MTH403:COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Syllabus:
1. Preliminaries to Complex analysis: Basic properties: convergence, compactness,
connectedness; continuous functions, Holomorphic functions, power series, integration
along curves and properties.
[2 Weeks]
2. Cauchy’s theorem and its application: Goursat’s theorem, local existence of prim-
itives and Cauchy’s theorem in a disc, evalution of some integrals, Cauchys’s integral
formulas, Morera’s theorem, sequence of holomorphic functions.
[3 Weeks]
3. Meromorphic functions and the Logarithm: Zeros and poles, the residue formula,
singularities and meromorphic functions, the argument principle and applications, open
mapping theorem, maximum modulus principle, Picard’s theorem, Homotopy and sim-
ply connected domains, the complex logarithms, Fourier series and harmonic functions.
[4 Weeks]
4. Conformal mappings: Conformal equivalence: the disc and the upper half-plane;
The Dirichlet problem in a strip, Schwartz lemma, automorphism of disc, automor-
phism of the upper half-plane, Riemann mapping theorem.
[4 Weeks]
References:
1. L.V. Ahlfors, Complex analysis, McGraw-Hill international editions.
2. John B. Conway Functions of one complex variable, Springer International Student
Edition.
4. Walter Rudin Real and Complex analysis, McGraw-Hill international editions.
5. E. M. Stein, R. Shakarchi Complex Analysis, Princeton University Press.

1
 Assignment-0
(1) Sketch each of the following set of complex numbers:
(a) S = {z : |z − 2 + i| ≤ 1}.
(b) S = {z : z1 = z}
(c) S = {z : |2z + 3| > 4}
(d) S = {z : |z − 1| = |z − 3|}.
(e) S = {z : 1 < |z| < 2, Re z 6= 0}
(2) Show that it is impossible to define a total ordering on C. That is, one can not find a
realtion  between complex numbers so that the following holds:
(a) For any two complex numbers z, w, one and only one of the following is true:
z  w, w  z or z = w.
(b) For all z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C the relation z1  z2 implies z1 + z3  z2 + z3 .
(c) Moreover for all z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C with z3  0, then z1  z2 implies z1 z3  z2 z3 .
(3) If z and w are in C such that Im(z) > 0 and Im(w) > 0, show that | z−w z−w |< 1.
(4) (a) Let z, w be two complex numbers such that zw 6= 1. Prove that
w−z
| | < 1 if |z| < 1 and |w| < 1,
1 − wz
and also that
w−z
| | = 1 if |z| = 1 or |w| = 1,
1 − wz
(b) Prove that for a fixed w ∈ D = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1}, the mapping
w−z
F : z 7→
1 − wz
satisfy the following conditions:
(i) F maps D to itself and F : D → D is holomorphic.
(ii) F interchanges 0 and w, i.e., F (0) = w and F (w) = 0.
(iii) |F (z)| = 1 if |z| = 1.
(iv) F is bijective.
(5) Show that, for z, w ∈ C
sin(z + w) = sin z cos w + cos z sin w, cos(z + w) = cos z cos w − sin z sin w
(6) For z = x + iy ∈ C, show that
(a) sin2 z + cos2 z = 1,
(b) sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y,
(c) cos z = cos x cos y − i sin x sinh y.
Also show that
| sin z|2 = sin2 x + sinh2 y, | cos z|2 = cos2 x + sinh2 y.
Conclude that sin z, cos z are not bounded functions and zeros of sin z (resp. cos z) are
p 2for any z ∈ C, there
the usual zeros of sin x (resp. cos x) on the real axis. Show that
exist w ∈ C such that cos w = z. (Show that w = −i log(z ± (z − 1)))
(7) Show that the equation z 4 + z + 5 = 0 has no solution in the set {z ∈ C : | z |< 1}.
(8) Discuss the convergence of the following sequences:
nπ nπ 1
a) {cos( ) + in }, b) {in sin( )}, c) { + in }.
2 4 n
2
 (9) Let z = reiθ , w = Reiφ , 0 ≤ r < R. For a fixed w find
w+z
lim Re( ).
r→R w−z
(10) Check if the following functions can be prescribed a value at z = 0, so that they become
2
continuous: f (z) = |z|z , f (z) = |z|−1
z+1
, f (z) = zz̄ .
(11) Show that lim(C3)z→0 z sin z1 does not exist.
(12) Which of the following subsets of C are open and which are closed? Also find their
interior.
(a) {z | |z| < 1}
(b) The real axis.
(c) {z | z n = 1 for some integer n ≥ 1}
(d) {z ∈ C | z is real and 0 ≤ z < 1}.
(13) Prove that an open subset of C is connected if and only if it is path connected.
(14) Which of the following subsets of C are connected? If not connected, find its connected
components.
(a) X = {z | |z| ≤ 1} ∪ {z | |z − 2| ≤ 1}
(b) X = [0, 1) ∪ {1 + n1 | n ≥ 1}
(15) Let f be the function on R defined by

 0 if x ≤ 0
f (x) =
 −1/x2
e if x > 0
Prove that f is infinitely differentiable on R and f (n) (0) = 0 for all n ≥ 1but f does
not have a converging power series expansion near 0.

3
 MTH403:COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Practise Problem-1
Notation: For an open set Ω ⊆ C, the set of holomorphic functions on Ω is denoted by H(Ω).
(1) For Ω ⊆ C define Ω = {z ∈ C : z ∈ Ω}.
(a) For Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − i| < 1}, draw Ω.
(b) If Ω is open and connected then so is Ω.
(c) If Ω is open and f ∈ H(Ω) then show that g ∈ H(Ω) where g(z) = f (z). Find
g 0 (z).
(2) Show that
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
4 = + .
∂z∂z ∂x2 ∂y 2
(3) Suppose U, V are open sets in the complex plane. Prove that if f : U → V and
g : V → C are two functions that are differentiable (in the real sense, that is as a
function of two variables x and y), and h = g ◦ f , then
∂h ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f
= +
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
and
∂h ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f
= + .
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
(This is the complex version of the chain rule.)
(4) Suppose that f = u + iv is holomorphic on an open connected set Ω. Prove that in
each one of the following cases f is constant.
(a) u is constant.
(b) v is constant.
(c) |f | is constant.
(5) Show that in polar cordinates, the Cauchy-Riemann equations take the form:
∂u 1 ∂v 1 ∂u ∂v
= and =− .
∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂r
Using this show that the logarithm function defined by
log z = log r + iθ where z = reiθ with − π < θ < π
is holomorphic in the region r > 0 pand −π < θ < π.
(6) Show that the function f (x+iy) = |x| |y|, x, y ∈ R satisfies Caychy-Riemann equation
at the origin yet not holomorphic at origin.
(7) Consider the function
(
xy(x+iy)
x2 +y 2
if z 6= 0
f (z) =
0 if z = 0
Show that f satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations at the origin z = 0, yet f is not
complex differentiable at the origin.
1
 (8) Suppose f : Ω → C is holomorphic where Ω is open and connected. Show that if f (z)
is real for all z ∈ Ω, then f is a constant.
(9) Prove that the each of the three series the radius of convergence is 1. Further show the
following:
(a) The series P nz n does not converge at any point of the unit circle.
P
(b) The series P z n /n2 converge at every point of the circle.
(c) The series z n /n converge at every point of the circle except z = 1.
(Therefore, we can not say anything P on the boundary circle of domain of convergence.)
z n
(10) For what values of z, the series ( 1+z ) is convergent?
(11) (a) Evaluate the following integrals: γ z n dz for all integers n, where γ is any circle
R

centered at the origin with the positive orientation.

(b) Evaluate the following integrals: γ z n dz for all integers n, where γ is any circle
R

not containing the origin, with the positive orientation.

(c) Show that Show that if |a| < r < |b|, then
Z
1 2πi
dz =
γ (z − a)(z − b) a−b
where γ is a circle centered at origin of radius r, with positive orientation.
(d) Evaluate the following integral: γ z 21−1 dz where γ(t) = 1 + eit for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
R

(e) Evaluate the following integral: γ z 21−1 dz where γ(t) = 2eit for −π ≤ t ≤ π.
R

(12) Suppose f is continuous in an open connected set Ω. Prove that any two primitive of
f (if they exist) differ by a constant.

2
 PRACTISE PROBLEM 2

(1) If f is holomorphic in the open set Ω, then the real and imaginary parts of f are
harmonic; that is, their Laplacian is zero.
(2) Evaluate the following integrals:
R iz
(a) γ ez 2 dz when γ(t) = eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π;
R 1
(b) γ z−a dz when γ(t) = a + reit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π;
R sin z
(c) γ z 3 dz when γ(t) = eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π;
R z −z
(d) γ e −ezn dz when γ(t) = eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π and n is a positive integer;
(e) γ (z−11 )n dz when γ(t) = eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π and n is a positive integer;
R
2
(3) Let fn : Ω → C be continuous function and γ : [a, b] → Ω is a smooth curve. Suppose
fn converges uniformly to f on the set Image(γ) ⊂ Ω. Show that
Z Z
lim fn (z)dz = f (z)dz.
n→∞ γ γ

z sin z 2 dz.
R
(4) Evaluate |z|=1
(5) Let γ be the upper half of the unit circle described anticlockwise. Show that
Z
exp(z)
| dz| ≤ πe.
γ z
(6) Show that
Z
exp(z)
dz = 2πi,
|z|=1 z
where the circle is oriented anticlockwise.
(7) Suppose f (z) is analytic and satisfies the relation |f (z) − 1| < 1 in a region Ω. Show
that Z 0
f (z)
dz = 0
γ f (z)
for every closed curve γ in Ω.
(8) Show that γ f (z)f 0 (z)dz is purely imaginary where γ is any curve in a region Ω and
R

f is holomorphic in Ω.
(9) (a) Show that
Z ∞
2
Z ∞ √
sin(x )dx = cos(x2 )dx = 2π/4
0 0
(b) Show that
Z ∞
sin x
dx = π/2.
0 x
(c) Show that
∞
1 − cos x
Z
= π/2.
0 x2
1
(10) Suppose f is continuously complex differentiable on Ω, and T ⊆ Ω is a triangle whose
interior is also contained in Ω. Apply Green’s theorem to show that
Z
f (z) dz = 0.
T
This provides a proof of Goursat’s theorem under the additional assumption that f 0 is
continuous.

[Green’s theorem: If (F, G) is a continuously differentiable vector field, then

Z Z
∂G ∂F
F dx + G dy = ( − ) dxdy.]
T Interior of T ∂x ∂y
(11) Suppose that f = u + iv is an entire function and u is bounded (or v is bounded).
Show that f is constant.
(12) Let f be an entire function taking values on upper half plane. Show that f is constant.
(13) Using Liouville’s theorem, conclude that sin z, cos z are not bounded functions.
(14) Suppose that f is an entire function and |f (z)| < |z|n for some n ≥ 0 and for all
sufficiently large |z|. Show that f is a polynomial.
(15) If f is entire and |f 0 (z)| ≤ |z| for all z, then f is of the form a + bz 2 with |b| < 21 .
(16) If f is entire and |f (z)| ≤ A + B|z|α for all z, for some fixed constants A, B and
0 ≤ α < 1, then f is a constant.
(17) Suppose that f = u + iv is an entire function and u(or v) is a polynomial. Then show
that f is a polynomial.
(18) Show that if u is a bounded harmonic function on C then u is constant.
(19) Let τ be a complex number which is not real. Suppose that f is an entire function
such that f (z + 1) = f (z) and f (z + τ ) = f (z). Then show that f is a constant. (This
exercise says that a doubly periodic entire function is constant.)
(20) Let f be an entire function satisfying |f (z)| ≥ 1 for all z ∈ C. Show that f is constant.
(21) Suppose that f : D → C is analytic on unit disc D = {z : |z| < 1}. Show that
|f 0 (0)| ≤ d/2, where d = supz,w∈D |f (z) − f (w)| is the diameter of the image of f.
(22) If f is a holomorphic function on the strip −1 < y < 1, x ∈ R with
|f (z)| ≤ A(1 + |z|)η , η is a fixed real number
for all z in the strip. Show that for each n ≥ 0 there exists An ≥ 0 such that
|f (n) (x)| ≤ An (1 + |x|)η , for all x ∈ R.
(23) Show that successive derivatives of an analytic function f at a point z0 can never satisfy
the inequality |f (n) (z0 )| > nn n! for all n ∈ N.
(24) Let f be analytic on a region Ω and let C be a circle with interior containd in Ω. For
any a ∈ Ω not on C show that
f 0 (ξ)
Z Z
f (ξ)
dξ = 2
dξ
C (ξ − a) C (ξ − a)
(25) Let f, g : Ω → C be analytic functions such that f (z)g(z) = 0 for all z ∈ Ω. Show that
either f or g is identically zero on Ω.
(26) Show that there doest not exist and analytic function on D, the unit disc around origin,
f satisfying f (1/n) = (−1)n /n2 .
(27) Find all entire functions f satisfying f 00 (1/n) + f (1/n) = 0
2
(28) Suppose f is entire function such that for each z0 ∈ C at least one coefficient of power
series expansion around z0 is zero. Show that f is a polynomial.
(29) Let f be an entire function satisfying f (z) = f (z 2 ). Show that f is constant.
(30) Let f, g : Ω → C be analytic functions such that f g is analytic. Show that f is constant
function or g is identically zero.
(31) Is it possible to approximate 1/z uniformly on C∗ by polynomials?
(32) Is it possible to find a polynomial P (z) with complex coefficients such that P (n) =
(−1)n ? Does there exist an entire function with the same property ?

3
 Assignment-3
(1) Which of the following singularities are removable/pole:
sin z
(a) 2 at z = π.
z − π2
sin z
(b) at z = π.
(z − π)2
z cos z
(c) at z = π/2.
1 − sin z
(2) Suppose f and g are analytic functions in a neighbourhood of a point z0 ∈ C such that
g(z0 ) 6= 0 and f has a simple zero at z0 . Prove that
g g(z0 )
Res( : z0 ) = 0 .
f f (z0 )
(3) Let f be analytic in a domain Ω and γ be a simple closed curve in Ω in the counter-
clockwise sense. Suppose z0 is the only zero of f in the region enclosed by Ω. Show
that Z 0
f (z)
dz = 2πim,
γ f (z)
where m is the order of zero of f at z0 .
(4) Find the isolated singularities and compute the residue of the functions
ez 3z
, , cot πz.
z2 − 1 z2 + iz + 2
π cot πz
(5) let f (z) = . Compute the residue of f at isolated singularities.
(z + 21 )2
(6) Determine the nature of singularities of the following functions and compute the reside
z 2 +1 z 3 +5
in case of pole: z(z−1) , log(1+z)
z2
, z sin(1/z), (z 4 −1)(z+1)
(7) Show that the zeros of f (z) = sin πz are exactly at integers and they are each of order
1. Calculate the residue of sin1πz at z = n ∈ Z.
(8) Determine the poles and their orders of the function ez1−1 − z1 .
R ∞ dx 1
(9) Evaluate the integral −∞ 1+x 4 . What are the poles of 1+z 4 .
R ∞ cos x −a
(10) Show that −∞ x2 +a2 dx = π e a for a > 0.
R∞
(11) Show that −∞ xx2sin +a2
x
dx = πe−a for a > 0.
(12) Let f be an entire function on a simply connected domain such that f (z) 6= 0 for all z.
Show that there exist an entire function g such that exp(g) = f . (Hint: consider the
entire function f 0 /f .)
(13) Let f be analytic on closed unit disc and f (0) = 1, |f (z)| > 1 for |z| = 1. Show that
f must have a zero in the open unit disc.
(14) Prove that there is no function f that is analytic on the punctured disk D0 = D \ {0},
and f 0 has a simple pole at 0.
(15) Suppose that f is holomorphic and non zero in a region Ω. Let C be a circle such that
C and its inside is contained in Ω. Show that if f is constant on C, then f is constant
in Ω.
(16) Suppose f is a holomorphic function in a punctured disc Dr (z0 ) \ {z0 }. Suppose also
that |f (z)| ≤ A|z − z0 |−1+ for some  > 0 and all z near z0 . Show that singularities of
f at z0 is removable.
1
(17) Prove that all entire functions that are also injective are of the form f (z) = az + b with
a, b ∈ C, a 6= 0.
(18) If f : Ω → C is analytic except for poles (i.e., f is meromorphic on Ω), then the set of
poles of f can not have a limit point in Ω. (Corollary: Set of poles of a meromorphic
function is atmost countable.)
(19) Prove that an entire function has removable singularity at infinity iff it is constant.
(20) Prove that an entire function has pole of order m at infinity iff it is polynomial of
degree m.
(21) Characterise those rational functions which have a removable singularity at infinity.
(22) Characterise those rational functions which have a pole of order m at infinity.
(23) Use Rouché’s theorem to find the number of zeros of the polynomial z 4 + 5z + 3 in the
annulus 1 < |z| < 2.
(24) Show that z 5 + 3z 3 + 7 has all its zeros in the disk |z| < 2.
(25) Prove that for any a ∈ C and n ≥ 2, the polynomial az n + z + 1 has at least one root
in the disk |z| ≤ 2.
(26) Find the number of zeros of the polynomial z 4 + 3z 2 + z + 1 in the unit disk.
(27) How many roots (counted with multiplicity) does the function g(z) = 6z 3 + exp(z) + 1
have in the unit disk |z| < 1?
(28) How many zeros does the function f (z) = z 6 + 4z 2 ez+1 − 3 have in the unit disk D?
1
(29) Determine the number of zeros of P (z) = z 7 +z 3 + 16 that lie in the closed disk z ≤ 1/2.
(30) If λ > 1 show that the equation z + e−z = λ has exactly one solution with positive real
part.
(31) Suppose f is continuous in an open set Ω and analytic there except possibly at the
points of a line segment L. Then f is analytic throughout Ω. (Hint: Use Morera’s
Theorem )
(32) Find the number of zeros of the polynomial z 4 + 3z 2 + z + 1 in the unit disc.(Answer:
two. Take f = 3z 2 + 1)
(33) Prove that for any a ∈ C and n ≥ 2, the polynomial az n + z + 1 has at least one root
in the disc |z| ≤ 2
(34) Let f be analytic in a region which contains a circle C and its inside. If f is real valued
on C then show that f is constant on the region. (Use Max modulus principle for
Harmonic function)
(35) Suppose that f is analytic on unit disc D and continuous on closed disc D such that
f = 0 on some part of arc of the boundary circle. Show that f = 0 on D.
(36) Is Mean Value Theorem valid in the complex case? (i.e., if f is analytic in a convex
region and z1 , z2 are two points in the region can we always find a point ξ on the line
segment from z1 to z2 such that f (z2 ) − f (z1 ) = f 0 (ξ)(z2 − z1 ) ?)
(37) If f is an entire function which is not a constant prove that max{|f (z)| | |z| = r} is an
increasing function of r which tends to infinity as r → ∞.

2
 Assignment-6
(1) Find a conformal map of the strip ⌦ = {z 2 C | 1 < <z < 1} onto D.
(2) Find a conformal map of the strip ⌦ = {z 2 C | <z > 0} onto H = {z 2 C | =z > 0}.
(3) Suppose U and V are conformally equivalent. Prove that if U is simply connected,
then so is V .
(4) Show that no domains C, C \ {0} and D \ {0} are conformally equivalent.
(5) Show that the domains D \ {0} and A = {z 2 C | 12  |z|  2} can not be conformally
equivalent.
(6) Does {z 2 C | <z > 0, =z > 0} and C are conformally equivalent?
(7) Find the automorphism group of D \ {0}.
(8) (a) If f : D ! D is holomorphic, then show that
f (w) f (z) w z
 , for all w, z 2 D.
1 f (z)f (w) 1 wz
(b) If f is an automorphism of D prove that
f (w) f (z) w z
= , for all w, z 2 D.
1 f (z)f (w) 1 wz
(c) If f : D ! D is holomorphic, then show that
|f 0 (z)| 1
 , for all z 2 D.
1 |f (z)|2 1 |z|2
(9) Show that if f : B(0, R) ! C is holomorphic, with |f (z)|  M for some M > 0, then
f (z) f (0) |z|
 .
M2 f (0)f (z) MR
(10) Let f : D ! D be holomorphic and let a and b be distinct points of D. If f (a) = a and
f (b) = b, then f is the identity map.
(11) Prove that all conformal mappings from H to D is of the form ei✓ zz , ✓ 2 R and 2 H.
(12) If f is an automorphism of H that fixes three distinct points on the real line, then f is
identity.