 0

* >> a=[1 0 -3 0 5 1]
* >> roots(a)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Roots of a polynomial equation

Find the roots of the equation x 5 − 3x 3 + 5x + 1 = 0

* >> a=[1 0 -3 0 5 1]
* >> roots(a)
1.4116 + 0.6474i
1.4116 - 0.6474i
-1.3090 + 0.5550i
-1.3090 - 0.5550i
-0.205

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab Assignment-I

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab-Assignment-I

The following exercises are meant to be answered by a single MAT-

LAB command. The command may be involved (i.e., it may use a
number of parentheses or calls to functions) but can, in essence, be
solved by the execution of a single command. If the command is
too complicated, feel free to break it up over two or more lines.
1. Create a vector of the even numbers between 31 and 75.
2. Let x = [2 5 1 6].
Add 16 to each element
Add 3 to just the odd-index elements
Compute the square root of each element
Compute the square of each element

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab-Assignment-I

3. Let x = [3 2 6 8]’ and y = [4 1 3 5]’ (NB. x and y should be

column vectors).
(a). Add the sum of the elements in x to y
(b). Raise each element of x to the power specified by
the corresponding element in y.
(c). Divide each element of y by the corresponding
element in x
(d). Multiply each element in x by the corresponding
element in y, calling the result z.
(e). Add up the elements in z and assign the result to a
variable called w.
(f). Compute x’*y - w and interpret the result

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab-Assignment-I

4. Create a vector x with the elements (don’t manually assign

values; use MATLAB commands).
(a). 2, 4, 6, 8
(b). 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, -2, -4
(c). 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5
(d). 0, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5
5. Given a vector, t, of length n, write down the MATLAB
expressions that will correctly compute the following:
(a). ln(2 + t + t 2 )
(b). e t (1 + cos3t)
(c). cos 2 t + sin2 t
Test that your solution works for t = 1:0.2:2

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab Assignment-II

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab Assignment-II

The following exercises are meant to be answered by a single MAT-

LAB command. The command may be involved (i.e., it may use a
number of parentheses or calls to functions) but can, in essence, be
solved by the execution of a single command. If the command is
too complicated, feel free to break it up over two or more lines.
1. Given x = [3 1 5 7 9 2 6], explain what the following commands
’mean’ by by summarizing the net result of the command.
(a). x(3) (b). x(1:3) (c). x(1:end) (d). x(6:-2:1)
(e). x([1 6 2 1 1]) (f) sum(x) and prod(x)
2. Given the array A = [ 2 4 1 6 7 2 3 5 9], provide the commands
needed to
(a). replace the second element by 0
(b). replace the even indexed elements by [0 4 8 12]
(c). remove third element

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab-Assignment-II

(−1)n + 1
3. Create a vector x with the elements, xn = . Add up
2n − 1
the elements of the version of this vector that has 100
elements.
4. Write a MATLAB program to find a factorial of n for given n
value
5. Given the arrays A = [ 2 3 7 8 4 1 9] and B=[2 4 6] provide
the commands needed to
(a). merge A and B horizontally
(b). insert the value 10 between A(4) and A(5)
(c). insert an array [2 5 10] between A(3) and A(4)
(d). merge A and B vertically

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab-Assignment-III

1. Report the outputs and your comments from the following:

a. [4 -1 7 5 3].*[5 -9 6 5 -3]
b. [4 -1 7 5 3] >[5 -9 6 5 -3] and [4 -1 7 5 3] > 2
c. What is(are) your comment(s)/observation(s) on (a) and
(b)
d. [4 -1 7 5 3] <=4
e. sum([4 -1 7 5 3] <=4)
f. sum([4 -1 7 5 3]>2)+2
g. sum([4 -1 7 5 3]>2+2)
h. What is (are) your comment(s)/observation(s) on (f) and
(g)
i. find([4 -1 7 5 3])
j. find([4 -1 7 5 3]==7)
k What is (are) your comment(s)/observation(s) on (i) and
(j)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab-Assignment-III

2. a=[16 97 96 49 80 14 42 92 79 96], provide the command

needed to get [80 49 96 97 16 96 79 92 42 14]
3. Add just -100 to even indexed elements of a
4. Let x=[1 2 3 4], write are the sizes of the arrays (i) [x x x x],
(ii) [x x ; x x], and (iii) [x; x; x; x] ? what about the out puts
of [x; x x x], [x x x; x]?

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Matrices

A matrix is entered row-wise, with consecutive elements of a row

separated by a space or a comma, and the rows separated by semi-
colons or carriage returns. The entire matrix must be encloed with
square brackets. For example,
>> a=[1 2 3; 6 4 5; 1 4 2]
a=
1 2 3
6 4 5
1 4 2
>> size(a)
ans=
3 3

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Commands-Outputs
Let a, b be two matrices of same size.

Command Output
a’ trancepose of a
a+b Performs addition of two matrices
a−b Performs subtraction of two matrices
a*b Performs matrix multiplication
a.*b Performs point-wise multiplication
diag(a) We get the diagonal elements of a
rank(a) We get the rank of the matrix a
det(a) We get the determinant of a
inv(a) inverse of a provided a is non-singular
[a b] a and b will be merged horizontally
[a;b] a and b will be merged vertically
a(i,j) Displays i th -row and j th - column element of a

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

 Command Output
a(i,j) Displays i th -row and j th - column element of a
a(i,j)=5 Displays i th -row and j th - column element of a by 5
a(1,:) Displays first row of a
a(:,2) Displays second column of a
a([2 3],:) Displays 2nd and 3rd rows of a
a(:,[1 3]) Displays first and 3rd colums of a
a(2,:)=[ ] Removes the 2nd row of a
a(:) Displays all the elements of a in column-wise
poly(a) We get characteristic polynomial of a
roots(poly(a)) We get the eigenvalues of a
eig(a) We get the eigenvalues of a
fliplr(a) Flips the elements of a from left to right
diag(fliplr(a)) Displays the second diagonal elements of a

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Eigenvalues & Eigen Vectors

>> [V,D]=eig(a) produces a diagonal matrix D of eigenvalues

of a and a full matrix V whose columns are the corresponding
eigen vectors
>> a=[1 1 3;1 5 1;3 1 1];
>> [eigvec eigval]=eig(a)
eigvec=
-0.7071 0.5774 0.4082
-0.0000 -0.5774 0.8165
0.7071 0.5774 0.4082
eigval=
-2 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 6

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Special Matrices

To aid matrix generation and manipulation, MATLAB provides util-

ity matrices. For example

Command Output
eye(m,n) Returns m × n matrix with ones on the main diagonal
zeros(m,n) Returns m × n matrix of zeros
ones(m,n) Returns m × n matrix of ones
rand(m,n) Returns m × n matrix of random numbers
randn(m,n) Returns m × n matrix of normally distributed numbers
diag(v) Returns a diagonal matrix with vector v on the diagonal
diag(a,1) Extracts the first upper-diagonal vector of matrix a
diag(a,-1) Extracts the first lower-diagonal vector of matrix a

The first five commands with single argument, i.e., eye(m), returns
unit matrix of order m. For example, eye(3) returns unit matrix of
order 3. ones(4) returns matrix of ones of order 4.

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sub-Matrices

Consider a matrix
>> s=round(100*rand(6))
s=
81 28 96 79 68 71
91 55 49 96 76 3
13 96 80 66 74 28
91 96 14 4 39 5
63 16 42 85 66 10
10 97 92 93 17 82
The following command returns the 3rd and 4th column of s
>> s(:,[3 4])
The following command returns the 1st and 2nd row of s
>> s([1 2],:)
Also we can replace the two rows by new rows with the following
command
>> s([1 2],:) =[1 3 2 1 3 2;0 9 8 9 8 8]

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Sub-Matrices

The following command returns 2 × 2 matrix which is situated at

the centre of S
>> s([3 4],[3 4])
Reshaping Matrices
Matrices can be reshaped into a vector or any other appropriately
sized matrices:
As a vector:All the elements of matrix A can be strung into a single-
column vector B by the command B=A(:) ( matrix A is stacked in
vector B columnwise)
As a differently sized matrix: If matrix A is a m × n matrix, it
can be reshaped into a p × q matrix , as long as m.n=p.q, with the
command reshape(A,p,q).
For example, if A is 6 × 6 matrix, then reshape(A,9,4) transforms
A into 9×4 matrix and reshape(A,3,12) transforms A into a 3×12
matrix

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

 Lab
Assignment-IV

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Assignment-IV

The following exercises are meant to be answered by a single MAT-

LAB command. The command may be involved (i.e., it may use a
number of parentheses or calls to functions) but can, in essence, be
solved by the execution of a single command. If the command is
too complicated, feel free to break it up over two or more lines.
1. Given the array A = [2 4 1; 6 7 2; 3 5 9], provide the commands
needed to
a. assign the first row of A to a vector called x1
b. assign the last 2 rows of A to an array called y
c. compute the sum over the columns of A
d. compute the sum over the rows of A
e. compute the standard error of the mean of each column
of A (NB. the standard error of the mean is defined as
the standard deviation divided by the square root of the
number of elements used to compute the mean.)

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab-Assignment-IV

2. Given the arrays x=[1 4 8], y=[2 1 5] and A=[3 1 6 ; 5 2 7].

Determine which of the following statements will correctly ex-
ecute and provide the result. If the command will not correctly
execute, state why it will not.
a. x + y b. x + A c. x’ +y d. A - [x’ y’]
e. [x ; y’] f. [x ; y] g. A - 3
3. Given the array A = [2 7 9 7 ; 3 1 5 6 ; 8 1 2 5], explain the
results of the following commands:
a. A’ b. A(:,[1 4]) c. A([2 3],[3 1])
d. reshape(A,2,6) e. A(:) f. flipud(A)
g. fliplr(A) h. [A A(end,:)] i. A(1:3,:)
j. [A ; A(1:2,:)] k. sum(A) l. sum(A’)
m. sum(A,2) n. [[ A ; sum(A) ] [ sum(A,2) ; sum(A(:))]]

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Lab-Assignment-IV
4. Given the array A from problem 3, above, provide the command
that will
a. assign even-numbered columns of A to array called B
b. assign the odd-numbered rows to an array called C
c. convert A into a 4-by-3 array
d. compute the reciprocal of each element of A
e. compute the square-root of each element of A
5. Write a MATLAB program that creates matrix A composed of
four sub-matricesB,C Dand E arranged forming the structure
B C
indicated as A= where B,C,D and E are 5 × 5 matri-
D E
ces, with the following characteristics: B is an identity matrix;
C consists of ones in the first two columns and rest elements
are zeros; D consists of zeros in the first three columns and
remaining two columns are ones; E consists of the sequence of
integers 1 through 25 in ascending order, column by column,
from left to right.
Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I
 Lab
Assignment-V

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I

Assignment-V
1. Write a MATLAB program that returns 6x6 random matrix C
with random elements consists of integers between 1 and 100
2. Determine the main diagonal of C
3. The sum and product of the main diagonal of C
4. The average of the elements of the main diagonal of C
5. The maximum and minimum values of the elements and corre-
sponding indices on the main diagonal of C
6. The maximum and minimum values of the elements and corre-
sponding indices on the main diagonal of C
7. Find rank and determinant of C
8. Find the Inverse, transpose and Square each element of C
9. Display second fourth and fifth rows
10. Reshape the matrix C into a 4X9 and 9x4 matrices
11. Replace the 5th row by [1 0 1 0 1] and name it as E
Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I
Useful Youtube links:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=O41BWhXFu8E
www.youtube.com/watch?v=83S48Fs9WhY
Useful Books:
Getting Started with MATLAB by Rudra Pratap, Oxford University
Press
Practical MATLAB-Basics for Engineers, CRC Press, Misza
Kalechman
Useful Website:
www.mathworks.com

Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao Basics of MATLAB-I