First order first degree differential equations

02

Chapter
First order first degree differential equations
Highlights:

2.1 First order first degree 2.6 Section-D (Exact)

differential equations 2.7 Section-E (Reducible to exact
2.2 Types of first order first degree form)
differential equations 2.8 Section-F (Linear)
2.3 Section-A (Variable separable) 2.9 Section-G (Reducible to linear
2.4 Section-B (Homogeneous) form)
2.5 Section-C (Reducible to 2.10 Exercise
homogeneous form)

2.1 First order first degree differential equations: The differential

equations whose both order and degree are one are called first order and
first degree differential equations. In this chapter, solution techniques of
first order first degree differential equations are discussed.
dy
Example (2.1): The differential equations  y  0 , cos(x+y)dy = dx,
dx
and (x2 + y2)dx = 2xydy are first order first degree differential equations.

2.2 Types of first order first degree differential equations: According

to the solution criterions, there are seven types first order first degree
differential equations.
(a) Variable separable,
(b) Homogeneous,
(c) Reducible to homogeneous form,
(d) Exact,
(e) Reducible to exact form,
(f) Linear and
(g) Reducible to linear form.
.

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 First order first degree differential equations

2.3 Section-A
Variable separable first order first degree differential equations

2.A.1 Variable separable differential equations: If a differential

equation can be expressed in the form f1(x) dx = f2(y) dy, then it is called
variable separable differential equation. Variables can be separated by
directly or by the method of substitution which are discussed by some
done examples.
dy
Example (2.A.1): Solve the differential equation y0
dx
dy dy dy
Solution: Given that  y  0 ; Or, = – y ; Or, = – dx ;
dx dx y
dy
Or,  = –  dx [Integrating on both sides]
y
Or, ln y = – x + c

Example (2.A.2): Solve x2(1 + y)dy + y2(x – 1)dx = 0

Solution: Given that x2(1 + y)dy + y2(x – 1)dx = 0
1 y  1 x  1 1 1 1
Or,  2 
dy =  2 dx ; Or, 2 dy + dy = 2 dx – dx
 y   x  y y x x
Taking integration, we have
1 1 1 1
y 2
dy +  y dy =  x 2
dx –  x dx
Or, – y 1 + ln y = – x 1 – ln x + c
 x 1 – y 1 + ln xy = c [Answer]
dy (1  y 2 )
Example (2.A.3): Solve + =0
dx (1  x 2 )
dy (1  y 2 ) dy dx
Solution: Given that + = 0; Or, + =0
dx (1  x 2 ) 1 y2 1 x2

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 First order first degree differential equations

 sin 1 y + sin 1 x = c [Integrating] [Answer]

dy x(2 ln x  1)
Example (2.A.4): Solve =
dx sin y  y cos y
dy x(2 ln x  1)
Solution: Given that =
dx sin y  y cos y
Or, (sin y + y cos y)dy = x(2 ln x + 1) dx
Or,  sin ydy +  y cos ydy = 2 x ln xdx +  xdx [Taking integration]
x2
Or,  sin ydy + y sin y –  sin ydy = 2 lnx 2
–  xdx +  xdx
So, y sin y = x2 lnx + c [Canceling unnecessary terms] [Answer]

dx dx
Example (2.A.5): Solve x – y = a(x2 + )
dy dy
dx dx
Solution: Given that x – y = a(x2 + )
dy dy
Or, x dy – y dx = ax2 dy + a dx ; Or, (x – ax2)dy = (a + y) dx ;
dy dx dy 1 a 
Or, = ; Or, =   dx
a  y x(1  ax) a  y  x 1  ax 
Or, ln (a + y) = ln x – ln (1 – ax) + ln k ; [Taking c = ln k]
Or, ln {(1 – ax)(a + y)} = ln (kx)
So, (1 – ax)(a + y) = kx [Answer]

Example (2.A.6): Solve sec2x tany dx + sec2y tanx dy = 0

Solution: Given that sec2x tany dx + sec2y tanx dy = 0
sec 2 x sec 2 y
Or,  tan x dx +  tan y dy = 0 [Integrating]
Or, ln(tan x) + ln(tan y) = ln k ; Or, ln(tan x. tan y) = ln k ;
So, tan x tan y = k [Answer]
dy
Example (2.A.7): Solve = ex – y + x 2 e – y
dx
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 First order first degree differential equations

dy
Solution: Given that = e – y (ex + x2) ; Or, ey dy = (ex + x2)dx
dx
1 3
Or, ey = ex + x +c [Integrating] [Answer]
3

Example (2.A.8): Solve x cos2y dx = y cos2x dy

x y
Solution: Given that 2
dx = dy
cos x cos 2 y
 x sec  y sec
2 2
Or, xdx = ydy [Taking integration on both sides]
Or, x tan x –  tan xdx = y tan y –  tan ydy [Integrating by parts]
Or, x tan x – ln sec x = y tan y – ln sec y + c [Answer]
dy
Example (2.A.9): Solve a  x +x=0
dx
dy x
Solution: Given that a  x = – x ; Or, dy = – dx ;
dx ax
a xa
Or,  dy =   dx [Taking integration]
ax
dx
Or,  dy =   a  x dx + a 
ax
2 3
Or, y =  (a  x) 2 + 2a a  x + c [Answer]
3
Example (2.A.10): Solve y(1 + xy)dx + x(1 – xy)dy = 0
Solution: Given that y(1 + xy)dx + x(1 – xy)dy = 0
dx dy
Or, y dx + xdy + xy(y dx – x dy) = 0 ; Or, d(xy) + x2y2(  )=0
x y
d ( xy ) dx dy 1
Or, 2
+(  ) = 0; Or,  + ln x – ln y = c [Integrating]
( xy ) x y xy
x 1
So, ln  =c [Answer]
y xy

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 First order first degree differential equations

dy
Example (2.A.11): Solve = (4x + y + 1)2
dx
dy
Solution: Given that = (4x + y + 1)2 ........... (1)
dx
Let 4x + y + 1 = z
dy dz
So, 4 + = [Differentiating with respect to x]
dx dx
dy dz
Or, = –4
dx dx
dz dz dz
From (1), we have – 4 = z2 ; Or, = z2 + 4 ; Or, 2 = dx ;
dx dx z  22
dz
Or,  2 =  dx [Integrating on both sides]
z  22
1 z
Or, tan 1 = x + c [c is integrating constant]
2 2
1 1
 tan 1 (4 x  y  1) = x + c [Putting value of z] [Answer]
2 2

dy
Example (2.A.12): Solve (x + y)2 = 2x + 2y + 5
dx
dy
Solution: Given that (x + y)2 = 2x + 2y + 5 ............... (1)
dx
dy dz dy dz
Let x + y = z ; So, 1 + = ; Or, = –1
dx dx dx dx
dz
From (1), we have z2( – 1) = 2z + 5 ;
dx
2 dz 2 z 2 dz
Or, z = z + 2z + 5 ; Or, 2 = dx ;
dx z  2z  5
z 2 dz
Or,  2
z  2z  5 
= dx [Integrating on both sides]

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 First order first degree differential equations

z 2  2z  5  2z  2  3
Or,  z 2  2z  5
dz =  dx

z 2  2z  5 2z  2 dz
Or,  2 dz   2 dz – 3  =  dx
z  2z  5 z  2z  5 (z  1) 2  2 2
3 z 1
Or, z – ln(z2 + 2z + 5) – tan 1 =x+c
2 2
3 x  y 1
Or, x + y – ln{(x + y)2 + 2(x + y) + 5} – tan 1 =x+c
2 2
3 x  y 1
Or, y = ln{(x + y)2 + 2(x + y) + 5} + tan 1 + c [Answer]
2 2

Example (2.A.13): Solve cos(x + y)dy = dx

dy
Solution: Given that cos(x + y)dy = dx ; Or, cos(x + y) = 1 ....... (1)
dx
dy dz dy dz
Let x + y = z ; So, 1 + = ; Or, = –1
dx dx dx dx
dz dz
From (1), we have cos z ( – 1) = 1 ; Or, – 1 = sec z ;
dx dx
dz cos zdz  1 
Or, = dx ; Or, = dx ; Or, 1  dz = dx ;
sec z  1 1  cos z  1  cos z 
1 z z
Or, dz – sec 2 dz = dz ; Or, z – tan = x – c [Integrating]
2 2 2
x y
Or, x + y – tan = x – c [Substituting value of z]
2
x y
So, y + c = tan [Answer]
2

 x
 x
 x
 y 
Example (2.A.14): Solve 1  e dx  e y 1  dy = 0
   y
 

18
 First order first degree differential equations

 x
 x
 x
 y 
Solution: Given that 1  e dx  e y 1  dy = 0 ;
   y
 
x x
e y (1  )
dx y
Or, =  x
....... (1)
dy 1 e y
dx dv
Let x = vy  =v+y
dy dy
dv e v (1  v) dv e v (1  v)
From (1), we have v + y =  ; Or, y =  –v
dy 1  ev dy 1  ev
dv v  ev dy 1  ev
Or, y =  ; Or, =  dv ;
dy 1  ev y v  ev
Or, ln y = – ln (v + ev) + ln c [Integrating]
Or, ln{y(v + ev)} = ln c ; Or, y(v + ev)} = c
x x x
Or, y (  e y ) = c [Putting v = ]
y y
x
y
So, x + y e =c [Answer]

dy
Example (2.A.15): Solve (x – y)2 = a2
dx
dy
Solution: Given that (x – y)2 = a2 .............. (1)
dx
dy dz dy dz
Let, x – y = z ;  1 – = ; Or, =1–
dx dx dx dx
dz
From (1) we have, z2 (1 – ) = a2 ; Or, (z2 – a2)dx = z2dz
dx
z2
Or,  dx =  2 dz [Taking integration]
z  a2

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 First order first degree differential equations

1 1 za
 dx =  dz + a  z
2
Or, dz ; Or, x = z + a2. ln +c
2
a 2
2a z  a
a x ya
Or, y = ln + c [Putting value of z] [Answer]
2 x ya
dy
Example (2.A.16): Solve = sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)
dx
dy
Solution: Given that = sin(x + y) + cos(x + y) .............. (1)
dx
dy dz dy dz
Let x + y = z ; So, 1 + = ; Or, = –1
dx dx dx dx
dz
From (1), we have – 1 = sin z + cos z ;
dx
dz dz
Or,  dx =  ; Or,  dx =  ;
1  cos z  sin z 2 z z z
2 cos  2 sin cos
2 2 2
1 z
sec 2 dz
Or,  dx =  2 2 ; Or, x = ln(1  tan z ) + c
z 2
1  tan
2
x y
So, x = ln(1  tan ) + c [Answer]
2
x  y  a dy x ya
Example (2.A.17): Solve ( ) =
x  y  b dx x yb
x  y  a dy x ya
Solution: Given that ( ) = .............. (1)
x  y  b dx x yb
dy dz dy dz
Let x + y = z ; So, 1 + = ; Or, = –1
dx dx dx dx
dz ( z  a)( z  b)
From (1), we have –1= ;
dx ( z  b)( z  a)

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 First order first degree differential equations

dz 2( z 2  ab) z 2  ab  (b  a) z
Or, = 2 ; Or, dz = 2 dx
dx z  (b  a) z  ab z 2  ab
b  a 2z
Or, (1  )dz = 2 dx ;
2 z 2  ab
ba
Or, z + ln(z2 – ab) = 2x + c [Integrating]
2
Or, (b – a) ln{(x + y)2 – ab} = 2(x – y) + k [Putting z = x + y and 2c = k]

xdx  ydy a2  x2  y2
Example (2.A.18): Solve =
xdy  ydx x2  y2
xdx  ydy a2  x2  y2
Solution: Given that =
xdy  ydx x2  y2
1
d (x2  y 2 ) a 2  (x2  y 2 )
Or, 2 = ;
2 xdy  ydx 
2 2
x ( ) x y
x2
1
d (x 2  y 2 ) a 2  (x2  y 2 )
Or, 2 =x 2

d ( y / x) x2  y2
1
d (x2  y 2 ) a 2  (x2  y 2 )
Or, 2 =
x 2  y 2 d ( y / x) 1  ( y / x) 2
1 2
( x  y 2 ) 1 / 2 d ( x 2  y 2 )
d ( y / x)
Or, 2 =
a 2  (x2  y 2 ) 1  ( y / x) 2
d( x2  y2 ) d ( y / x)
Or, =
a2  ( x2  y 2 )2 1  ( y / x) 2

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 First order first degree differential equations

x2  y2 y
Or, sin 1 = tan 1 + c [Integrating] [Answer]
a x

2.A.2 Exercise:
1. Solve the following differential equations:
(i) ydx + xdy = 0 [Ans: xy = c]
(ii) 1 x 2 dy = 1 y 2 dx [Ans: sin–1y = sin–1x + c]
(iii) (x + y)(dx – dy) = dx + dy [Ans: x – y = ln(x + y) + c]
(iv) (x + y)dy + (x – y)dx = 0 [Ans: 2tan–1(y/x) + ln(x2 + y2) = c]
dy 1
(v) + 1 = ex – y [Ans: ex + y = e2x + c]
dx 2
2. Solve using suitable substitutions:
dy
(i) = y  x [Ans: 2 y  x + 2 ln( y  x – 1) = x + c]
dx
 dy 
(ii) sin 1    x  y [Ans: tan(x + y) – sec(x + y) = x + c]
 dx 
 dy  1
(iii) cos 1    x  y [Ans: tan ( x  y ) = x + c]
 dx  2
dy x y
(iv) (x + y)2 = a2 [Ans: y = a tan 1 + c]
dx a
xdx  ydy a2  x2  y2 y
(v) = [Ans: 2 tan 1 +
xdy  ydx x y
2 2
x
a 2  x 2  y 2 ] = c]

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