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IoT based Smart Cities

Conference Paper · June 2018

DOI: 10.1109/ISNCC.2018.8530997

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Husam Rajab Tibor Cinkler

Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest University of Technology and Economics
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 IoT based Smart Cities

Husam Rajab Tibor Cinkelr

Department of Telecommunications and Media Department of Telecommunications and Media
Informatics Informatics
Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Hungary
husamrajab@tmit.bme.hu cinkler@tmit.bme.hu

Abstract—The massive deployment of Internet of Things network foundation. That will give an addition to new
(IoT) is allowing Smart City projects and initiatives all over opportunities for the Information and Communication
the world. The IoT is a modular approach to merge various Technologies (ICT) sector, covering the way to different
sensors with all the ICT solutions. With over 50 billion objects services and applications able to leverage the interconnection
will be connected and deployed in smart cities in 2020. The of physical and virtual domains.
heart of smart cities operations is the IoT communications. IoT can be defined as ‘Objects having virtual personalities and
IoT is designed to support Smart City concept, which aims at identifications in smart areas employing intelligent interfaces to
utilizing the most advanced communication technologies to connect and communicate within medical, social,
promote services for the administration of the city and the environmental and users context [4]. The influence of the IoT
citizens. This paper is presenting a comprehensive review of on the life of users can be considered as its key feature. This
the concepts of IoT and smart cities and their motivations and challenge has driven to increase of different and seldom,
applications. Moreover, this paper describes the main incompatible projects for the possible recognition of IoT
challenges and weaknesses of applying the IoT technologies systems. Accordingly, from a system prospect, the awareness
based on smart city paradigms. of an IoT network, commonly with the required backend
Keywords—Internet of things (IoT); Smart City; network services and devices, still needs an established best
communication technologies. practice because of its novelty and complexity.
Furthermore, to the technical challenges, the IoT model
I. INTRODUCTION adoption also limited by the lack of widely and clearly
The Internet of Things is an infrastructure that includes admitted business model that can attract expenses to increase
physical devices, modern vehicles, buildings, and even the deployment of these technologies [5].
essential electrical devices which we use on a consistent basis Smart cities are those that make the use of these smart things to
inter-connected to each other over the internet so that they can carry out various functions such as lighting, traffic control,
accumulate and exchange data amongst themselves. These connecting multiple cities, energy consumption and pollution
"Things" have the priority and the ability to self-organize and control. The main purpose of smart cities can replace the way
communicate with other things without human intervention [1]. how we look to the things. Regarding many aspects where IoT
There are more than six devices connected to the Internet per is set to rule we can say that from the most reliable day to day
person [2]. The concept of IoT aims to present the Internet actions to the most complex human emotions, IoT will affect it
even more pervasive and even more immersive. Moreover, by all. Commonly, from the smart city applications and the
enabling easy access and interaction with an extensive variety underlying environment the citizens will benefit primarily, as
of devices such as instance for home appliances, monitoring, illustrated in Figure 1.
surveillance cameras, sensors, displays, actuators, and vehicles.
The IoT will improve the development of various applications The IoT based Smart City applications can be a personal
that make use of the massive amount and diversity of data assistant for the daily routine of a citizen. E.g., to remind him
produced by objects to implement further services to of his next appointment to optimizing his room temperature
companies, citizens, and public administrations. according to outside temperature to make his coffee on time. It
can recognize his health if he suffers from any problem and
IoT applications are various and brought to several areas and notify or alarm his particular doctor in case of emergency.
domains for example: home automation, healthcare via mobile,
manufacturing automation, elderly assistance, medical aids, A formal definition exists for smart cities [6]. In the IoT
automotive, smart grids and intelligent energy control, traffic features, devices can be integrated based on the geographic
management, etc. [3]. The IoT structure is subject to smart and location and determined by using an analyzing system. Sensor
self-configuring objects that are combined into a universal services for the collection of individual data can be used within

978-1-5386-3779-1/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

several occurring projects such as concerning the monitoring of Management Systems (TMS) for smart cities, though is
cyclists, vehicles, public parking lots. The rest of the paper is restrained in its applicability to smart city deployment,
organized as follows. We start presenting an overview of IoT applications, and services since it focused on TMS only. The
in the context of smart cities in Section II. In Section III, we growth of population in urban areas demand enough
present a general overview of the smart city concept and procurement of infrastructure and services to fit the
services. More in detail, section IV describes actual IoT requirements of city residents, inhabitants, workers, and
application for smart cities. In section V insights and research travelers.
challenges are presented. Finally, Section V is concludes the The proposed implementation by Sensor Web Enablement and
paper and proposes future research directions.
the regular specifications that apply the Contiki Operating
System for deployment of the IoT, and thus, here we have
considered smart cities as the reference scenario [25]. Most of
the fundamental building block of the IoT paradigm is
Connectivity. The IoT is a broadband network that employs
standard communication protocols [20,21] while its
convergence point is the Internet. The fundamental notion of
the IoT is the general residence of objects that can be
measured, understood, inferred, and that can improve the
environment. On this basis, IoT authorized by the
developments of several objects as well as communication
technologies. Associated things in the IoT consist of smart
devices implementing mobile phones and other objects like
the appliance, foodstuff, monument, landmark, work of art [9,
10] that can cooperate to provide a current target. The impact
Figure 1. Fundamental objects of smart cities of the IoT on the life of users can consider as its essential
feature [4]. In [26], a scalable structure for home automation is
introduced using Apache Storm. Though, they rely on local
II. RELATED WORK
reasoning for enabling scalability.
Recently the rapid growing of information and assets are
essentials of being on the top of millions of real-time reacting
and communicating devices. Moreover these are systems III. THE ACTUAL IOT APPLICATIONS FOR SMART
depending on the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies which CITIES
are dedicated to utilizing these assets in substantial resilient
and the quintessentially way which authorizes them to reach The IoT and all related information technology employs the
their full potential. The literature survey starts with an analysis Internet to consolidate various devices with each other. In this
of the various descriptions of a smart city by Fernandez-Anez regard also to facilitate the approachability, all available
[7]. Arasteh et al. [8] explain the relationship between the devices should be connected to the Internet [4]. To fulfill this
smart city and IoT, while Luong et al. [9] consider the purpose, sensors, actuators, cloud, data science,
economic and pricing policies and their relationships in communication technologies, machine learning, and Artificial
communication and data collection also for IoT. Da Silva et al. Intelligent can develop at various locations for analyzing and
[10] surveys the architecture for smart cities, Ijaz et al. [11] collecting data to increase the usage. Fig.2 illuminates the
consider security perspectives of a smart city. primary applications of the IoT for smart cities. The main
El-Baz and Bourgeois [12] propose the architecture of a purposes are described as follows:
particular smart city application (Logistic Mobile
Application). Pellicer et al. [13] give an overview of smart city
deployments around the globe. Another survey is provided by
Petroleo et al. [14] on the semantics used by sensors in the
Cloud for IoT applications to bridge the gap between the
Internet of Things and the Cloud of Things. Perera et al. [15]
consider the purpose of Fog computing in smart city
applications. Shuai et al. [16] give a review for a smart city
application named Electric Vehicles Charging. Distinctive in-
depth learning algorithms survey presenting by Wang and Sng
[17] with video analytics as a target smart city application.
Rashid and Rehmani [18] explain the utilization of Wireless
Sensor Networks in smart cities. Furthermore, that survey is
intrinsically diverse, because of its data-centric view of smart
city applications and services. Djahel et al. [19] summarize a
similar study of data lifecycle in the context of Traffic Figure 2. The Main Application of IoT for Smart City
 A. Smart Traffic Management and Parking Lots, Urban IV. INSIGHTS AND RESEARCH CHALLENGES
Transportation (public and individual), logistics: We have explained the actual IoT application for smart cities
in the previous section. In the following section, we discuss
Traffic Management data are one of the most significant data the challenges that smart cities need to address when
sources in a typical smart city in which, by managing these considering to deploy those technologies and draw insights
data and applying a proper analysis, citizens and the towards the realization of the smart city [4].
government will benefit considerably [22]. Residents will be
able to use traffic management data to arrange the arrival time A. Assuring Data Quality and Integrity:
to a destination [4], furthermore Smart parking lots through Users trusted could be provide by data integrity's , furthermore
employing smart parking, various vehicles arrival and data quality's focus in providing the characteristics of data
departure could track for different parking lots spread in the values (metadata , context), therefore the costs can be
city [22]. Because of that, it should consider in the way of searched, shorted , and filtered to an effective manner ,
designing the number of vehicles in each area [4]. convinced that the comprehensive data set is combined.
Furthermore, new parking lots should build wherever a higher Referring to IoT application for smart cities both quality and
estimated number of vehicles are available [24]. integrity are necessary. In smart grid, for instance, a massive
volume of data is being received from different clients. These
B. Smart homes, Offices, and Buildings: data include useful information such as failure implications
Instrumenting homes and buildings with advanced IoT and usage patterns. Moreover, if data integrity and quality are
technologies may assist in both decreasing the consumption of not guaranteed, the collected data may be settled, and the
resources correlated with buildings (electricity, water) as well power grid operators might take the wrong choices.
as in improving the fulfillment level of humans populating it
[12]. Sensors could keep smart homes under monitoring and B. Management and Coordination:
control through the data generated by them [4]. The The rapid and massive increasing in IoT reaches into homes,
considerably distinct advantage to smart homes is suitability, social settings, businesses, and other environments, as further
as moreover connected devices can manipulate more services as more devices are connected together for sharing data.
and frees up the citizen to perform other responsibilities. Through the smart cities, there are several methods for
collecting the data. Consequently, it is critical to have
C. Smart Grid and Energy Efficient Operation: appropriate coordination among the various technologies and
The smart grid employs new technologies such as intelligent companies to manage these techniques. This arises from the
and autonomous controllers, advanced software for data smart cities’ request to be governmentally smart [4]. Must
management and two-way communications among power have a clear illustration of the coordination, management, and
utilities and consumers, to create an automated and distributed collaboration of data acquisition technologies will provide to
advanced energy delivery network [4]. Extended as an smarter decisions that will improve the citizens’ quality of life.
infrastructure for sensing and transmitting information for the
smart grid, the IoT technology, when applied to the power C. Energy Efficiency:
network, will play a significant role in cost-effective power An example of smart city goals is to be environmentally smart
generation, consumption, transmission, and distribution. [4], the data occupancy tools, procedures and standards need
to be visited in light of lower power dissipation. Data
D. Environmental Pollution, Water, Weather ,and acquisition tools such as: Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and
Surveillance System: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (i.e., VANETs, UAVs) require
reducing their carbon footprint. That can be achieved by
If the citizens feel unhealthy within the city, so we could not making these devices more energy-efficient, or by combining
consider it as a smart city. To avoid this issue, a smart city the sources of renewable energy, wherever the stored energy
should observe the environmental pollution and transmit the can be used at later times. Such as weather monitoring,
related information to citizens, particularly to those with wherever the various sensors distributed through the city need
healthcare circumstances. A separate module reported to be energy-efficient. These sensors can serve as renewable
realizing the environment and noise data [23]. Water and energy sources to decrease their carbon footprint. The
weather systems can employ various sensors to provide procedures of data acquisition should include further to be
appropriate information like temperature, humidity, wind, improved to be energy-efficient. For example, optimizing
rain, speed, and pressure and that can afford to enhance the sensors’ positions, transmitting methods and maybe
efficiency of the smart cities [4]. Furthermore security and scheduling can also lower their power consumption.
safety are the most critical factors in a smart city from the Employing latest techniques such as RF and Visible Light
citizens’ viewpoint. For this objective, the whole of the smart Communication (VLC) backscattering, which is starting to
city should continuously monitor. Though, analyzing the data show commitment regarding energy efficiency, additionally
and detecting crimes enhances the security of the smart city could help in lowering the power consumption.
[23].
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