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Q FV V: 2.57 Nano-to-Macro Transport Processes Fall 2004

This document summarizes heat transport processes at the nano-to-macro scale. It discusses: 1) Deriving an expression for heat flux using the Boltzmann transport equation and considering phonon scattering. 2) Solving the equation subject to boundary conditions to determine temperature profiles, showing heat flux decreases with decreasing film thickness due to increased phonon scattering. 3) Extending the analysis to consider both specular and diffuse phonon scattering at boundaries, as well as scattering along the film thickness. 4) Defining dimensionless parameters to describe the temperature profile and determine it approaches an equilibrium profile as the mean free path increases relative to film thickness.

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207 views

Q FV V: 2.57 Nano-to-Macro Transport Processes Fall 2004

This document summarizes heat transport processes at the nano-to-macro scale. It discusses: 1) Deriving an expression for heat flux using the Boltzmann transport equation and considering phonon scattering. 2) Solving the equation subject to boundary conditions to determine temperature profiles, showing heat flux decreases with decreasing film thickness due to increased phonon scattering. 3) Extending the analysis to consider both specular and diffuse phonon scattering at boundaries, as well as scattering along the film thickness. 4) Defining dimensionless parameters to describe the temperature profile and determine it approaches an equilibrium profile as the mean free path increases relative to film thickness.

Uploaded by

captainhass
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.57 Nano-to-Macro Transport Processes Fall 2004 Lecture 22 We have talked about the heat flux as 1 qx = fvx .

V kx k y kz y vy vy v vx v vx

d
x
vz

Temperature Gradient Or Electrical Field (a) The Boltzmann equation is F v r g + g = v r f 0 + v f 0 = S0 , m

(b)

F g v f 0 = 0 for phonons, g=f-f0. Noticing v r g v y y m df dT , the x direction component gives r f0 = 0 dT dx df dT g = vx 0 = S0 ( x ) , g + vy y dT dx the solution of which is y . g S0 = C exp v y One boundary condition is required to determine C.
where

(d<<x) and

Assuming both top and bottom of the film diffusely scatter phonons, we have y = 0, f = f 0 , g = 0 for 0, 2 . y = d , f = f , g = 0 for , 0 2 Finally we get y At y = 0, 0, , C = -S0 , g ( y, ) = S0 1 exp , v cos 2

2.57 Fall 2004 Lecture 22

dy At y = d, , , C = -S0 exp ( d / v cos ) , g ( y, ) = S0 1 exp v cos 2


Note:

y is the ratio between the traveled distance and the mean free path of v cos phonons.
qx ( y ) = 1 V

vx vy vz

vx f =

max

d d
0

vx f

D ( ) 4

sin d ,

where vx = v sin cos according to our spherical coordinate system, f=g+f0. Thus
qx ( y ) =
max

df dT y D ( ) d d[ 2 ( v cos sin ) v cos sin 0 sin d + 1 exp 0 0 dT dx v cos 4


2

( v cos sin ) v cos sin

df 0 dT d y D ( ) sin d ] 1 exp dT dx v cos 4

Note: At y=0, the x-direction heat flux is nonzero. In the above expression, the second integral is not zero though the first one is. Now let cos = and thus sin d = d ,sin 3 d = 1 2 d . Also define
1 d En ( ) = n 2 exp d , = , = v . Noting 0 flow per unit width is

cos 2 d = , the total heat

Q = q ( y )dy
0

dT
4 dx

max

1 df 0 2 v D ( ) d [ 1 2 d exp 1 d + 0 dT

(1 )d 1 exp d ]
1 2 0

dT , dx which yields (if is independent on )


= kd

3 (1 4 E3 ( ) E5 ( ) ) . 8 The tendency is drawn in the following figure. It is expected that k approaches the bulk value for d larger than the mean free path. Since in diffuse scattering part of the phonons k / kbulk = 1

2.57 Fall 2004 Lecture 22

are scattered backward, the loss of x-direction momentum results in a lower thermal conductivity.

k = bulk kbulk

=
1

For specular case (above figure), the x-direction momentum is conserved. Following all these procedures, we can finally prove k=kbulk. Note: To determine the mean free path, we should use k = simplified k =
C v d instead of the 3

Cv , which gives an underestimation of . This is because the Debye 3 approximation overestimates the velocity approach the edge of the first Brillouin zone, where the group velocity should be zero.

Optical Acoustic k

For partial specular (momentum conserved) and partial diffuse (momentum not conserved), we have
f + ( , 0 ) = pf ( , 0 ) + 2 (1 p ) f ( , 0 ) d ,
0 1

where p represents the ratio of specular scattering.

2.57 Fall 2004 Lecture 22

f+

Now consider the y direction. Similarly, we have

vy

df dT g + g = v y 0 = S0 ( y ) . y dT dy . In general, use C ( y ) to replace

y To solve this, first let S0 ( y ) =0, then g = C exp vy C. Substitute into the governing equation, we get

v y exp

dC = S0 ( y ) , dy y' exp vy y0 dy '+ C ( y ) , C = S0 ( y ') 0 y vy

y vy

y ' y exp vy y y0 dy ' . g ( y ) = C ( y0 ) exp + S0 ( y ') y vy v cos Now the boundary condition is (elastic scattering on boundaries) y = 0, f = f 0 , g = 0, C ( 0 ) = 0 for 0, 2 . y = d , f = f , g = 0, C ( d ) = 0 for 0 , 2 At steady state, we have max 2 D ( ) d d v y f Const = q y = d 0 0 0 4 dq y = 0 yields And dy
2 ( ) = E2 ( ) + ( ' )E1 ( ' ) d '

where we used dimensionless parameters ( y ) =

T1 ( y ) T2 T1 T2

, =

y d , = .

2.57 Fall 2004 Lecture 22

The temperature profiles for two extreme cases are drawn in the following figure. For 0 (note T1 T2 ), it is in nonequilibrium state but we define the equilibrium conception, temperature, based on the average value.

T1 Teq T2

y/d 1

2.57 Fall 2004 Lecture 22

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