International Journal of Chemical Studies 2018; 6(5): 755-760

P-ISSN: 2349–8528
E-ISSN: 2321–4902
IJCS 2018; 6(5): 755-760 Application of nanotechnology in precision
© 2018 IJCS
Received: 15-07-2018 farming: A review
Accepted: 20-08-2018

Mohsina Anjum Mohsina Anjum and Satya Narayana Pradhan

Department of Soil Science and
Agricultural Chemistry,
University of Agricultural Abstract
Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, In the current paper, we reviewed the use of nanotechnology based products and its application in
India agriculture. Growing realization that conventional farming technologies would neither be able to increase
productivity any further nor restore ecosystems damaged by existing technologies has paved the pathway
Satya Narayana Pradhan to application of nanotechnology in agriculture. Nanotechnology has many applications in all stages of
Department of Soil Science and production, processing, storing, packaging and transport of agricultural products. This technology will
Agricultural Chemistry, Institute revolutionize agriculture and food industry by innovation new techniques such as Precision farming
of agricultural science, Banaras techniques, controlled release of agrochemicals and site targeted delivery of various macromolecules
Hindu University, Varanasi, needed for improved plant disease and pest resistance, efficient nutrient utilization and enhanced plant
Uttar Pradesh, India growth. Processes such as nano encapsulation show the benefit of more efficient use and safer handling
of pesticides with less exposure to the environment that guarantees eco protection.

Keywords: nanotechnology, nano-fertilizers, nano-herbicides, nanobiosensor

1. Introduction
Nanotechnology, deals with the matter at nanoscale (1-100 nm), is commonly referred as a
generic technology that offers better built, safer, long-lasting, cost effective and smart products
that will find wide application n household, communication, medicine, agriculture and food
industry etc. Nanotechnology is recognized by the European Commission as one of its six
‘‘Key Enabling Technologies’’ that contribute to sustainable competitiveness and growth in
several fields of industrial application in current era after industrial revolution of 1700s,
nuclear energy revolution of the 1940s, the green revolution of 1960s, information technology
revolution of 1980s, and biotechnology revolution of 1990s.(EU, 2012). It is an emerging and
fast growing field of science which is being exploited at a wide spectrum of disciplines such as
physics, biology, material sciences, electronics, medicine, energy, environment and health
sectors. Materials reduced to nanoscale show some unusual properties which is different from
what they exhibit on macro scale, leading to unique applications. Nanotechnology has
revolutionized in different fields in achieving the processes and products that are hardly
possible to be evolved through conventional systems. Nanotechnology aided application have
the potential to change agricultural production by allowing better management and
conservation.

2. Precision farming
Agriculture are the basis of providing food, feed, fiber, fire and fuels. In the future, demand for
food will increase tremendously while natural resources such as land, water and soil fertility
are limited. The cost of production inputs like chemical fertilizers and pesticides is expected to
increase at an alarming rate due to limited reserves of fuel such as natural gas and petroleum.
In order to overcome these constraints, precision farming is a better option to reduce
production costs and to maximize output, i.e. agricultural production. The process of
maximizing crop yields and minimizing the usage of pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides
through efficient monitoring procedures is referred to as precision farming.
Corresponding However in the field of agriculture, the use of nanomaterials is relatively new and needs
Mohsina Anjum
Department of Soil Science and
further exploration. This technology holds the promise of controlled release of agrochemicals
Agricultural Chemistry, and site targeted delivery of various macromolecules needed for improved plant disease
University of Agricultural resistance, efficient nutrient utilization and enhanced plant growth Nanotechnology based
Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, products and its application in precision agriculture include nano-fertilizers, nano-herbicides,
India nano-pesticides, nano-scale carriers, nano sensors, detection of nutrient deficiencies etc. this
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fast growing technology is already having a significant Microorganisms have been explored as potential bio-factories
commercial impact, which will certainly increase in the for synthesis of metallic Nanoparticles such as cadmium
future. sulphide, gold, and silver (Sastry et al. 2003) [29]. Biological
nanoparticle can be prepared by selecting microorganism to
3. Synthesis of nanoparticles grow in a particular salt solution after preparation of
Synthesis of nanoparticles involves a number of chemical, microbial balls. Fungal mediated biosynthesis of
physical, aerosol and biological methods including chemical nanoparticles (Raliya R. 2012). Biosynthetic methods have
reduction in aqueous or non-aqueous solution, micro emulsion been investigated as an owing to ecofriendly environment
(Solanki et al.2010) [33], template (Chen et al. 2002) [6], son concern and reduced agglomeration. (Roy et al. 2013; Emeka
chemical (Pol et al. 2002) [24], microwave assisted. Physical et al. 2014).
and chemical methods have been utilized for the synthesis of
nanoparticles (Mandal et al. 2005; Solanki and Murthy 2010; Uptake of nano-particles in plant system
Huang et al. 2011) [33, 11]. Physical synthesis include Nanoparticles are adsorbed to plant surface and taken up
sedimentation process, rotor speed ball mill, high energy ball through natural nanometer plant opennings. Several pathways
mill and pot mill. For example phosphorus (P) nanoparticles exist or predicted for nanoparticles association and uptake in
are prepared by purifying rock phosphate and grinding with plants. Nanoparticle uptake into the plant body can use
high energy mill. Chemical method include precipitation and different paths. Uptake rates will depend on the size and
poly vinyl pyrolidine (PVP) techniques. Basically, the surface properties of the nanoparticles. Very small sizes
physical methods have affected low yields, while the nanoparticles can be penetrate through cuticle. Larger
chemical ones caused harmful effects on the environment due nanoparticles can penetrate through cuticle-free areas, such as
to use of toxic solvents and the regeneration of hazardous by- hydathodes, the stigma of flowers and stomata’s.
products (Wang et al. 2007). Different biological sources Nanoparticles must traverse the cell wall before entering the
have been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles and are intact plant cell protoplast. Result suggests that only
being used in agriculture for precision farming [11]. Some of nanoparticle less than 5 nm in diameter will be able to
them are as follows: silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide traverse the cell wall of undamaged cell efficiently.
nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Fig 1

4. Application of nanoproducts in precision agriculture the increased growth rate could have been the photo-
4.1 Plant germination and growth sterilization and photo-generation of “active oxygen like
Seed is a basic input which decide the fate of productivity. superoxide and hydroxide anions” by nanoTiO2 that can
Traditionally, seeds quality is determined by their germination increase the seed stress resistance and promote capsule
percentage. Despite recording higher germination percentage penetration for intake of water and oxygen needed for fast
(80-90%) in laboratory, seeds shows lower germination germination. The authors concurred that the nano size of TiO2
percentage in fields. In recent years, various researchers have might have increased the absorption of inorganic nutrients,
studied the effects of nanomaterial’s on plant germination and accelerated the breakdown of organic substances, and also
growth with the goal to promote its use for agricultural caused quenching of oxygen free radicals formed during the
applications. photosynthetic process, hence increasing the photosynthetic
Zheng et al. (2005) [40] studied the effects of nano and non- rate. Khodakovskaya et al. (2009) at university of Arkanasas,
nano TiO2 on the growth of naturally-aged spinach seeds. It USA, used carbon nano-tube for improving the germination
was reported that nano-TiO2 treated seeds produced plants of tomato seeds. The reason for the result is that carbon nano
that had 73% more dry weight, three times higher tube served as new pore for water permeation by penetration
photosynthetic rate, and 45% increase in chlorophyll a of seat coat and act as gate to channelize the water from the
formation compared to the control over germination period of substrate in the seeds. This method can be utilized in rainfed
30 days. The growth rate of spinach seeds was inversely ecosystem. Dimkpa et al. (2015) found that ZnO NPs at 100
proportional to the material size indicating that smaller the mg/kg dose stimulate shoot growth of common beans
nanomaterial’s the better the germination. The key reason for (Phaseolus vulgaris). Enhanced growth of mung bean and
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chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seedlings at low concentrations used Macronutrient fertilizers coated with zinc oxide
using zinc-oxide nanoparticles with plant agar method were nanoparticles and reported enhancement of nutrients
observed, however a decline in growth rates of roots and absorption by plants and the delivery of nutrients to specific
shoots were observed beyond optimal concentrations sites. The adsorbents zeolite, halloysite, montmorillonite and
(Mahajan et al. 2011) [16]. Manganese nanoparticles have been bentonite nanoclays were used to develop nitrogen fertilizers
also reported to enhance growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) with controlled release characteristics where nanoclay
and photosynthesis (Pradhan et al. 2013) [21]. Foliar purification comes to be a costly affair except zeolite
application of 500 mg L−1 iron nanoparticles to black-eyed (Sharmila et al. 2010) [32].
peas significantly increased the number of pods per plant (by
47%), weight of 1000-seeds (by 7%), the iron content in 4.3 Nano pesticides
leaves (by 34%), and chlorophyll content (by 10%) over those Despite the fact that there are several available alternative
of the controls. Application of iron nanoparticles also methods, pest control is still largely based on the use of
improved crop performance more than that by application of a pesticides, but there are still concerns about their
regular iron salt. These parameters were increased by 28%, environmental impact. In this regard, pesticide use has been
4%, 45%, and 12%, respectively, under the iron nanoparticles related with mammalian toxicity, environmental
treatment compared with these under treatment with iron salt contamination, and bioaccumulation. ‘‘Nano pesticides’’ is a
(Delfani et al. 2014) [7]. These results revealed that application collective term for designing novel active ingredients with
nanoparticles could be used to significantly enhance seed nanoscale dimensions, as well as their formulation and
germination potential, seed germination index, seed vigor delivery. In order to protect the active ingredients from the
index, seedling fresh weight and dry weight. environment conditions and to promote persistence,
nanotechnology approach ‘nano-encapsulation’ can be used to
4.2 Nano fertilizers for balanced crop nutrition improve insecticidal value. ‘Controlled release of the active
At present in agriculture, fertilizer contributes to the tune of ingredients’ approach is used to improve effectiveness of
50% of the agricultural productivity of any crop. Increasing formulation. Liu et al. (2013) [12] used Porous hollow silica
use of higher doses of fertilizers does not guarantee to nanoparticles (PHSNs) loaded with validamycin (pesticide) as
improved crop yield but it leads serious issues like efficient delivery system of water-soluble pesticide for its
degradation of soil and pollution of surface and underground controlled release. Nano-encapsulation comprises nano-sized
water resources. The use efficiency of N, P and K fertilizers particles of the active ingredients being sealed by a thin-
remained constant as 30-35%, 18-20%, 35-40 respectively. walled sac or shell (protective coating). Sasson et al. (2007)
Which means major portion of fertilizer added fertilizers stays listed some common benefits of NP-based pesticide
in soils and enter the aquatic system causing eutrophication. formulations include: (a) increased solubility of water
Absorption of nutrients by the plants from soil can be insoluble active ingredients, (b) increased stability of
maximized using Nano fertilizer. To increase food formulation, (c) elimination of toxic organic solvents in
production, TiO2 or titanium that is non-toxic can be used as comparison with conventionally used pesticides, (d)
additives in fertilizers. The additives in fertilizers can increase capability for slow release of active ingredients, (e) improved
water retention (Emadian et al. 2017) [9]. Thus, nano- stability to prevent their early degradation, (f) improved
fertilizers technology is very novel approach to address issues mobility and higher insecticidal activity due to smaller
such as low fertilizer use efficiency, imbalanced fertilization. particle size, and (g) larger surface area which is likely to
Nano fertilizers are advantageous over conventional fertilizers extend their longevity. A number of plant-synthesized NPs
as they increase soil fertility yield and quality parameters of have been investigated for their efficacy against arthropod
the crop, they are nontoxic and less harmful to environment pests of economic importance, including moths (Roni et al.
and humans, they minimize cost and maximize profit. Naderi 2015), beetles (Abduz Zahir et al. 2012). Anjali et al. (2010)
and Abedi (2012) [17] reported nano particles increases reported formulation of artificial polymer-free nano
nutrients use efficiency and minimizing the costs of permethrin as an effective larvicide that was stabilized by
environment protection, improvement in the nutritional plant extracted natural surfactants. More of such studies that
content of crops and the quality of the taste. Optimum use of investigate the use of natural stabilizers for nanopesticide
iron and increase protein content in the grain of the wheat formulations in agricultural plant protection are needed.
(Farajzadeh et al. 2009) [10]. Raliya (2012) [37] reported an Insecticidal activity of nanostructured alumina against
enhanced production in pearl millet and cluster bean by foliar Sitophilus oryzae L. and Rhyzopertha dominica reported
application of nanophosphorus fertilizers. He found that 640 significant mortality after 3 days of continuous exposure to
mg ha-1 foliar application (40 ppm concentration) of nanostructured alumina-treated wheat. So, commercially
nanophosphorus gives 80 kg ha-1 P equivalent yield. available insecticides, inorganic nanostructured alumina may
Batsmanova (2013) reported wheat plants grown from seeds provide a cheap and reliable alternative for control of insect
which were treated with metal nanoparticles on average pests (Teodoro et al. 2010) [35].
increased by 20–25%. Prasad et al. (2012) studied effect of
nano Zn on peanut seeds treated with different concentrations 4.4 Nanoparticles and plant disease control
of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nanoscale treatment Some of the nano particles that have entered into the arena of
(25 nm mean particle size) at 1000 ppm concentration was controlling plant diseases are nanoforms of carbon, silver,
used which promoted seed germination, seedling vigor, and silica and alumino-silicates. At such a situation,
plant growth and these zinc oxide nanoparticles also proved to nanotechnology has astonished scientific community because
be effective in increasing stem and root growth in peanuts. at nano-level, material shows different properties. Nano size
DeRosa et al. (2010) [30] has pointed towards Nano fertilizers silver particles as antimicrobial agents has become more
impact on economy, energy, and environment due to common as technology advances, making their production
reduction in nitrogen loss through leaching, emission and long more economical. Thus, use of nanoparticles has been
term incorporation by microorganisms. Milani et al. (2012) considered an alternate and effective approach which is eco-
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friendly and cost effective for the control of pathogenic ametryn and atrazine against alga Pseudokirchneriella
microbes (Kumar et al.2009) [14]. Properly functionalized subcapitata and the micro crustacean
Nano capsules provide better penetration through cuticle and Daphnia similis has been tested. Herbicides encapsulated in
allow slow and controlled release of active ingredients on the poly (ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules resulted in lower
reaching the target weed. The use of such nano-biopesticide is toxicity to the alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and
more acceptable since they are safe for plants and cause less higher toxicity to the micro crustacean (Daphnia similis) as
environmental pollution in comparison to conventional compared to the herbicides alone (Clemente et al. 2014) [5].
chemical pesticides (barik et al. 2008) [3]. These nanoparticles
have a great potential in the management of plant diseases 4.6 Biosensors
compared to synthetic fungicides (Park et al. 2006) [19]. Nano A sensor is a device built to detect a specific biological or
silver is the most studied and utilized nano particle for bio- chemical compound, usually producing a digital electronic
system. It has long been known to have strong Young (2009) signal upon detection. Precision farming utilizes remote
[39]
used nano size silver particles as antimicrobial agents and sensing devices, computers and global satellite positioning
reported silver displays different modes of inhibitory action to systems to analyze various environmental conditions in order
microorganisms, it may be used for controlling various plant to determine the growth of plants under these conditions and
pathogens in a relatively safer way compared to commercially identify problems related to crops and their growing
used fungicides. Pal et al. 2007 reported Silver affect many environments. Through advancement in nanotechnology, a
biochemical processes in the microorganisms including the number of state-of-the-art techniques are available for the
changes in routine functions and plasma membrane. The improvement of precision farming practices that will allow
silver nanoparticles also prevent the expression of ATP precise control at nanometer scale. The implementation of
production associated proteins (Yamanka et al. 2005) [38]. In a nanotechnology in the form of small sensors and monitoring
nutshell, the precise mechanism of bio molecules inhibition is devices will create a positive impact on the future use of
yet to be understood. noparticles from plants Production of precision farming methodologies. Nanotech-enabled systems
nanomaterial’s through the use of engineered plants or help in increasing the use of autonomous sensors that are
microbes and through the processing of waste agricultural linked into GPS systems to provide efficient monitoring
products. Encapsulated nanosilica can form a binary films on services focused on crop growth and soil conditions. The
the cell wall of fungi or bacteria after absorption of nutrients usage of smart sensors in precision farming will result in
and prevent infections, hence improve plant growth under increased agricultural productivity by providing farmers with
high temperature and humidity and to improve plant accurate information that will enable them to make accurate
resistance to disease (wang et al, 2002) [37]. Silicon-based decisions related to plant growth and soil suitability.
fertilizers used to increase plant resistance as silicon dioxide Nanobiosensors are used in sensing a broad array of Precision
nanoparticles can improve seedling growth anroot farming, with the aid of smart sensors, could enhance
development (Hutasoit et al. 2013) [12]. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and productivity as this technology ensures better management of
magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles are effective fertilizers, herbicide, pesticide, insecticide, moisture and soil
antibacterial and anti-odour agents (Shah and Towkeer 2010) pH. Which reduces input cost and environment safety
[30]
. The increased ease in dispensability, optical transparency Controlled use of biosensors can assist in sustainable
and smooth-ness make ZnO and MgO nanostructures an agriculture for increasing crop productivity.. Nanosensors
attractive antibacterial ingredient in many products. Both have based smart delivery systems could help in the efficient use of
also been proposed as an anti-microbial preservative for wood natural resources like water, nutrients and agrochemicals by
or food products (Sharma et al. 2009), inhibitory and precision farming (Rai et al.2012) [26].
bactericidal effects as well as a bro [31] ad spectrum of Quantum dots are efficient luminescence, small emission
antimicrobial activities (Swamy and Prasad 2012) [23]. spectra, have excellent photostability and tenability according
to the particle sizes and material composition. By a single
4.5 Nano-herbicide excitation light source, QDs can be excited to all colors due to
Weeds are menace in agricultural production systems. Since their broad absorption spectra (Warad et al. 2004) [36].
two third of Indian agriculture is rainfed farming where usage Quantum dots are used to detect pathogens associated with
of herbicide is limited. Herbicide available in market are different plant diseases. Rad et al. (2012) [25] reported
designed to control, but none of the herbicide inhibit activity witches’ broom disease (Phytoplasma aurantifolia). Safarpour
of belowground plant parts like rhizome and tubers. et al. (2012) [25, 28] used QDs to detect beet necrotic yellow
Nanotechnology can improve efficacy of herbicides, resulting vein virus Polymyxa betae (Keskin), the only known vector of
in greater production of crops. Nanoherbicides can play a very beet necrotic yellow vein virus.
important role in removing weeds from crops in an eco-
friendly way, without leaving any harmful residues in soil and 4.7 Smart delivery system
environment (A. Pérez-de-Luque et al. 2009) [20]. Nanoscale devices are envisioned that would have the
Encapsulation of herbicide in polymeric nanoparticles also capability to detect and treat diseases nutrient deficiencies in
results in environmental safety (Kumar et al. 2015) [13]. crop long before symptoms were visually exhibited. “smart
Developing a target specific herbicide molecule encapsulated delivery systems” for agriculture possess-
with nano particles are aimed. for specific receptors in roots  Timely controlled,
of target weeds, gets tranlocated in parts of weed that inhibit  spatially targeted,
glycolysis of food reserve, (Chinnamuthu and Kokiladevei,  self-regulated,
2007). Nano based adjuvants are also available for  remotely regulated,
application. Bio-Based, 2010 reported a Nano surfactant  pre-programmed,
based on soybean micelles to make glyphosate resistant crops.  multifunctional characteristics
Toxicity of poly (ε-caprolactone) Nano capsules containing

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