JUnit 5 Tutorial - Learn How To Write Unit Tests

28/02/2023 08:44 JUnit 5 tutorial - Learn how to write unit tests
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JUnit 5 tutorial - Learn how to write unitGET
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Book Onsite or Virtual Training
1. Overview 
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Consulting
2. Assertions and assumptions 
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3. Dynamic and parameterized tests 
TRAINING EVENTS
4. Additional information about JUnit 5 usage 
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5. Exercise: Writing a JUnit 5 test with Maven and Eclipse in 5 mins online training 
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6. Exercise: Writing a JUnit 5 test with Gradle and Eclipse in 5 mins 
7. Exercise: Writing JUnit5 unit tests 
8. Exercise: Develop unit tests for a regular expression utility method for email verification 
9. Exercise: Testing exceptions and conditional enablement 
10. Exercise: Writing nested tests to group tests for display 
11. Exercise: Testing multiple parameter 
12. Exercise: Testing with multiple input parameter 
13. Exercise: Using the @TempDir annotation to create temporary files and paths 
14. Exercise: Testing for annotations 
15. Exercise: Create test reports
16. Exercise: Clone the JUnit5 Github repo and review tests
17. Overview of JUnit5 annotations
18. Conclusion
19. JUnit Resources
This tutorial explains unit testing with JUnit with the JUnit 5 framework (JUnit Jupiter). It
explains the creation of JUnit 5 tests with the Maven and Gradle build system. It
demonstrates the usage of the Eclipse IDE for developing software tests with JUnit 5 but this
tutorial is also valid for tools like Visual Code or IntelliJ.
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Java Testing training including Instructional Videos
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1. Overview
JUnit is a popular unit-testing framework in the Java ecosystem. JUnit 5 added many new features based on
the Java 8 version of the language.
This guide gives an introduction into unit testing with the JUnit framework using JUnit 5. It focus on the usage
of the framework.
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For further information about testing with Java see:

(https://www.vogella.com/) What is software testing (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/SoftwareTesting/article.html)
Using Maven
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Using the Eclipse IDE for creating and running JUnit test
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Using Gradle in the Eclipse IDE (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/EclipseGradle/article.html)
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Mockito tutorial (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/Mockito/article.html) (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
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Hamcrest Tutorial (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/Hamcrest/article.html)
AssertJ Tutorial (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/AssertJ/article.html) TRAINING EVENTS

JUnit 4 tutorial (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/JUnit4/article.html) Now offering virtual, onsite and
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1.1. Configuration for using JUnit 5

To use JUnit 5 you have to make the libraries available for your test code. Jump to the section which is
relevant to you, for example read the Maven part, if you are using Maven as build system.
Configure Maven to use JUnit 5
Configure Gradle to use JUnit 5
Configure JUnit 5 with Eclipse
1.2. How to define a test in JUnit?

A JUnit test is a method contained in a class which is only used for testing. This is called a Test class. To mark
a method as a test method, annotate it with the @Test annotation. This method executes the code under test.
The following code defines a minimal test class with one minimal test method.
JAVA
package com.vogella.junit.first;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
class AClassWithOneJUnitTest {
@Test
void demoTestMethod() {
assertTrue(true);
}
}
You can use assert methods, provided by JUnit or another assert framework, to check an expected result
versus the actual result. Such statement are called asserts or assert statements.
Assert statements typically allow to define messages which are shown if the test fails. You should provide
here meaningful messages to make it easier for the user to identify and fix the problem. This is especially true
if someone looks at the problem, who did not write the code under test or the test code.
1.3. Example for developing a JUnit 5 test for another class

The following example defines a Java class and defines software tests for it.
Assume you have the following class which you want to test.
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JAVA
package com.vogella.junit5;
(https://www.vogella.com/) public class Calculator {
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public us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
int multiply(int a, int b) {
return a * b; GET MORE...
}
}
A test class for the above class could look like the following.
Consulting JAVA
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach; TRAINING EVENTS

import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.RepeatedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; online training
class CalculatorTest {
Calculator calculator;
@BeforeEach 1
void setUp() {
calculator = new Calculator();
}
@Test 2
@DisplayName("Simple multiplication should work") 3
void testMultiply() {
assertEquals(20, calculator.multiply(4, 5), 4
"Regular multiplication should work"); 5
@RepeatedTest(5) 6
@DisplayName("Ensure correct handling of zero")

void testMultiplyWithZero() {
assertEquals(0, calculator.multiply(0, 5), "Multiple with zero should be zero");
assertEquals(0, calculator.multiply(5, 0), "Multiple with zero should be zero");
}
}
1 The method annotated with @BeforeEach runs before each test

2 A method annotated with @Test defines a test method
3 @DisplayName can be used to define the name of the test which is displayed to the user
4 This is an assert statement which validates that expected and actual value is the same, if not the
message at the end of the method is shown
5 @RepeatedTest defines that this test method will be executed multiple times, in this example 5 times
1.4. JUnit test class naming conventions

Build tools like Maven use a pattern to decide if a class is a test classes or not. The following is the list of
classes Maven considers automatically during its build:
**/Test*.java 1
**/*Test.java 2
**/*Tests.java 3
**/*TestCase.java 4
1 includes all of its subdirectories and all Java filenames that start with Test .
2 includes all of its subdirectories and all Java filenames that end with Test .
3 includes all of its subdirectories and all Java filenames that end with Tests .
4 includes all of its subdirectories and all Java filenames that end with TestCase .
Therefore, it is common practice to use the Test or Tests suffix at the end of test classes names.
1.5. Where should the test be located?

Typical, unit tests are created in a separate source folder to keep the test code separate from the real code.
The standard convention from the Maven and Gradle build tools is to use:
src/main/java - for Java classes

src/test/java - for test classes
1.6. Static imports and unit testing
GETshort
JUnit 5 allows to use static imports for its assertStatements to make the test code MORE...
and easy to read.
Static imports are a Java feature that allows fields and methods defined in a class asRead
public static to be
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used without specifying the class in which the field is defined.
BooktoOnsite
JUnit assert statements are typically defined as public static to allow the developer or Virtual
write short test Training
statements. The following snippet demonstrates an assert statement with and without static imports.
Consulting
JAVA
// without static imports you have to write the following statement (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
// more code
TRAINING EVENTS
Assert.assertEquals("10 x 5 must be 50", 50, tester.multiply(10, 5));
// alternatively define assertEquals as static import online training
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals; (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
// more code
// use assertEquals directly because of the static import
assertEquals(calculator.multiply(4,5), 20, "Regular multiplication should work");
2. Assertions and assumptions

JUnit 5 comes with multiple assert statements, which allows you to test your code under test. Simple assert
statements like the following allow to check for true, false or equality. All of them are static methods from the
org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.* package.
Assert statement Example
assertEquals assertEquals(4, calculator.multiply(2, 2),"optional failure message");
assertTrue assertTrue('a' < 'b', () → "optional failure message");
assertFalse assertFalse('a' > 'b', () → "optional failure message");
assertNotNull assertNotNull(yourObject, "optional failure message");
assertNull assertNull(yourObject, "optional failure message");
Messages can be created via lambda expressions, to avoid the overhead in case the construction of the
message is expensive.
JAVA
assertTrue('a' < 'b', () -> "Assertion messages can be lazily evaluated -- "
+ "to avoid constructing complex messages unnecessarily.");
2.1. Testing for exceptions

Testing that certain exceptions are thrown are be done with the
org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.expectThrows() assert statement. You define the expected
Exception class and provide code that should throw the exception.
JAVA
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
@Test
void exceptionTesting() {
// set up user
Throwable exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () ->
user.setAge("23"));
assertEquals("Age must be an Integer.", exception.getMessage());
}
This lets you define which part of the test should throw the exception. The test will still fail if an exception is
thrown outside of this scope.

2.2. Testing multiple assertions (grouped assertions) with assertAll
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If an assert fails in a test, JUnit will stop executing the test and additional asserts areMORE...
not checked. In case you
want to ensure that all asserts are checked you can assertAll . Read Premium Content ...
In this grouped assertion all assertions are executed, even after a failure. The error messages get also grouped
together.
@Test Consulting JAVA
void groupedAssertions() { (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)

Address address = new Address();
assertAll("address name",
() -> assertEquals("John", address.getFirstName()), TRAINING EVENTS
() -> assertEquals("User", address.getLastName())
);
} online training
If these tests fail, the result looks like the following:
=> org.opentest4j.MultipleFailuresError: address name (2 failures)

expected: <John> but was: <null>
expected: <User> but was: <null>
2.3. Defining timeouts in your tests

If you want to ensure that a test fails, if it isn’t done in a certain amount of time you can use the
assertTimeout() method. This assert fails the method if the timeout is exceeded.
JAVA
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTimeout;
import static java.time.Duration.ofSeconds;
import static java.time.Duration.ofMinutes;
@Test
void timeoutNotExceeded() {
assertTimeout(ofMinutes(1), () -> service.doBackup());
}
// if you have to check a return value

@Test
void timeoutNotExceededWithResult() {
String actualResult = assertTimeout(ofSeconds(1), () -> {
return restService.request(request);
});
assertEquals(200, request.getStatus());
}
JAVA
=> org.opentest4j.AssertionFailedError: execution exceeded timeout of 1000 ms by 212 ms
If you want your tests to cancel after the timeout period is passed you can use the
assertTimeoutPreemptively() method.
JAVA
@Test
void timeoutNotExceededWithResult() {
String actualResult = assertTimeoutPreemptively(ofSeconds(1), () -> {
return restService.request(request);
});
assertEquals(200, request.getStatus());
}
JAVA
=> org.opentest4j.AssertionFailedError: execution timed out after 1000 ms
Such a test might be flacky, in case the test server is busy, the test execution might take
 longer and therefore such a test might fails from time to time.

2.4. How to disable tests
The @Disabled or @Disabled("Why disabled") annotation marks a testGET
to beMORE...
disabled. This is useful
when the underlying code has been changed and the test case has not yet been adapted
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if the testContent ...
demonstrates an incorrect behavior in the code which has not yet been fixed. It is best(https://learn.vogella.com)
practice to provide the
optional description, why the test is disabled.
Alternatively you can use Assumptions.assumeFalse or Assumptions.assumeTrue to define a
condition for test execution. Assumptions.assumeFalse marks the test as invalid,Consulting
if its condition evaluates
to true. Assumptions.assumeTrue evaluates the test as invalid if its condition evaluates to false. For
example, the following disables a test on Linux:
TRAINING EVENTS
JAVA
Assumptions.assumeFalse(System.getProperty("os.name").contains("Linux"));Now offering virtual, onsite and
online training
This gives TestAbortedException which the test runners evaluate as skipped tests.
For example the following testMultiplyWithZero is skipped if executed on Linux.
JAVA
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.RepeatedTest;
public class CalculatorTest {
private Calculator calculator;
@BeforeEach
void setUp() throws Exception {
calculator = new Calculator();
}
@RepeatedTest(5)
@DisplayName("Ensure correct handling of zero")
void testMultiplyWithZero() {
Assumptions.assumeFalse(System.getProperty("os.name").contains("Linux"));
assertEquals(calculator.multiply(0,5), 0, "Multiple with zero should be zero");

assertEquals(calculator.multiply(5,0), 0, "Multiple with zero should be zero");
}
}
You can also write an extension for @ExtendWith which defines conditions under which a test should run.
3. Dynamic and parameterized tests

JUnit 5 supports the creation of dynamic tests via code. You can also run tests with a set of different input
values with parameterized tests.
Both approaches are described here.
3.1. Using Dynamic Tests

Dynamic test methods are annotated with @TestFactory and allow you to create multiple tests of type
DynamicTest with your code. They can return:
an Iterable
a Collection
a Stream
JUnit 5 creates and runs all dynamic tests during test execution.
Methods annotated with @BeforeEach and @AfterEach are not called for dynamic tests. This means, that
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to reset Consulting
the test object, if you change it’s state (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
in the lambda expression for a dynamic
(https://www.vogella.com/) test.
GETinstances.
In the following example we define a method to return a Stream of DynamicTest MORE...
JAVA
package com.vogella.unittest;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals; Book Onsite or Virtual Training
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.DynamicTest.dynamicTest;
import java.util.Arrays; Consulting
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.DynamicTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestFactory; TRAINING EVENTS
class DynamicTestCreationTest { Now offering virtual, onsite and
online training
@TestFactory
Stream<DynamicTest> testDifferentMultiplyOperations() { (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
MyClass tester = new MyClass();
int[][] data = new int[][] { { 1, 2, 2 }, { 5, 3, 15 }, { 121, 4, 484 } };
return Arrays.stream(data).map(entry -> {
int m1 = entry[0];
int m2 = entry[1];
int expected = entry[2];
return dynamicTest(m1 + " * " + m2 + " = " + expected, () -> {
assertEquals(expected, tester.multiply(m1, m2));
});
});
}
// class to be tested
class MyClass {
public int multiply(int i, int j) {
return i * j;
}
}
}
3.2. Using Parameterized Tests

Junit5 also supports parameterized tests. To use them you have to add the junit-jupiter-params
package as a test dependencies.
Adding junit-jupiter-params dependency for a Maven build
Adding junit-jupiter-params dependency for a Gradle build
For this example we use the @MethodSource annotation.
We give it the name of the function(s) we want it to call to get it’s test data. The function has to be static and
must return either a Collection, an Iterator, a Stream or an Array. On execution the test method gets called once
for every entry in the data source. In contrast to Dynamic Tests @BeforeEach and @AfterEach methods
will be called for parameterized tests.
JAVA
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
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import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest; Consulting (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
(https://www.vogella.com/) import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;

public class us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
UsingParameterizedTest {
GET MORE...
public static int[][] data() {
return new int[][] { { 1 , 2, 2 }, { 5, 3, 15 }, { 121, 4, 484 } };
} (https://learn.vogella.com)
@ParameterizedTest
@MethodSource(value = "data") (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
void testWithStringParameter(int[] data) {
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int m1 = data[0]; (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
int m2 = data[1];
int expected = data[2];
TRAINING EVENTS
} Now offering virtual, onsite and
// class to be tested online training
class MyClass { (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
return i * j;
}
}
}
3.2.1. Data sources

The following table gives an overview of all possible test data sources for parameterized tests.
Table 1. Table Parameterized Tests Data Sources
Annotation Description
JAVA Lets you define an array of test

@ValueSource(ints = { 1, 2, 3 })
values. Permissible types are
String , int , long , or
double .
@EnumSource(value = Months.class, names = {"JANUARY",

JAVA
Lets you pass Enum constants as
"FEBRUARY"}) test class. With the optional
attribute names you can choose
which constants should be used.
Otherwise all attributes are used.
@MethodSource(names = "genTestData")
JAVA
The result of the named method
is passed as argument to the
test.
@CsvSource({ "foo, 1", "'baz, qux', 3" })

JAVA
Expects strings to be parsed as
void testMethod(String first, int second) { Csv. The delimiter is ','.
@ArgumentsSource(MyArgumentsProvider.class)
JAVA
Specifies a class that provides
the test data. The referenced
class has to implement the
ArgumentsProvider interface.
3.2.2. Argument conversion

JUnit tries to automatically convert the source strings to match the expected arguments of the test method.
If you need explicit conversion you can specify a converter with the @ConvertWith annotation. To define
your own converter you have to implement the ArgumentConverter interface. In the following example we
use the abstract SimpleArgumentConverter base class.
JAVA
@ParameterizedTest
@ValueSource(ints (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
= {1, 12, 42}) Consulting (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
(https://www.vogella.com/) void testWithExplicitArgumentConversion(@ConvertWith(ToOctalStringArgumentConverter.class)
String argument) {
System.err.println(argument);
assertNotNull(argument); GET MORE...
}
static class ToOctalStringArgumentConverter extends SimpleArgumentConverter {
@Override
protected Object convert(Object source, Class<?> targetType) {
assertEquals(Integer.class, source.getClass(), "Can only convert (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
from Integers.");
assertEquals(String.class, targetType, "Can only convert to String");
Consulting
return Integer.toOctalString((Integer) source);
} (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
}
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4. Additional information about JUnit 5 usage
4.1. Nested tests
The @Nested annotation can be used to annotate inner classes which also contain tests. This allows to
group tests and have additional @BeforeEach method, and one @AfterEach methods. When you add
nested test classes to our test class, the following rules must be followed:
All nested test classes must be non-static inner classes.
The nested test classes are annotated with @Nested annotation so that the runtime can recognize the
nested test classes.
a nested test class can contain Test methods, one @BeforeEach method, and one @AfterEach method.
Because Java doesn’t allow static members in inner classes, a nested class cannot have
 additional @BeforeAll and @AfterAll methods. There is no limit for the depth of the class
hierarchy.
4.2. Test execution order

JUnit runs test methods is a deterministic but unpreditable order (MethodSorters.DEFAULT). You can use the
@TestMethodOrder on the class to control the execution order of the tests, via:
@TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.OrderAnnotation.class) - Allows to use the @Order(int) annotation on

methods to define order
@TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.DisplayName.class) - runs test method in alphanumeric order of

display name
@TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.MethodName.class) - runs test method in alphanumeric order of

method name
Custom implementation - Implement your own MethodOrderer via the orderMethods method, which allows
you to call context.getMethodDescriptors().sort(..)
The following demonstrates this with OrderAnnotation.class .
JAVA
package com.vogella.unittest.sortmethods;
(https://www.vogella.com/) import org.junit.jupiter.api.MethodOrderer.OrderAnnotation;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Order;
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import Contact us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestMethodOrder; GET MORE...
@TestMethodOrder(OrderAnnotation.class)
class OrderAnnotationDemoTest { (https://learn.vogella.com)
@Test
@Order(1) (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
void firstOne() {
Consulting
// test something here
@Test
TRAINING EVENTS
@Order(2)
void secondOne() { Now offering virtual, onsite and
// test something here
} online training
}
4.3. Using the @TempDir annotation to create temporary files and paths
The @TempDir annotations allows to annotate non-private fields or method parameters in a test method of
type Path or File. JUnit 5 has registered a `ParameterResolutionException for this
annotation and will create temporary files and paths for the tests. It will also remove the temporary files are
each test.
JAVA
@Test
@DisplayName("Ensure that two temporary directories with same files names and content
have same hash")
void hashTwoDynamicDirectoryWhichHaveSameContent(@TempDir Path tempDir, @TempDir Path
tempDir2) throws IOException {
Path file1 = tempDir.resolve("myfile.txt");
List<String> input = Arrays.asList("input1", "input2", "input3");

Files.write(file1, input);
assertTrue(Files.exists(file1), "File should exist");
Path file2 = tempDir2.resolve("myfile.txt");
Files.write(file2, input);
assertTrue(Files.exists(file2), "File should exist");
4.4. Test Suites

The 5.8 release of JUnit 5 is planned to have test suite support included.
JAVA
import org.junit.platform.suite.api.SelectPackages;
import org.junit.platform.suite.api.Suite;
import org.junit.platform.suite.api.SuiteDisplayName;
@Suite
@SuiteDisplayName("JUnit Platform Suite Demo")
@SelectPackages("example")
public class SuiteDemo {
}
See https://github.com/junit-team/junit5/pull/2416 for the work.
At this time of writing you can use the milestone release of 5.8.0-M1 to check this. See the dependencies here
https://search.maven.org/artifact/org.junit.platform/junit-platform-suite-api/1.8.0-M1/jar
5. Exercise: Writing a JUnit 5 test with Maven and Eclipse in 5

mins
In this exercise you learn you to write a JUnit5 test using Maven and the Eclipse IDE.

5.1. Project creation
Create a new Maven project with the following settings: GET MORE...
Group: com.vogella
Artifact: com.vogella.junit.first Book Onsite or Virtual Training
Version: 0.0.1-SNAPSHOT (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
Packaging: jar
Consulting
5.2. Configure Maven dependencies for JUnit 5
TRAINING EVENTS
5.2.1. Steps required to configure Maven to use JUnit5
To use JUnit5 in an Maven project, you need to:
online training
Configure to use Java 11 or higher, as this is required by JUnit5
Configure the maven-surefire-plugin and maven-failsafe-plugin to be at version 2.22.2 so that they can run
JUnit5
Add dependencies to the JUnit5 API and engine for your test code
5.2.2. Configure Maven

Therefore you need to adjust your pom file, similar to the following:
XML
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
</properties>

<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.22.2</version>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-failsafe-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>

<dependencies>

<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter-engine</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
Once you have done this, you can start using JUnit5 in your Maven project for writing unit tests.
5.2.3. Update Maven settings (in case you are using the Eclipse IDE)
Right-click your pom file, select Maven  Update Project and select your project. This triggers an update of your
project settings and dependencies.
5.3. Package creation

Create a package named com.vogella.junit.first in the src/main/java and src/main/test folder.

5.4. Create a Java class
GET
In the src folder, create the following class in the com.vogella.junit.first MORE...
package.
JAVA
package com.vogella.junit.first; (https://learn.vogella.com)
public class MyClass { Book Onsite or Virtual Training

// the following is just an example (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
public int multiply(int x, int y) {
if (x > 999) { Consulting
throw new IllegalArgumentException("X should be less than 1000"); (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
}
return x / y;
} TRAINING EVENTS
}
online training
5.5. Create a JUnit test (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
Position the cursor on the MyClass in the Java editor and press Ctrl+1. Select that you want to create a new
JUnit test from the list.
Create new test class

We're sorry, the image above is broken, please let us know.
Alternatively you can right-click on your new class in the :_Project Explorer_ or Package
 Explorer view and select New  Other  Java  JUnit Test Case.
In the following wizard ensure that the New JUnit Jupiter test flag is selected. The source folder should select
the test directory.
Press the Next button and select the methods that you want to test.

GET MORE...
Consulting
TRAINING EVENTS
online training
Create a test with the following code.
JAVA
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertAll;

class MyClassTest {
@Test
void testExceptionIsThrown() {
assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> tester.multiply(1000, 5));
}
@Test
assertEquals(50, tester.multiply(10, 5), "10 x 5 must be 50");
}
}
5.6. Run your test in Eclipse

Right-click on your new test class and select Run-As  JUnit Test.
The result of the tests are displayed in the JUnit view. In our example one test should be successful and one
test should show an error.(https://www.vogella.com/training/)
This error is indicated by a red bar. Consulting (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)

GET MORE...
Consulting
TRAINING EVENTS
online training
You discovered a bug in the tested code!

5.7. Fix the bug and re-run your tests
The test is failing, because our multiplier class is currently not working correctly. It does a division instead of
multiplication. Fix the bug and re-run the test to get a green bar.
Solution
5.8. Review
After a few minutes you should have created a new project, a new class and a new unit test. Congratulations! If
you feel like it, lets improve the tests a bit and write one grouped test.
5.9. Simplify your test code with @Before each

The initialization of MyClass happens in every test, move the initialization to a @BeforeEach method.
Solution
5.10. Define a group check with assertAll

Define a new test method which checks both condition at the same time with assertAll statement. Change
the condition to make both tests fail, run the test and ensure that both are executed.
Solution
Afterwards adjust the test so that both are successfully executed.
6. Exercise: Writing a JUnit 5 test with Gradle and Eclipse in 5
mins
(https://www.vogella.com/) In this exercise you learn you to write a JUnit5 test using the Gradle build system and the Eclipse IDE.

6.1. Project creation GET MORE...
Create a new Gradle project with the following setting: Read Premium Content ...
Name: com.vogella.junit.first
See Create a Grade project with Eclipse (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
Consulting
(https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/EclipseGradle/article.html#how-to-create-a-gradle-project-for-java-with-eclipse) to learn
how to create a Gradle project with Eclipse. (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
TRAINING and
The wizard should also have create the package com.vogella.junit.first in the src/main/java EVENTS
src/main/test
folder. Remove the generated classes from it.
6.2. Update build.gradle file to use JUnit5 online training

To use JUnit 5 with the Gradle build system, ensure you use at least Gradle 6.0 to avoid already fixed issues.
Modify your build.gradle file to contain at least the following entries. Your build file may contain more
dependencies.
GRADLE
plugins {
id 'java'
}
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.7.2'
}
test {
useJUnitPlatform()
6.3. Create a Java class

In the src folder, create the following class in the com.vogella.junit.first package.
JAVA
public class MyClass {

// the following is just an example
public int multiply(int x, int y) {
if (x > 999) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("X should be less than 1000");
}
return x / y;
}
}
6.4. Create a JUnit test

Position the cursor on the MyClass in the Java editor and press Ctrl+1. Select that you want to create a new
JUnit test from the list.
Create new test class

Alternatively you can right-click on your new class in the :_Project Explorer_ or Package
 Explorer view and select New  Other  Java  JUnit Test Case.
In the following wizard ensure that the New JUnit Jupiter test flag is selected. The source folder should select
the test directory.


GET MORE...
Consulting
TRAINING EVENTS
online training
Press the Next button and select the methods that you want to test.


GET MORE...
Consulting
TRAINING EVENTS
online training
Create a test with the following code.
JAVA
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertAll;

class MyClassTest {
@Test
void testExceptionIsThrown() {
assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> tester.multiply(1000, 5));
}
@Test
assertEquals(50, tester.multiply(10, 5), "10 x 5 must be 50");
}
}
6.5. Run your test in Eclipse

Right-click on your new test class and select Run-As  JUnit Test.
The result of the tests are displayed in the JUnit view. In our example one test should be successful and one
test should show an error. This error is indicated by a red bar.


GET MORE...
Consulting
TRAINING EVENTS
online training
You discovered a bug in the tested code!

6.6. Fix the bug and re-run your tests
The test is failing, because our multiplier class is currently not working correctly. It does a division instead of
multiplication. Fix the bug and re-run the test to get a green bar.
Solution
6.7. Review
After a few minutes you should have created a new project, a new class and a new unit test. Congratulations! If
you feel like it, lets improve the tests a bit and write one grouped test.
6.8. Simplify your test code with @Before each

The initialization of MyClass happens in every test, move the initialization to a @BeforeEach method.
Solution
6.9. Define a group check with assertAll

Define a new test method which checks both condition at the same time with assertAll statement. Change
the condition to make both tests fail, run the test and ensure that both are executed.
Solution
Afterwards adjust the test so that both are successfully executed.
7. Exercise: Writing JUnit5 unit tests

In this exercise, you develop some JUnit 5 tests for a given data model. You already learned how to create
projects with Maven or Gradle and how to add Junit5 to them.
To review this information see:

(https://www.vogella.com/) Create a Grade project with Eclipse
(https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/EclipseGradle/article.html#how-to-create-a-gradle-project-for-java-with-eclipse)
GET MORE...
Adding JUnit to an project (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/JUnit/article.html#junitsetup)
The following description assumes that you are familiar with these steps and will not (https://learn.vogella.com)
repeat them.

7.1. Create project and add JUnit5 dependencies
Create a new project called com.vogella.unittest either with Maven or with Gradle and update their
Consulting
settings to use JUnit5.
7.2. Create the data model used for testing TRAINING EVENTS
Create the com.vogella.unittest.model package and copy and paste the following classes on it.
online training JAVA
package com.vogella.unittest.model;
import java.util.Date;
public class Movie {
private String title;

private Date releaseDate;
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
private String duration;
public Movie(String title, Date releaseDate, String duration) {

super();
this.title = title;
this.releaseDate = releaseDate;
this.duration = duration;
}
public String getTitle() {

return title;
}
public Date getReleaseDate() {

return releaseDate;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + ((releaseDate == null) ? 0 : releaseDate.hashCode());
result = prime * result + ((title == null) ? 0 : title.hashCode());
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) return true;
if (obj == null) return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
Movie other = (Movie) obj;
if (releaseDate == null) {
if (other.releaseDate != null) return false;
} else if (!releaseDate.equals(other.releaseDate)) return false;
if (title == null) {
if (other.title != null) return false;
} else if (!title.equals(other.title)) return false;
return true;
}
JAVA
public enum Alignment {

SUPER_EVIL, EVIL, NEUTRAL, GOOD, SUPER_GOOD;
}
JAVA
(https://www.vogella.com/) import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import Contact us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target; GET MORE...
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) (https://learn.vogella.com)
public @interface Magical {
} (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
Consulting
JAVA
TRAINING EVENTS
/** Now offering virtual, onsite and
* Race in Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. online training
*
* @author Florent Biville (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
*/
public enum Race {
HOBBIT("Hobbit", false, Alignment.GOOD), MAIA("Maia", true, Alignment.GOOD), MAN("Man",

false, Alignment.NEUTRAL), ELF("Elf", true, Alignment.GOOD), DWARF("Dwarf", false,
Alignment.GOOD), ORC("Orc", false, Alignment.EVIL);
private final String name;

private final boolean immortal;
private Alignment alignment;
Race(String name, boolean immortal, Alignment alignment) {

this.name = name;
this.immortal = immortal;
this.alignment = alignment;
}
public String getName() {

return name;
}
public boolean isImmortal() {

return immortal;
}
public Alignment getAlignment() {

return alignment;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Race [name=" + name + ", immortal=" + immortal + "]";
}
}
JAVA
@Magical
public enum Ring {
oneRing, vilya, nenya, narya, dwarfRing, manRing;
JAVA
(https://www.vogella.com/) public class TolkienCharacter {

// public to us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
test extract on field
public int age; GET MORE...
private String name;
private Race race;
// not accessible field to test that field by field comparison does not use it
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
private long notAccessibleField = System.currentTimeMillis();
public TolkienCharacter(String name, int age, Race race) {
Consulting
this.name = name;
this.age = age; (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
this.race = race;
}
TRAINING EVENTS
public Race getRace() { Now offering virtual, onsite and
return race;
} online training
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;
}
public void setAge(int age) {

if (age<0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Age is not allowed to be smaller than zero");
}
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + age;
result = prime * result + ((name == null) ? 0 : name.hashCode());
result = prime * result + ((race == null) ? 0 : race.hashCode());
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) return true;
if (obj == null) return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
TolkienCharacter other = (TolkienCharacter) obj;
if (age != other.age) return false;
if (name == null) {
if (other.name != null) return false;
} else if (!name.equals(other.name)) return false;
if (race == null) {
if (other.race != null) return false;
} else if (!race.equals(other.race)) return false;
return true;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return name + " " + age + " years old " + race.getName();
}
Create the com.vogella.unittest.services package and copy and paste the following classes on it.
JAVA
package com.vogella.unittest.services;
(https://www.vogella.com/) import static com.vogella.unittest.model.Race.DWARF;
import static com.vogella.unittest.model.Race.ELF;
import Contact
static us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
com.vogella.unittest.model.Race.HOBBIT;
import static com.vogella.unittest.model.Race.MAIA; GET MORE...
import static com.vogella.unittest.model.Race.MAN;
import static com.vogella.unittest.model.Race.ORC;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap; (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
import java.util.List;
Consulting
import java.util.Map;
import com.vogella.unittest.model.Movie;
import com.vogella.unittest.model.Ring;
import com.vogella.unittest.model.TolkienCharacter;
TRAINING EVENTS
/**
* Init data for unit test online training
*/ (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
public class DataService {
static final String ERROR_MESSAGE_EXAMPLE_FOR_ASSERTION = "{} assertion : {}\n";
// Some of the Lord of the Rings characters :

final TolkienCharacter frodo = new TolkienCharacter("Frodo", 33, HOBBIT);
final TolkienCharacter sam = new TolkienCharacter("Sam", 38, HOBBIT);
final TolkienCharacter merry = new TolkienCharacter("Merry", 36, HOBBIT);
final TolkienCharacter pippin = new TolkienCharacter("Pippin", 28, HOBBIT);
final TolkienCharacter gandalf = new TolkienCharacter("Gandalf", 2020, MAIA);
final TolkienCharacter gimli = new TolkienCharacter("Gimli", 139, DWARF);
final TolkienCharacter legolas = new TolkienCharacter("Legolas", 1000, ELF);
final TolkienCharacter aragorn = new TolkienCharacter("Aragorn", 87, MAN);
final TolkienCharacter boromir = new TolkienCharacter("Boromir", 37, MAN);
final TolkienCharacter sauron = new TolkienCharacter("Sauron", 50000, MAIA);
final TolkienCharacter galadriel = new TolkienCharacter("Galadriel", 3000, ELF);
final TolkienCharacter elrond = new TolkienCharacter("Elrond", 3000, ELF);
final TolkienCharacter guruk = new TolkienCharacter("Guruk", 20, ORC);
final Movie theFellowshipOfTheRing = new Movie("the fellowship of the Ring", new Date(),
"178 min");
final Movie theTwoTowers = new Movie("the two Towers", new Date(), "179 min");
final Movie theReturnOfTheKing = new Movie("the Return of the King", new Date(), "201
min");
public List<TolkienCharacter> getFellowship() {
final List<TolkienCharacter> fellowshipOfTheRing = new ArrayList<>();
// let's do some team building :)

fellowshipOfTheRing.add(frodo);
fellowshipOfTheRing.add(sam);
fellowshipOfTheRing.add(merry);
fellowshipOfTheRing.add(pippin);
fellowshipOfTheRing.add(gandalf);
fellowshipOfTheRing.add(legolas);
fellowshipOfTheRing.add(gimli);
fellowshipOfTheRing.add(aragorn);
fellowshipOfTheRing.add(boromir);
return fellowshipOfTheRing;
}
public List<TolkienCharacter> getOrcsWithHobbitPrisoners() {

final List<TolkienCharacter> orcsWithHobbitPrisoners = new
ArrayList<TolkienCharacter>();
orcsWithHobbitPrisoners.add(guruk);
orcsWithHobbitPrisoners.add(merry);
(https://www.vogella.com/) orcsWithHobbitPrisoners.add(pippin);
return orcsWithHobbitPrisoners;
}
GET MORE...
public TolkienCharacter getFellowshipCharacter(String name) { Read Premium Content ...
List<TolkienCharacter> list = getFellowship();
return list.stream().filter(s-> s.equals(name)).findFirst().get();
} Book Onsite or Virtual Training
public Map<Ring, TolkienCharacter> getRingBearers() { (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
Consulting
Map<Ring, TolkienCharacter> ringBearers = new HashMap<>();
// ring bearers
ringBearers.put(Ring.nenya, galadriel); TRAINING EVENTS
ringBearers.put(Ring.narya, gandalf);
ringBearers.put(Ring.vilya, elrond); Now offering virtual, onsite and
ringBearers.put(Ring.oneRing, frodo);
online training
return ringBearers;
} (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
7.3. Write tests for the model and the services

Create the following test class.
JAVA
(https://www.vogella.com/) import static com.vogella.unittest.model.Race.HOBBIT;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
import static us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
GET MORE...
import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName; (https://learn.vogella.com)
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
Consulting
import com.vogella.unittest.services.DataService;
class DataServiceTest {
TRAINING EVENTS
// TODO initialize before each test
DataService dataService; Now offering virtual, onsite and
@Test online training
void ensureThatInitializationOfTolkeinCharactorsWorks() { (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
TolkienCharacter frodo = new TolkienCharacter("Frodo", 33, HOBBIT);
// TODO check that age is 33

// TODO check that name is "Frodo"
// TODO check that name is not "Frodon"
fail("not yet implemented");
}
@Test
void ensureThatEqualsWorksForCharaters() {
Object jake = new TolkienCharacter("Jake", 43, HOBBIT);
Object sameJake = jake;
Object jakeClone = new TolkienCharacter("Jake", 12, HOBBIT);
// TODO check that:
// jake is equal to sameJake
// jake is not equal to jakeClone
}
@Test
void checkInheritance() {
TolkienCharacter tolkienCharacter = dataService.getFellowship().get(0);
// TODO check that tolkienCharacter.getClass is not a movie class
}
@Test
void ensureFellowShipCharacterAccessByNameReturnsNullForUnknownCharacter() {
// TODO imlement a check that dataService.getFellowshipCharacter returns null for an
// unknow felllow, e.g. "Lars"
}
@Test
void ensureFellowShipCharacterAccessByNameWorksGivenCorrectNameIsGiven() {
// TODO imlement a check that dataService.getFellowshipCharacter returns a fellow for
an
// existing felllow, e.g. "Frodo"
}
@Test
void ensureThatFrodoAndGandalfArePartOfTheFellowsip() {
List<TolkienCharacter> fellowship = dataService.getFellowship();
// TODO check that Frodo and Gandalf are part of the fellowship
}
@Test
void ensureThatOneRingBearerIsPartOfTheFellowship() {
// TODO test that at least one ring bearer is part of the fellowship
}
// TODO Use @RepeatedTest(int) to execute this test 1000 times

@Test
@Tag("slow")
@DisplayName("Minimal
Tutorials (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/) stress testing: run this test Consulting
Training (https://www.vogella.com/training/) 1000 times to ")
void ensureThatWeCanRetrieveFellowshipMultipleTimes() {
(https://www.vogella.com/) dataService = new DataService();
assertNotNull(dataService.getFellowship());
Company (https://www.vogella.com/company/) Contact us should
(https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
fail("this run 1000 times");
GET MORE...
}
@Test
void ensureOrdering() { (https://learn.vogella.com)
List<TolkienCharacter> fellowship = dataService.getFellowship(); Book Onsite or Virtual Training
// ensure that the order of the fellowship is: (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/

Consulting
// frodo, sam, merry,pippin, gandalf,legolas,gimli,aragorn,boromir
@Test TRAINING EVENTS

void ensureAge() {
List<TolkienCharacter> fellowship = dataService.getFellowship(); Now offering virtual, onsite and
online training
// TODO test ensure that all hobbits and men are younger than 100 years
// TODO also ensure that the elfs, dwars the maia are all older than 100 years
// HINT fellowship.stream might be useful here

}
@Test
void ensureThatFellowsStayASmallGroup() {
// TODO Write a test to get the 20 element from the fellowship throws an
// IndexOutOfBoundsException
}
Solve the TODO and ensure that all tests can be successfully executed from your IDE. You may find issues in
the DataService with these tests, fix them if you encounter them.
Solution
7.4. Verify on command line

Verify that your code compiles and your test are running via the command line with:
mvn clean verify in case you are using Maven
./gradlew test in case you are using Gradle
7.5. Add a long running method to your data service

Add a fake update method to your DataService which takes a long time to update the data and returns true
on success.
JAVA
public boolean update() {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return true;
}
7.6. Develop a test to constrain the execution time of the long running
method
Create a new test method in your DataServiceTest . Use the assertTimeout assert statement to ensure
that this test does not run longer than 3 seconds.
Solution
8. Exercise: Develop unit tests for a regular expression utility
method for
Tutorials (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/)
email verification
Training (https://www.vogella.com/training/) Consulting (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
(https://www.vogella.com/) 8.1. Create the data model used for testing
Create the Contact us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
com.vogella.unittest.email package and copy and paste the following classes on it.
GET MORE...
package com.vogella.unittest.email; Read Premium Content ...
JAVA
import java.util.regex.Pattern; Book Onsite or Virtual Training

public class EmailValidator {
Consulting
/** (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
* Email validation pattern.
*/
public static final Pattern EMAIL_PATTERN = Pattern.compile( TRAINING EVENTS
"[a-zA-Z0-9\\+\\.\\_\\%\\-\\+]{1,256}" +
"\\@" +
"[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9\\-]{0,64}" + online training
"(" +
"\\." +
"[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9\\-]{0,25}" +
")+"
);
private boolean mIsValid = false;
public boolean isValid() {

return mIsValid;
}
/**
* Validates if the given input is a valid email address.
*
* @param emailPattern The {@link Pattern} used to validate the given email.
* @param email The email to validate.
* @return {@code true} if the input is a valid email. {@code false} otherwise.
*/
public static boolean isValidEmail(CharSequence email) {
return email != null && EMAIL_PATTERN.matcher(email).matches();
}
8.2. Write tests for the model and the services

JAVA
package com.vogella.unittest.email;
(https://www.vogella.com/) import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
GET MORE...
class EmailValidatorTest {
// TODO Write test for EmailValidator (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
// The names of the methods should give you a pointer what to test for
Consulting
@Test (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
public void ensureThatEmailValidatorReturnsTrueForValidEmail() {
}
TRAINING EVENTS
assertTrue(EmailValidator.isValidEmail("lars.vogel@gmail.com"));

@Test
online training
@DisplayName("Ensure that the usage of a subdomain is still valid, see
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdomain") (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
public void emailValidator_CorrectEmailSubDomain_ReturnsTrue() {
fail("Fixme");
}
@Test
@DisplayName("Ensure that a missiong top level domain returns false")
public void emailValidator_InvalidEmailNoTld_ReturnsFalse() {
fail("Fixme");
}
@Test
public void emailValidator_InvalidEmailDoubleDot_ReturnsFalse() {
fail("Fixme");
}
@Test
public void emailValidator_InvalidEmailNoUsername_ReturnsFalse() {
fail("Fixme");
}
@Test
public void emailValidator_EmptyString_ReturnsFalse() {
fail("Fixme");
}
@Test
public void emailValidator_NullEmail_ReturnsFalse() {
fail("Fixme");
}
Fix all the failing test, unfortunately the test specification is not very good. Try to write reasonable tests which
fit the method name.
8.3. Verify
Run your new test via the IDE. Verify that your code compiles and your test are running via the command line.
8.4. Solution
The following listing contains a possible implementation of the test.
Solution
9. Exercise: Testing exceptions and conditional enablement

9.1. Write tests checking for exceptions
We also want to check that exceptions with the correct error messages are thrown, if we call the class under
test with incorrect data.
JAVA
import static com.vogella.unittest.model.Race.HOBBIT;
org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows; GET MORE...
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled; (https://learn.vogella.com)
Consulting
public class DataModelAssertThrowsTest {
TRAINING EVENTS
@Test
Now offering
@DisplayName("Ensure that access to the fellowship throws exception outside virtual, onsite and
the valid
range")
void exceptionTesting() { online training
DataService dataService = new DataService(); (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
Throwable exception = assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () ->
dataService.getFellowship().get(20));
assertEquals("Index 20 out of bounds for length 9", exception.getMessage());
}
@Test
@Disabled("Please fix and enable")
public void ensureThatAgeMustBeLargerThanZeroViaSetter() {
TolkienCharacter frodo = new TolkienCharacter("Frodo", 33, HOBBIT);
// use assertThrows() rule to check that the message is:
// Age is not allowed to be smaller than zero
frodo.setAge(-1);
@Test
@Disabled("Please fix and enable")
public void testThatAgeMustBeLargerThanZeroViaConstructor() {
// use assertThrows() rule to check that an IllegalArgumentException exception is
thrown and
// that the message is:
// "Age is not allowed to be smaller than zero"
TolkienCharacter frodo = new TolkienCharacter("Frodo", -1, HOBBIT);
Fix the disabled tests and enable them. The name should give a good indication what you have to do test here.
You may discover that the data model does not behave a expected by the test, fix them in this case.
9.2. Verify
Run your update test via the IDE. Verify that your code compiles and your test are running via the command
line with the mvn clean verify .
9.3. Solution
Solution
9.4. Enable test only on certain platforms

Write this test and adjust it so that is only runs on the operating system you are using.
JAVA
package com.vogella.unittest.platform;
(https://www.vogella.com/) import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; GET MORE...
class LinuxTests {
@Test (https://learn.vogella.com)
void testName() throws Exception {
// only run on Linux
Assumptions.assumeTrue(System.getProperty("os.name").contains("Linux"));
assertTrue(true);
Consulting
}
TRAINING EVENTS
10. Exercise: Writing nested tests to group testsNow
foroffering
display virtual, onsite and
10.1. Write tests online training
Create the following test.
JAVA
package com.vogella.unittest.nested;
import java.util.Arrays;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Nested;
class UsingNestedTests {
private List<String> list;
@BeforeEach
void setup() {
list = Arrays.asList("JUnit 5", "Mockito");
}
@Test
void listTests() {
assertEquals(2, list.size());
}
// TODO define inner class with @Nestled

// write one tests named checkFirstElement() to check that the first list element is
"JUnit 4"
// write one tests named checkSecondElement() to check that the first list element is
"JUnit 4"
@DisplayName("Grouped tests for checking members")
@Nested
class CheckMembers {
@Test
void checkFirstElement() {
assertEquals(("JUnit 5"), list.get(0));
}
@Test
void checkSecondElement() {
assertEquals(("Mockito"), list.get(1));
}
10.2. Solution
The following listing contains a possible implementation of the test.
Solution
10.3. Run tests

Run the test from your IDE and review how the grouped tests are displayed.

11. Exercise:
Testing multiple parameter
Contact us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
GET MORE...
11.1. Create class for testing
Create the com.vogella.unittest.converter package and copy and paste the following class on it.
Book Onsite or VirtualJAVA
Training
package com.vogella.unittest.converter;
public class ConverterUtil { Consulting
// converts to celsius
public static float convertFahrenheitToCelsius(float fahrenheit) { (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
return ((fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9);
} TRAINING EVENTS
// converts to fahrenheit Now offering virtual, onsite and
public static float convertCelsiusToFahrenheit(float celsius) {
return ((celsius * 9) / 5) + 32; online training
} (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
}
11.2. Write a dynamic test

JAVA
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.DynamicTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestFactory;
class ConverterUtilTest {
int[][] celsiusFahrenheitMapping = new int[][] { { 10, 50 }, { 40, 104 }, { 0, 32 } };
@TestFactory
Stream<DynamicTest> ensureThatCelsiumConvertsToFahrenheit() {
return Arrays.stream(celsiusFahrenheitMapping).map(entry -> {
// access celcius and fahrenheit from entry
int celsius = entry[0];
int fahrenheit = entry[1];
return null;
// return a dynamicTest which checks that that the convertion from celcius to
// fahrenheit is correct
});
Stream<DynamicTest> ensureThatFahrenheitToCelsiumConverts() {
return null;
// TODO Write a similar test fahrenheit to celsius
}
}
Fix all the failing test, unfortunately the test specification is not very good. Try to write reasonable tests which
fit the method name.
Show Solution
11.3. Verify
Run your new test via the IDE and ensure that you have 6 tests running succesfull.y
Verify that your code compiles and your test are running via the command line either with ./gradlew
test`or with the `mvn clean verify depending on your build system.
12. Exercise: Testing with multiple input parameter

Dynamic tests are included in the regular JUnit 5 library, which you already included. To use parameters in your
tests, you have to add the junit-jupiter-params library.

12.1. Add dependency
GET MORE...
If you are using Maven add the following dependency to junit-jupiter-params to your Maven pom file.
XML
org.junit.jupiter
junit-jupiter-params Book Onsite or Virtual Training
5.7.2 (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
test
Consulting
If you are using Gradle add the following to your build.gradle file
TRAINING EVENTS XML

implementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params:5.7.2'
online training
12.2. Write a parameterized test (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
Review the following code:
JAVA
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
class ParameterizedExampleTest {
static int[][] data() {

return new int[][] { { 1 , 2, 2 }, { 5, 3, 15 }, { 121, 4, 484 } };
}
@ParameterizedTest(name = "{index} called with: {0}")

@MethodSource(value = "data")
void testWithStringParameter(int[] data) {
int m1 = data[0];
int m2 = data[1];
int expected = data[2];
}
// class to be tested
class MyClass {
return i * j;
}
}
}
Create a new test method in ConverterUtilTest which also uses a parameterized test.
12.3. Verify
Run your new test via the IDE.
convertertestresult10
Verify that your code compiles and your test are running via the command line with the ./gradlew test or
mvn clean verify command based on your build system.
12.4. Add more options

ParameterizedTest are very flexible in sense of their input. The following lists a few more. Add these to
your test and run the tests again.
JAVA
@ParameterizedTest
@ValueSource(strings Consulting
= { "WINDOW", "Microsoft Windows [Version (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
10.?]" })
(https://www.vogella.com/) void ensureWindowsStringContainWindow(String name) {
assertTrue(name.toLowerCase().contains("window"));
} Contact us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
GET MORE...
@DisplayName("A negative value for year is not supported by the leap year computation.")
@ParameterizedTest(name = "For example, year {0} is not supported.")
@ValueSource(ints = { -1, -4 }) (https://learn.vogella.com)
void ensureYear(int year) {
assertTrue(year < 0);
} (https://www.vogella.com/training/onsite/
Consulting
@ParameterizedTest(name = "{0} * {1} = {2}")
@CsvSource({ "0, 1, 0", "1, 2, 2", "49, 50, 2450", "1, (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
100, 100" })
void add(int first, int second, int expectedResult) {
MyClass calculator = new MyClass();
TRAINING EVENTS
assertEquals(expectedResult, calculator.multiply(first, second),
Now offering virtual,
() -> first + " * " + second + " should equal " + expectedResult); onsite and
}
online training
13. Exercise: Using the @TempDir annotation to create
temporary files and paths
In this exercise you learn how to use the @TempDir annotation to let JUnit 5 create files and paths on request
in your test and to automatically remove them after the test.
 Java 11 API for creating files:
13.1. Create class under test

Create the following class
JAVA
package com.vogella.unittest.file;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
public class FileWriter {

private FileWriter() {
public static void createFile(Path path) {

try {
Files.write(path, "".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), StandardOpenOption.CREATE,
StandardOpenOption.TRUNCATE_EXISTING);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void appendFile(Path path, String content) throws IOException {

// image more logic here...
Files.writeString(path, content, StandardOpenOption.APPEND);
}
}
13.2. Write tests

Using the @TempDir annotation, create unit which test named FileWriterTest for the following:
Ensure that the Path given to you by the @TempDir annotation if writable
Ensure that a appending to a file with FileWriter.appendFile which has not yet been created with
FileWriter.createFile throws an exception
Ensure that you can write to the file once you created it
HINT:
JAVA
@Test
void ensureThatPathFromTempDirISWritable(@TempDir Consulting
Path path) { (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
(https://www.vogella.com/) // Check if the path created by the TempDir extension is writable

// Check `Files` API for this
} Contact us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
GET MORE...
13.2.1. Solution
Solution (https://learn.vogella.com)
14. Exercise: Testing for annotations Consulting
In this exercise you write test to check class under test for certain annotations. (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
14.1. Add dependency to @Inject TRAINING EVENTS

If you have not yet done this, add a dependency to javax.inject. Now offering virtual, onsite and
online training
Maven:
XML
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.inject</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.inject</artifactId>
<version>1</version>
</dependency>
Gradle:
GRADLE
implementation 'javax.inject:javax.inject:1'
14.2. Create class under test

Create the following class
JAVA
package com.vogella.unittest.di;
import javax.inject.Inject;
public class Service {
@Inject
String s;
@Inject
public Service() {
}
@Inject
public Service(String s) {
this.s = s;
}
}
t validates that the Servic === Write tests
Write a test that validates that the Service class only has one constructor annotated with @Inject .
HINT:
The class has a `getConstructors method.
The Constructor has a method getAnnotation
14.3. Solution
Solution
15. Exercise: Create test reports

Both Maven and Gradle allow to generate HTML report for unit tests.
Gradle creates these automatically, if you run the ./gradlew build command and with Maven you run the
mvn clean verify command. Consulting (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
surefire-report:report
Run this for your project and check the build folder for the generated test reports.
GET MORE...
16. Exercise: Clone the JUnit5 Github repo and review tests
Open JUnit5 Github page (https://github.com/junit-team/junit5) in your browser and clone the repo.
Import the project into your favorite IDE and review some of the tests, e.g. the platform-tests contains a
lot of useful tests. Consulting
17. Overview of JUnit5 annotations
TRAINING EVENTS
The following table gives an overview of the most important annotations in JUnit 5 from the
org.junit.jupiter.api package. Now offering virtual, onsite and
online training
Table 2. Annotations (https://www.vogella.com/training/)
Annotation Description
@Test Identifies a method as a test method.
@Disabled("reason") Disables a test method with an option reason.
@BeforeEach Executed before each test. Used to prepare the test environment, e.g.,
initialize the fields in the test class, configure the environment, etc.
@AfterEach Executed after each test. Used to cleanup the test environment, e.g., delete
temporary data, restore defaults, cleanup expensive memory structures.
@DisplayName(" <Name> that will be displayed by the test runner. In contrast to method
<Name>") names the name can contain spaces to improve readability.
@RepeatedTest(<Number Similar to @Test but repeats the test a <Number> of times

>)
@BeforeAll Annotates a static method which is executed once, before the start of all
tests. It is used to perform time intensive activities, for example, to connect
to a database. Methods marked with this annotation need to be defined as
static to work with JUnit.
@AfterAll Annotates a static method which is executed once, after all tests have been
finished. It is used to perform clean-up activities, for example, to disconnect
from a database. Methods annotated with this annotation need to be
defined as static to work with JUnit.
@TestFactory Annotates a method which is a Factory for creating dynamic tests
@Nested Lets you nest inner test classes to group your tests and to have additional
@BeforeEach and @AfterEach methods.
@Tag("<TagName>") Tags a test method, tests in JUnit 5 can be filtered by tag. E.g., run only
tests tagged with "fast".
@ExtendWith Lets you register an Extension class that adds functionality to the tests
18. Conclusion
JUnit 5 makes is easy to write software tests.
The implementation of all these examples and code snippets can be found over on Github
(https://github.com/vogellacompany/tutorials). The Maven examples are located in JUnit with Maven
(https://github.com/vogellacompany/tutorials/tree/master/junitmaven/) and the Gradle examples are located in JUnit
5 with Gradle (https://github.com/vogellacompany/tutorials/tree/master/junitgradle/).
If you need more assistance we offer Online Training (https://learn.vogella.com/) and Onsite training
(https://www.vogella.com/training/) as well as consulting (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)
See License for license information (https://www.vogella.com/license.html).

19. JUnit Resources
Contact us (https://www.vogella.com/contact.html)
GET MORE...
JUnit Homepage (http://www.junit.org/) Read Premium Content ...
JUnit 5 user guide (http://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/)
Last updated 15:08 17. Aug 2021
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JUnit 5 Tutorial - Learn How To Write Unit Tests

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JUnit 5 Tutorial - Learn How To Write Unit Tests

Uploaded by

28/02/2023 08:44 JUnit 5 tutorial - Learn how to write unit tests

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7. Exercise: Writing JUnit5 unit tests 

9. Exercise: Testing exceptions and conditional enablement 

10. Exercise: Writing nested tests to group tests for display 

11. Exercise: Testing multiple parameter 

12. Exercise: Testing with multiple input parameter 

14. Exercise: Testing for annotations 

15. Exercise: Create test reports

17. Overview of JUnit5 annotations

19. JUnit Resources

Check out our

For further information about testing with Java see:

JUnit 5 extensions (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/JUnit5Extensions/article.html) Consulting

AssertJ Tutorial (https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/AssertJ/article.html) TRAINING EVENTS

1.1. Configuration for using JUnit 5

Configure Maven to use JUnit 5

Configure Gradle to use JUnit 5

Configure JUnit 5 with Eclipse

1.2. How to define a test in JUnit?

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;

1.3. Example for developing a JUnit 5 test for another class

Company (https://www.vogella.com/company/) Contact

import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach; TRAINING EVENTS

@DisplayName("Simple multiplication should work") 3

"Regular multiplication should work"); 5

@DisplayName("Ensure correct handling of zero")

1 The method annotated with @BeforeEach runs before each test

1.4. JUnit test class naming conventions

1.5. Where should the test be located?

src/main/java - for Java classes

2. Assertions and assumptions

Assert statement Example

assertEquals assertEquals(4, calculator.multiply(2, 2),"optional failure message");

assertTrue assertTrue('a' < 'b', () → "optional failure message");

assertFalse assertFalse('a' > 'b', () → "optional failure message");

assertNotNull assertNotNull(yourObject, "optional failure message");

assertNull assertNull(yourObject, "optional failure message");

2.1. Testing for exceptions

@Test Consulting JAVA

void groupedAssertions() { (https://www.vogella.com/consulting/)

=> org.opentest4j.MultipleFailuresError: address name (2 failures)

2.3. Defining timeouts in your tests

// if you have to check a return value

For example the following testMultiplyWithZero is skipped if executed on Linux.

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;

public class CalculatorTest {

private Calculator calculator;

assertEquals(calculator.multiply(0,5), 0, "Multiple with zero should be zero");

3. Dynamic and parameterized tests

Both approaches are described here.

3.1. Using Dynamic Tests

3.2. Using Parameterized Tests

Adding junit-jupiter-params dependency for a Maven build

Adding junit-jupiter-params dependency for a Gradle build

For this example we use the @MethodSource annotation.

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3.2.1. Data sources

Table 1. Table Parameterized Tests Data Sources

JAVA Lets you define an array of test

@EnumSource(value = Months.class, names = {"JANUARY",

@CsvSource({ "foo, 1", "'baz, qux', 3" })

3.2.2. Argument conversion

All nested test classes must be non-static inner classes.

4.2. Test execution order

@TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.OrderAnnotation.class) - Allows to use the @Order(int) annotation on

@TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.DisplayName.class) - runs test method in alphanumeric order of

@TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.MethodName.class) - runs test method in alphanumeric order of

The following demonstrates this with OrderAnnotation.class .

Path file1 = tempDir.resolve("myfile.txt");

List<String> input = Arrays.asList("input1", "input2", "input3");

assertTrue(Files.exists(file1), "File should exist");

Path file2 = tempDir2.resolve("myfile.txt");

4.4. Test Suites

See https://github.com/junit-team/junit5/pull/2416 for the work.

5. Exercise: Writing a JUnit 5 test with Maven and Eclipse in 5