01 Data Communication Network Basis

Data Communication Network Basis
Page 1 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
⚫ Communication has always been with us ever since the origin of human society.
Communication has been playing an increasingly important role especially since human society
entered the information era in the 1970s or 1980s.
⚫ The communication mentioned in this course refers to the communication implemented
through a data communication network. This course describes the concepts related to
communication and a data communication network, information transfer process, network
devices and their functions, network types, and typical networking. In addition, this course
briefly introduces the concepts related to network engineering and network engineers.
Objectives
⚫ On completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Understand the concepts related to communication and a data communication network.
 Be able to describe the information transfer process.
 Differentiate network devices of different types and understand their basic functions.
 Understand different network types and topology types.
 Understand the concepts related to network engineering and network engineers.
Huawei Device Icons
General General Core switch Aggregation Access Stacked switches Firewall General NMS AP Base
router switch switch switch station
General server Cluster FTP server Authentication PN user Enterprise network Enterprise Business trip AC Wi-Fi signals
server user
Internet Network Network IP phone PC Pad Mobile Laptop

cloud 1 cloud 2 phone
Contents
1. Communication and Networks
2. Network Types and Topology Types
3. Network Engineering and Network Engineers
Network communication Data communication network
Concept of Network Communication

⚫ Communication refers to the information transfer and exchange between people, between people and things, and
between things through a certain medium and behavior.
⚫ Network communication refers to communication between terminal devices through a computer network.
⚫ Examples of network communication:
Data
Router
A. Files are transferred between two computers

(terminals) through a network cable. Data
..
Data .
B. Files are transferred among multiple computers

(terminals) through a router.
C. A computer (terminal) downloads files

through the Internet.
• Examples of network communication:
▫ A. Two computers connected with a network cable form the simplest network.
▫ B. A small network consists of a router (or switch) and multiple computers. In such a
network, files can be freely transferred between every two computers through the router
or switch.
▫ C. To download a file from a website, a computer must first access the Internet.
• The Internet is the largest computer network in the world. Its predecessor, Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network (ARPAnet), was born in 1969. The wide popularization and application
of the Internet is one of the landmarks of the information age.
Information Transfer Process

⚫ Virtual information transfer is similar to real object transfer.
Objects Package Distribution center Sky Distribution center Package Objects
Packet Packet
Data Data Data Data
Computer Gateway router Internet Gateway router Computer
• Comparison between express delivery (object transfer) and network communication:
• Objects to be delivered by express delivery:
▫ The application generates the information (or data) to be delivered.
• The objects are packaged and attached with a delivery form containing the name and address of
the consignee.
▫ The application packs the data into the original "data payload", and adds the "header" and
"tail" to form a packet. The important information in the packet is the address information
of the receiver, that is, the "destination address".
▫ The process of adding some new information segments to an information unit to form a
new information unit is called encapsulation.
• The package is sent to the distribution center, where packages are sorted based on the
destination addresses and the packages destined for the same city are placed on the same plane.
▫ The packet reaches the gateway through the network cable. After receiving the packet, the
gateway decapsulates the packet, reads the destination address, and then re-encapsulates
the packet. Then, the gateway sends the packet to a router based on the destination
address. After being transmitted through the gateway and router, the packet leaves the
local network and enters the Internet for transmission.
▫ The network cable functions similarly as the highway. The network cable is the medium for
information transfer.
Common Terms
Term Description
Data payload Information conveyed
Packet Data unit switched and transmitted on the network
Header Information segment added before the data payload
Tail Information segment added after the data payload
Encapsulation Process of adding a header and a tail to a data payload to form a new packet
Decapsulation Process of removing the header and tail from a packet to obtain the data payload
Network device that provides functions such as protocol conversion, route selection, and
Gateway
data exchange
Router Network device that selects a forwarding path for packets
Terminal device End device of a data communication system, used as a sender or receiver of data
• Data payload: It can be considered as the information to be transmitted. However, in a

hierarchical communication process, the data unit (packet) transmitted from the upper layer to
the lower layer can be called the data payload of the lower layer.
• Packet: a data unit that is exchanged and transmitted on a network. It is in the format of
header+data payload+tail. During transmission, the format and content of packets may change.
• Header: The information segment added before the data payload during packet assembly to
facilitate information transmission is called the packet header.
• Tail: The information segment added after the payload to facilitate information transmission is
called the tail of a packet. Note that many packets do not have tails.
• Encapsulation: A technology used by layered protocols. When the lower-layer protocol receives a
message from the upper-layer protocol, the message is added to the data part of the lower-layer
frame.
• Decapsulation: It is the reverse process of encapsulation. That is, the header and tail of a packet
are removed to obtain the data payload.
• Gateway: A gateway is a network device that provides functions such as protocol conversion,
route selection, and data exchange when networks using different architectures or protocols
communicate with each other. A gateway is a term that is named based on its deployment
location and functionality, rather than a specific device type.
• Router: a network device that selects a transmission path for a packet.
• Terminal device: It is the end device of the data communication system. As the data sender or
receiver, the terminal device provides the necessary functions required by the user access
protocol operations. The terminal device may be a computer, server, VoIP, or mobile phone.
Concept of the Data Communication Network

Internet
• Data communication network:
Core equipment room
Log system
Communication network that consists Controller
NMS
of routers, switches, firewalls, access Application server
controllers (ACs), access points (APs),

PCs, network printers, and servers
• Function:
To implement data communication
..
. .. ..
. .
Office area 1 Office area 2 Office area 3
Switches
⚫ Switch: a device closest to end users, used to access the network and switch data frames
 Network access of terminals (such as PCs and servers)
 Layer 2 switching
Switch
Broadcast domain
• Switches:
▫ On a campus network, a switch is the device closest to end users and is used to connect
terminals to the campus network. Switches at the access layer are usually Layer 2 switches
and are also called Ethernet switches. Layer 2 refers to the data link layer of the TCP/IP
reference model.
▫ The Ethernet switch can implement the following functions: data frame switching, access of
end user devices, basic access security functions, and Layer 2 link redundancy.
▫ Broadcast domain: A set of nodes that can receive broadcast packets from a node.
Routers
⚫ Router: a network-layer device that forwards data packets on the Internet. Based on the destination address in a
received packet, a router selects a path to send the packet to the next router or destination. The last router on the
path is responsible for sending the packet to the destination host.
 Implementing communication between networks of
the same type or different types
 Isolating broadcast domains
Router
 Maintaining the routing table and running
routing protocols
 Selecting routes and forwarding IP packets
 Implementing WAN access and network
address translation Broadcast domain A Broadcast domain B
 Connecting Layer 2 networks established through switches
• Routers:
▫ Routers work at the network layer of the TCP/IP reference model.
▫ Routers can implement the following functions: routing table and routing information
maintenance, route discovery and path selection, data forwarding, broadcast domain
isolation, WAN access, network address translation, and specific security functions.
Firewalls
⚫ Firewall: a network security device used to ensure secure communication between two networks. It monitors,
restricts, and modifies data flows passing through it to shield information, structure, and running status of internal
networks from the public network.
Untrust zone
 Isolating networks of different security levels
Internet
 Implementing access control (using security policies)
between networks of different security levels
DMZ
 Implementing user identity authentication Firewall
 Implementing remote access
 Supporting data encryption and VPN services Trust zone
 Implementing network address translation

 Implementing other security functions
• Firewall:
▫ It is located between two networks with different trust levels (for example, between an
intranet and the Internet). It controls the communication between the two networks and
forcibly implements unified security policies to prevent unauthorized access to important
information resources.
Wireless devices
Internet Internet
AC
Fat AP Fit AP
WLAN (Wi-Fi)
Wired terminal Wireless terminal Wireless Wireless

terminal terminal
• In a broad sense, WLAN is a network that uses radio waves, laser, and infrared signals to replace
some or all transmission media in a wired LAN. Common Wi-Fi is a WLAN technology based on the
IEEE 802.11 family of standards.
• On a WLAN, common devices include fat APs, fit APs, and ACs.
▫ AP:
▪ Generally, it supports the fat AP, fit AP, and cloud-based management modes. You
can flexibly switch between these modes based on network planning requirements.
▪ Fat AP: It is applicable to homes. It works independently and needs to be configured
separately. It has simple functions and low costs.
▪ Fit AP: It applies to medium- and large-sized enterprises. It needs to work with the
AC and is managed and configured by the AC.
▪ Cloud-based management: It applies to small- and medium-sized enterprises. It
needs to work with the cloud-based management platform for unified management
and configuration. It provides various functions and supports plug-and-play.
▫ AC:
▪ It is generally deployed at the aggregation layer of the entire network to provide
high-speed, secure, and reliable WLAN services.
▪ The AC provides wireless data control services featuring large capacity, high
performance, high reliability, easy installation, and easy maintenance. It features
flexible networking and energy saving.
Contents
Network Types Network Topologies
LAN, MAN, and WAN

⚫ Based on the geographical coverage, networks can be classified into local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area
networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
 LAN
◼ A LAN is a network that consists of computers, servers, and network devices in a geographic area. The coverage of a LAN is generally within
several thousand square meters.
◼ Typical LANs include a company's office network, a cyber bar network, a home network.
 MAN
◼ A MAN is a computer communication network established within a city.
◼ Typical MANs include broadband MANs, education MANs, and municipal or provincial e-government private lines.
 WAN
◼ A WAN generally covers a large geographical area ranging from tens of square kilometers to thousands of square kilometers. It can connect
networks of multiple cities or even networks of countries (as an international large-scale network) and provide long-distance
communication.
◼ The Internet is a typical WAN.
• Based on the geographical coverage, networks can be classified into LANs, WANs, and MANs.
• LAN:
▫ Basic characteristics:
▪ An LAN generally covers an area of a few square kilometers.
▪ The main function is to connect several terminals that are close to each other (within
a family, within one or more buildings, within a campus, for example).
▫ Technologies used: Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
• MAN:
▫ Basic characteristics:
▪ A MAN is a large-sized LAN, which requires high costs but can provide a higher
transmission rate. It improves the transmission media in LANs and expands the
access scope of LANs (able to cover a university campus or city).
▪ The main function is to connect hosts, databases, and LANs at different locations in
the same city.
▪ The functions of a MAN are similar to those of a WAN except for implementation
modes and performance.
▫ Technologies used: such as Ethernet (10 Gbit/s or 100 Gbit/s) and WiMAX.
LAN, MAN, and WAN in the Education Industry

Provincial Level Municipal Level County Level
Internet
MAN core of the

MAN core of the MAN core of the district-
provincial education municipal education level/county-level
bureau bureau education bureau
LAN of a LAN of a LAN of a primary

middle school middle school school
LAN of a college or LAN of a college or LAN of a college or

LAN of a college or university
university LAN of a college or university
university university
Network Topologies
⚫ A network topology is a structured layout presented using transmission media (such as twisted pairs and optical
fibers) to interconnect various devices (such as computer terminals, routers, and switches).
The network topology is used to

describe the physical or logical
structure of a network in the
network engineering field, and is
a very important network
concept.
..
. ..
.
• Network topology drawing:
▫ It is very important to master professional network topology drawing skills, which requires
a lot of practice.
▫ Visio and Power Point are two common tools for drawing network topologies.
Network Topology Types

⚫ Network topologies are classified into star, bus, ring, tree, full-mesh, and partial-mesh network
topologies.
Star network topology Bus network topology Ring network topology
Combined network topology
Tree network Full-mesh network Partial-mesh network

topology topology topology
• Star network topology:
▫ All nodes are connected through a central node.
▫ Advantages: New nodes can be easily added to the network. Communication data must be
forwarded by the central node, which facilitates network monitoring.
▫ Disadvantages: Faults on the central node affect the communication of the entire network.
• Bus network topology:
▫ All nodes are connected through a bus (coaxial cable for example).
▫ Advantages: The installation is simple and cable resources are saved. Generally, the failure
of a node does not affect the communication of the entire network.
▫ Disadvantages: A bus fault affects the communication of the entire network. The
information sent by a node can be received by all other nodes, resulting in low security.
• Ring network topology:
▫ All nodes are connected to form a closed ring.
▫ Advantages: Cables resources are saved.
▫ Disadvantages: It is difficult to add new nodes. The original ring must be interrupted before
new nodes are inserted to form a new ring.
Contents
Network Engineering
⚫ Network engineering
 Network engineering refers to planning and designing feasible solutions based on network application requirements and computer network
system standards, specifications, and technologies under the guidance of information system engineering methods and complete organizations,
as well as integrating computer network hardware devices, software, and technologies to form a cost-effective network system that meets user
requirements.
⚫ Technical modules covered by network engineering:

Application
Storage Security Calculation
Wireless Routing Switching
Equipment Media
room
...
• Network engineering covers a series of activities around the network, including network planning,
design, implementation, commissioning, and troubleshooting.
• The knowledge field of network engineering design is very wide, in which routing and switching
are the basis of the computer network.
Network Engineer
⚫ Network engineer
 Network engineers are technology professionals who master professional network technologies, have professional skills, professionalism, and
project implementation experience in the network engineering field, and are able to fully communicate with customers or other project
stakeholders onsite. In addition, they can develop implementation solutions and project plans (recognized by project stakeholders) based on
customer requirements and environment factors, fully mobilize resources of all parties to ensure timely and high-quality project implementation,
and provide training for stakeholders and deliver engineering documents after the project is implemented.
⚫ Comprehensive capability models for network engineers:
Process specification Business etiquette Team collaboration
Industry knowledge Values Business management
Engineering knowledge Service awareness Presentation capability
Product knowledge Information collection Problem solving
Technical knowledge Learning competency Communication capability
Professional knowledge Basic qualification Professional skills
Network Engineers' Technology Development Path
Solution design, network planning, implementation, troubleshooting,

Overall capabilities
and optimization
From macro to micro and then
Packet and
underlying Underlying working mechanism of protocols and packet details
mechanisms
back to macro
Protocol Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) connection establishment process

mechanisms Detailed working process of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
How How to perform, verify, and query OSPF configurations
What Routing and switching
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Aiming to cultivate network experts with solid
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HCIA-Datacom
HCIA
Aiming to cultivate network
engineers with basic datacom
HCIP-Datacom
theories and skills Aiming to cultivate senior network engineers for
cross-field solution planning and design or single-
field planning and deployment
• HCIA-Datacom: one course (exam)

▫ Basic concepts of data communication, basis of routing and switching, security, WLAN, SDN
and NFV, basis of programming automation, and network deployment cases
• HCIP-Datacom: one mandatory course (exam) and six optional sub-certification courses (exams)
▫ Mandatory course (exam):
▪ HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology
▫ Optional courses (exams):
▪ HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology
▪ HCIP-Datacom-Campus Network Planning and Deployment
▪ HCIP-Datacom-Enterprise Network Solution Design
▪ HCIP-Datacom-WAN Planning and Deployment
▪ HCIP-Datacom-SD-WAN Planning and Deployment
▪ HCIP-Datacom-Network Automation Developer
• HCIE-Datacom: one course (exam), integrating two modules
▫ Classic network:
▪ Classic datacom technology theory based on command lines
▪ Classic datacom technology deployment based on command lines
▫ Huawei SDN solution:
▪ Enterprise SDN solution technology theory
▪ Enterprise SDN solution planning and deployment
Quiz
1. (Single) Which of the following type of network topology has the highest reliability? ( )
A. Star network topology
B. Ring network topology
C. Full-mesh network topology
D. Tree network topology
1. C
Summary
⚫ This section describes the concepts of network communication and data communication
network. The basic function of a data communication network is to implement network
communication.
⚫ This section also introduces various network devices, the differences between LAN, MAN and
WAN, and various network topologies. In actual networking, multiple topologies are combined
according to the requirements of multiple parties.
⚫ This section also describes network engineering and network engineers and introduces Huawei
datacom certification system.
Thank You
www.huawei.com

01 Data Communication Network Basis

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01 Data Communication Network Basis

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Data Communication Network Basis

Internet Network Network IP phone PC Pad Mobile Laptop

2. Network Types and Topology Types

3. Network Engineering and Network Engineers

Concept of Network Communication

A. Files are transferred between two computers

B. Files are transferred among multiple computers

C. A computer (terminal) downloads files

• Examples of network communication:

Information Transfer Process

Objects Package Distribution center Sky Distribution center Package Objects

Computer Gateway router Internet Gateway router Computer

• Comparison between express delivery (object transfer) and network communication:

• Objects to be delivered by express delivery:

▫ The application generates the information (or data) to be delivered.

• Data payload: It can be considered as the information to be transmitted. However, in a

Concept of the Data Communication Network

controllers (ACs), access points (APs),

▫ Routers work at the network layer of the TCP/IP reference model.

 Implementing network address translation

Wired terminal Wireless terminal Wireless Wireless

2. Network Types and Topology Types

3. Network Engineering and Network Engineers

LAN, MAN, and WAN

▪ An LAN generally covers an area of a few square kilometers.

▫ Technologies used: Ethernet and Wi-Fi.

LAN, MAN, and WAN in the Education Industry

MAN core of the

LAN of a LAN of a LAN of a primary

LAN of a college or LAN of a college or LAN of a college or

The network topology is used to

• Network topology drawing:

Network Topology Types

Star network topology Bus network topology Ring network topology

Combined network topology

Tree network Full-mesh network Partial-mesh network

• Star network topology:

▫ All nodes are connected through a central node.

• Bus network topology:

• Ring network topology:

▫ All nodes are connected to form a closed ring.

▫ Advantages: Cables resources are saved.

2. Network Types and Topology Types

3. Network Engineering and Network Engineers

⚫ Technical modules covered by network engineering:

Storage Security Calculation

Wireless Routing Switching

⚫ Comprehensive capability models for network engineers:

Process specification Business etiquette Team collaboration

Industry knowledge Values Business management

Engineering knowledge Service awareness Presentation capability

Product knowledge Information collection Problem solving

Technical knowledge Learning competency Communication capability

Professional knowledge Basic qualification Professional skills

Solution design, network planning, implementation, troubleshooting,

Protocol Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) connection establishment process

How How to perform, verify, and query OSPF configurations

What Routing and switching

Providing talent with career Facilitating enterprise innovation

ICT Vertical Certification Finance Public Safety

Huawei Certified ICT Professional

Storage Intelligent Computing

Transmission Access LTE 5G

• Huawei talent ecosystem website: https://e.huawei.com/en/talent/#/home

• HCIA-Datacom: one course (exam)

B. Ring network topology

C. Full-mesh network topology

D. Tree network topology

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