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Chapter 1 Notes

This document provides an overview of respiration and the related human respiratory and circulatory systems. It begins with an introduction to aerobic respiration and the word equation for the process. It then describes the major components of the human respiratory system involved in breathing, including the nose, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It explains the functions of ribs and the diaphragm in breathing. Finally, it covers the processes of gaseous exchange in the alveoli and lungs, and the transport of oxygen, glucose and carbon dioxide between the lungs, blood, and cells via diffusion and the circulatory system.

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Lim Zhi En
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21 views12 pages

Chapter 1 Notes

This document provides an overview of respiration and the related human respiratory and circulatory systems. It begins with an introduction to aerobic respiration and the word equation for the process. It then describes the major components of the human respiratory system involved in breathing, including the nose, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It explains the functions of ribs and the diaphragm in breathing. Finally, it covers the processes of gaseous exchange in the alveoli and lungs, and the transport of oxygen, glucose and carbon dioxide between the lungs, blood, and cells via diffusion and the circulatory system.

Uploaded by

Lim Zhi En
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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RESPIRATION

CHAPTER 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Aerobic Respiration
II. Human Respiratory System
III. Gaseous exchange
IV. Blood
1. Aerobic Respiration
A chemical reaction where oxygen is taken into the
body, transported to the cells, and used with glucose
to release energy from mitochondria.

Word Equation!
Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon dioxide + Water
2. Human Respiratory
System
Flow of air into our body

Nose
Mucus is produced to moisten the air and trap
bacteria.

Nasal cavity
Hair in the nasal cavity traps dust particles. Blood
vessels release heat to warm the air

Trachea
Made of rings of cartilage. Ciliated epithelial cells →
sweep hair, mucus, trapped dust & bacteria to the
throat. 

Bronchus
The airways that lead from the trachea to the lungs.

Bronchioles
Branches from the bronchi. Deliver air to the
alveolus.

Alveolus
The lungs & blood exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide
during the process of breathing in & out.
The function of Ribs &
Diaphragm

Ribs： Protect the lungs. The


intercostal muscles move the ribs
during breathing.

Diaphragm： A muscle sheet that


separates the chest cavity from lower
body cavity. Contracts and relaxes
during breathing.
BREATHING - The movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Breathing is part of the process of Respiration.
RESPIRATION - Oxygen is taken into the body, transported

to the cells, and used with glucose to release energy.

3. Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous exchange is the physical process by which
gases move passively by diffusion across a surface.

Gaseous exchange in Alveoli


Diffusion
Oxygen gas from alveoli diffuse into blood capillaries
→ Red blood cell.

Carbon dioxide gas from blood capillaries (blood


plasma) diffuse into alveoli.

Gases diffuse from a region of high concentration to


low concentration.
Moving oxygen to the cells
Oxygen gas from the lungs diffuses into the red blood cells.

Haemoglobin in the red blood cells transport the oxygen gas


to the heart, then to other organs.

Oxygen gas diffuses into the body tissues/cells → Cell


Respiration

Red blood cell in deoxygenated blood is back to the heart,


then to the lungs.

Moving Glucose to the Cells


Glucose passes through the small intestines and
enter the blood through capillaries. It stays in the
plasma.
Glucose travels in the plasma along the veins, back to
the heart.
The blood which contains glucose is pumped → body
cells/tissue.
Glucose is used by the body cells/tissue for
respiration (to get energy).

Moving Carbon Dioxide to


lungs
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the bloodstream through
capillaries & stays in the plasma.

Carbon dioxide gas travels in the blood plasma and back to


the heart. It is pumped out of the heart to the lungs.

Carbon dioxide gas diffuse into the lungs → Exhale.


How is gas exchange
efficient?
Alveoli are small (large total surface area)

Alveoli have a moist lining (surface)

Alveoli have a thin wall

Alveoli are covered by network of blood


capillaries
4. Blood

Blood Composition
The Circulatory system
“Transport substances (nutrient, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, hormones, water) around the body in
the blood.”
Major organs: Heart, Blood vessels

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