Literature Survey On M Shell

A Review, Tabulation, and Parameterization
of M-Series X-Ray Production Cross

Sections for Proton and Helium Ion Impact
Cite as: J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 50, 043106 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0058390
Submitted: 29 May 2021 • Accepted: 24 August 2021 • Published Online: 27 December 2021
Balwinder Singh, Shehla and Sanjiv Puri
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 50, 043106 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0058390 50, 043106
© 2021 Author(s).
Journal of Physical and ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/jpr
Chemical Reference Data
A Review, Tabulation, and Parameterization

of M-Series X-Ray Production Cross Sections
for Proton and Helium Ion Impact
Cite as: J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 50, 043106 (2021); doi: 10.1063/5.0058390
Submitted: 29 May 2021 • Accepted: 24 August 2021 •
Published Online: 15 December 2021
Balwinder Singh,1 Shehla,2 and Sanjiv Puri1,a)
AFFILIATIONS
1
Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002 Punjab, India
2
Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India
a)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: sanjivpurichd@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
In the present work, the experimental total and line resolved M-series x-ray production cross sections (XRPCSs) for different elements with
Z = 59–92 for 0.05–39.34 MeV proton and 0.2–6.0 MeV He ion (3 He/4 He) impact reported by different research groups until December
2020 have been compiled in tabular form. A status of different physical parameters, namely, the ionization cross sections, x-ray emission
rates, fluorescence yields, and Coster–Kronig and super Coster–Kronig yields, required to calculate the theoretical M-series XRPCSs have
been reviewed. The tabulated experimental total M-series XRPCSs for different elements are found to exhibit universal scaling similar to that
shown by the theoretical cross sections. These tabulated experimental cross sections for different elements have been parameterized in order
to provide empirical cross sections for use in different applications.
Published by AIP publishing on behalf of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0058390
Key words: fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields; M-series x-ray production cross sections; proton and helium ion induced M-series
x-ray emission; x-ray emission rates.
CONTENTS List of Tables

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. Comparison of the proton induced Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell
2. Theoretical M-series XRPCSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ionization cross sections based on the DHS model35,36 and
2.1. Charge particle induced Mi sub-shell ionization cross the ECPSSR model37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Proton induced total and line resolved experimental
2.1.1. Charged particle induced Mi sub-shell vacancy M-series XRPCSs (barns) for different elements with 59
alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ≤ Z ≤ 92 reported by different authors3-10,18-27 . . . . . . . 8
2.2. Mi sub-shell fluorescence, CK, and SCK yields . . . . 5 3. 4
He ions induced total and line resolved experimental
2.3. M-shell x-ray emission rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 M-series XRPCSs (barns) for different elements with 59
2.4. Multiple ionization effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ≤ Z ≤ 92 reported by different authors4,5,10,23,28,29,32 . . . . 30
3. Tabulated Experimental XRPCSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. 3
He ions induced total and line resolved experimental
3.1. Proton induced M-series XRPCSs . . . . . . . . . . . 7 M-series XRPCSs (barns) for different elements with 73
3.2. Helium ion induced M-series XRPCSs . . . . . . . . 7 ≤ Z ≤ 90 reported by different authors10,30 . . . . . . . . . 43
4. Universal Behavior of M-Series XRPCSs . . . . . . . . . . 29 5. Coefficients of the fitted polynomial, log[σMtot X
(E)]
5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 n i
= ∑i=0 ai (logξM ) , for experimental total M-series
5. Data Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 XRPCSs (barns) induced by proton, 4 He, and 3 He ion
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 impact on different elements with 59 ≤ Z ≤ 92 . . . . . . . 47
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 50, 043106 (2021); doi: 10.1063/5.0058390 50, 043106-1
Published by AIP Publishing on behalf of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
List of Figures θM (= n2 Em /Z2M

2
R) is the reduced M-shell electron bind-
1. Energy level diagram showing electron transitions allowed ing energy, and v2M (= 2EM /me )1/2 corresponds to the
by selection rules (Δn ≤ 1, Δl = ±1, and Δj = 0, ±1) result- velocity of the M-shell electron for specific element. The
ing in emission of different Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell x black curve represents the least-squares fitted values. . . . 47
rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. The DHS model35,36 based ionization cross sections for
elements with 54 ≤ Z ≤ 92 at three incident proton 1. Introduction
energies: (a) 0.06 MeV, (b) 0.7 MeV, and (c) 2.0 MeV. . . 4 Accurate and reliable data on the charged particle induced
3. Ratios of the DHS model35,36 based Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell x-ray production cross sections (XRPCSs) are required for differ-
ionization cross sections to the ECUSAR model37,38 based ent applications, including radiation shielding, radiation dosimetry,
values as a function of atomic number of the target ele- ion-implantation for material modification, plasma physics, and the
ment at three incident proton energies: (a) 0.06 MeV, (b) quantitative elemental analysis of different types of samples employ-
0.7 MeV, and (c) 2.0 MeV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ing the particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) technique. In addi-
4. Comparison of two sets of the Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell fluo- tion, such data are important for providing stringent tests of theories
rescence yields based on the DHS model46 and those tab- governing the ion–atom collision processes. The XRPCSs can be
ulated by Liu and Cipolla42 for different elements with 67 calculated using the fundamental physical parameters, namely, the
≤ Z ≤ 90. The dotted line is plotted to guide the eye. . . . 5 ionization cross sections, x-ray emission rates, fluorescence yields,
5. Ratios of the DHS model46 based Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell and Coster–Kronig (CK) and super Coster–Kronig (SCK) yields
CK yields and those tabulated by Liu and Cipolla:46 (a) characterizing the radiative and non-radiative transitions occur-
f12 , f13 , f14 , f15 ; (b) f23 , f24 , f25 ; and (c) f34 , f35 , f45 for different ring subsequent to the charged particle induced atomic inner-shell
elements with 67 ≤ Z ≤ 90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ionization.
6. (a) Ratios of the fractional emission rates for M4 and M5 Experimental studies pertaining to the investigation of the
sub-shell x-ray components, (a) Mα, (b) Mβ, and (c) Mξ, ion–atom collision processes through measurements of the K-series
based on the DHS model50,52 and the DF model51,52 as a XRPCSs by protons and other heavy charge particles gained impe-
function of atomic number. The dotted lines are plotted tus as early as 1960. A comprehensive compilation1 of the measured
to guide the eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 K-series XRPCSs for proton and He ion impact comprising a large
7. (a) Comparison of proton induced experimental total body of experimental data is available in the literature. In the recent
M-series XRPCSs for Au reported by different authors past, an extensive compilation of the L-series XRPCSs induced by
(Table 2) with two sets of present calculated theoreti- the 10.0 keV–1.0 GeV protons for different elements with Z = 10–95
cal values, σMtot (ED) and σMtot (DD), obtained using containing experimental data up to December 2012 was reported by
the ECUSAR37,38 model and DHS model35,36 based pro- Miranda and Lapicki.2 A number of reports on measurements of the
ton ionization cross sections with the DHS model51 based total and line resolved cross sections for production of the M-series
fluorescence and CK/SCK yields, respectively. . . . . . . 29 x rays of different elements with Z = 57–92 by 50.0 keV–39.34 MeV
8. Ratios of experimental total M-series XRPCSs for Au protons3–27 and 200 keV–6.0 MeV He ion4,5,10,13,15,23,28–32 impact are
reported by different authors (Table 3 and 4) and two available in the literature. A majority of these reports3–15,28–31 pre-
sets of present calculated theoretical values, σMtot (ED) and sented total M-series XRPCSs, and in some cases,16–27,32 the cross
σMtot (EM), obtained using the ECUSAR model37,38 based sections for the resolved M-series x-ray components have been
ionization cross sections with two sets of fluorescence and reported. A thorough literature search revealed the availability of
CK/SCK yields based on the DHS model51 and that tabu- 25 reports on the measurements of proton induced and 11 reports
lated by McGuire,47 respectively, for impact of (a) 3 He+q on the helium (3 He/4 He) ion induced M-series XRPCSs during
(q = 1, 2) and (b) 4 He+q (q = 1, 2) ions. . . . . . . . . . . 46 1975–2020. To the best of our knowledge, any systematic tabulation
9. Ratios of 3 He ion induced experimental total M-series of the charged particle induced M-series XRPCSs is not available in
XRPCSs and those induced by the 4 He ion for Au reported the literature.
by different authors (Tables 3 and 4) as a function of Keeping in view the importance of the charged particle induced
projectile energy (MeV/a.m.u). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 M-series XRPCSs for different applications and lack of any system-
10. Proton induced experimental total M-series XRPCSs for atic tabulation of these cross sections, a need was felt to compile
different elements Z = 59–92 reported by different authors the available experimental data on the proton and the helium ion
(Table 2) as a function of scaling parameter defined induced M-series XRPCSs for different elements. Accordingly, the
as ξM = 2vp /v2M θM , where vp denotes the projectile available experimental data have been compiled in tabular form and
ion velocity, θM (= n2 EM /Z2M 2
R) is the reduced M-shell some comparisons with the calculated M-series XRPCSs are pre-
electron binding energy, and v2M (= 2EM /me )1/2 corre- sented to provide a check on the reliability of different theoretical
sponds to the velocity of the M-shell electron for specific physical parameters used to calculate these cross sections. Further-
element. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 more, the universal behavior of the tabulated experimental cross
11. (a) The 4 He ion induced experimental total M-series sections has been investigated by plotting these as a function of a
XRPCSs for different elements Z = 59–92 (Table 3) dimensionless scaling parameter defined in terms of the velocity of
as a function of scaling parameter defined as ξM = 2vp the projectile, the velocity of the M-shell electron for specific ele-
/v2M θM , where vp denotes the projectile ion velocity, ment, and its binding energy. The tabulated total M-series XRPCSs
have been parameterized in order to provide empirical cross sections transferred through the CK/SCK transitions and can be calculated
for use in different applications. using the equation
τ I τ
σMi = σMi + ∑k<i σMk f ki , (2)
2. Theoretical M-series XRPCSs
Radiative decay of the charged particle induced Mi (i = 1–5) where σMiI
represents the Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell ionization cross
sub-shell vacancies results in emission of x-ray series comprising section for a given element at the specific projectile ion energy (E)
several lines in each case, as depicted in Fig. 1. Accordingly, the and fki denotes the Mi sub-shell CK/SCK yields. The total M-series
M5 sub-shell x-ray series includes the Mξ1(M5 –N3 ), Mα1 (M5 –N7 ), XRPCSs can be evaluated using the relation
Mα2 (M5 –N6 ), and (M5 –O3 ) x-ray lines; the M4 sub-shell x-ray series X
σMtot X
(E) = ∑j σMj . (3)
includes Mδ1 (M4 –N3 ), Mξ 2 (M4 –N2 ), Mβ(M4 –N6 ), (M4 –O2 ), and
(M4 –O3 ) lines; the M3 sub-shell series comprises the Mδ2 (M3 –N1 ), The XRPCSs are usually expressed in units of barns, where
(M3 –N2 ), (M3 –N4 ), Mγ (M3 –N5 ), Mm1 [(M3 –N6,7 )+ (M3 –O1 ) 1 b = 10−28 m2 . The total M-series XRPCSs can also be evaluated
+ (M3 –O4,5 )] lines; the M2 sub-shell series includes the Mm2 using the relation
[(M2 –N1 ) + (M2 –O1 ) + M2 –O4 )] and Mm1 (M2 –N4 ) lines; and the
X I
M1 sub-shell series includes theMm1 (M1 –N2,3 ) and Mm2 (M1 –O2,3 ) σMtot (E) = σM × ωM , (4)
x-ray lines. The theoretical Mj XRPCSs, σMj X
(j = ξ, δ, α, β, ζ, γ, m1 , I
m2 ), at a given projectile ion energy (E) can be calculated using the where σM represents the total M-shell ionization cross section and
relation ωM denotes the average M-shell fluorescence yields. The current sta-
X τ
tus of different Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell physical parameters required
σMj (E) = σMi ωi Fij , (1) to calculate the M-series XRPCSs is discussed below.
where ωi represents the Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell fluorescence yield
and Fij denotes the fractional emission rate for the Mj x-ray line 2.1. Charge particle induced Mi sub-shell ionization
originating from decay of the Mi sub-shell vacancy [Mi (i = 1, 2, 3), cross sections
j = m1 ; Mi (i = 1, 2), j = m2 ; M3 , j = γ; Mi (i = 4, 5), j = ξ; M5, j = α; In the literature, two theoretical approaches are available to
M3 , j = β; Mi (i = 3, 4), j = δ; and M2 , j = ζ ]. σMi
τ
denotes the total calculate the charged particle induced atomic inner-shell ioniza-
number of vacancies in the Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell including those tion cross sections. The first approach pertains to the calculations
FIG. 1. Energy level diagram showing electron transitions allowed by selection rules (Δn ≥1, Δl = ±1, and Δj = 0, ±1) resulting in emission of different Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell
x rays.
e.g., the 3 He and 4 He ion induced ionization cross sections can be

obtained using this code. The DHS model35,36 based Mi (i = 1.5)
sub-shell ionization cross sections are available only for 0.06–2.0
MeV proton impact on some elements with 54 ≤ Z ≤ 92. Being a
smooth function of atomic number (Fig. 2), these cross sections for
the required elements at desired incident proton energies can be
obtained from the limited tabulated data by using the logarithmic
interpolation method assuming a dependence of the form (aZb ) at
a specific incident proton energy (where Z is the atomic number of
target element). It may be noted that the DHS model35,36 based Mi
sub-shell ionization cross sections for helium or other heavy charged
particle impact are not available in the literature.
A comparison of the three sets of proton induced Mi (i = 1–5)
sub-shell ionization cross sections based on the ECPSSR model,33,34
the DHS35,36 model and the ECUSAR model37,38 is presented in
Table 1. The cross sections based on the ECPSSR model33,34 and
ECUSAR model37,38 are found to differ from the DHS model35,36
FIG. 2. The DHS model35,36 based ionization cross sections for elements with 54
based values, for different elements with 55 ≤ Z ≤ 92, by up to 33% for
≤ Z ≤ 92 at three incident proton energies: (a) 0.06 MeV, (b) 0.7 MeV, and (c) 2.0
MeV. proton energies ranging 0.7–2.0 MeV and below 0.7 MeV the differ-
ences increase sharply with decreasing proton energy and increasing
target atomic number (Fig. 3). Similarly, the ionization cross sections
based on the ECUSAR model37,38 are found to differ from ECPSSR
based on the plane wave Born approximation (PWBA) employ-
model33,34 based values, for different elements with 55 ≤ Z ≤ 92,
ing screened hydrogenic wave functions and incorporating the cor-
by up to 11% for proton energies ranging 0.7–2.0 MeV, and below
rections for polarization and binding effects in the Perturbed Sta-
0.7 MeV, the differences increase up to 22% with decreasing proton
tionary State (PSS), relativistic effects (R), energy loss (E), and
energy and increasing target atomic number. For example, two sets
Coulomb deflection (C). These are generally referred to as the
of the M5 sub-shell ionization cross sections for uranium are found
ECPSSR model33,34 calculations. The second approach is based on
to differ by a factor of 2.95 at 0.06 MeV proton energy, whereas
the PWBA employing more realistic Dirac–Hartree–Slater (DHS)
these two sets of cross sections differ by up to 1%–31% over the
wave functions including consistent incorporation of relativity and
proton energy range 0.7–2.0 MeV. Obviously, these differences arise
corrections due to binding, polarization, and Coulomb deflection
because of the use of different wave functions for the ECUSAR37,38
effects and these are referred to as DHS model35,36 calculations. The
and the DHS35,36 model calculations.
ECPSSR model33,34 was further improved by incorporating the cor-
rection to account for changes in the binding energy of electron
states arising due to the presence of the positively charged projec- 2.1.1. Charged particle induced Mi sub-shell vacancy
tile in the atom. This corrected model is often referred to as the alignment
UA-ECPSSR or ECUSAR37,38 model. The charged particle induced atomic inner-shell vacancies hav-
The proton and helium ion induced Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell ion- ing angular momentum j > 1/2 had been predicted43,44 to be aligned.
ization cross sections for different elements based on the ECPSSR The decay of these aligned vacancies results in anisotropic emis-
model33,34 and ECUSAR model37,38 can be obtained by using the sion of either Auger electrons or characteristic x rays. Accord-
computer code “ISICS2006.”39–42 This code is capable of providing ingly, decay of the M1 /M2 sub-shell (j = 1/2) vacancies is expected
ionization cross sections for different isotopes of a given element to result in isotropic emission of characteristic x rays, whereas
TABLE 1. Comparison of the proton induced Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell ionization cross sections based on the DHS model35,36 and the ECPSSR model37
% Difference between DHS,35,36 ECPSSR,33,34 and ECUSAR37,38 model based proton ionization cross sections
0.06 MeV 0.1 MeV 0.7 MeV 2.0 MeV
Shell/ Atomic DHS and DHS and DHS and DHS and DHS and DHS and DHS and DHS and
Sub-shell region ECPSSR ECUSAR ECPSSR ECUSAR ECPSSR ECUSAR ECPSSR ECUSAR
M1 55 ≤ Z ≤ 92 3–64 1–61 1–56 1–54 10–33 6–31 1–9 1–10
M2 55 ≤ Z ≤ 92 3–188 1–249 1–92 3–93 7–13 3–9 1–9 1–11
M3 55 ≤ Z ≤ 92 1–47 2–61 12–42 8–38 4–17 1–14 1–9 1–15
M4 55 ≤ Z ≤ 92 21–261 6–289 1–96 1–120 4–16 2–13 1–11 1–11
M5 55 ≤ Z ≤ 92 20–178 4–195 1–67 1–75 6–15 7–15 5–9 3–9
≤ 92. The second set of these yields based on the DHS model cal-
culations were reported by Chen et al.48,49 These DHS model based
Mi (i = 1–3) sub-shell yields were reported49 for ten elements in the
atomic region 67 ≤ Z ≤ 95 and the Mi (i = 4, 5) sub-shell yields were
reported50 for eight elements in the atomic region 70 ≤ Z ≤ 100. In
recent past, a complete set of the DHS model based Mi (i = 1–5)
sub-shell fluorescence and CK/SCK yields for elements with 67
≤ Z ≤ 92 interpolated from available limited data48,49 considering the
cutoff and onset of different CK/SCK transitions were reported by
Chauhan and Puri.51 These authors obtained the information about
the cutoff/onset of different CK/SCK transitions from the energies
of these transitions evaluated using the Dirac–Hartree–Fock–Slater
(DHFS) model based neutral atom binding energies52 and the
Li (i = 1–3) sub-shell CK transition energies.53 Furthermore, the
average M-shell fluorescence yields (ωM ) have been tabulated by
Hubbell et al.54
Two sets of the Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell ωi and fij values are com-
pared in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively, by plotting ratios of the DHS
model51 based values to the NRHS model based values47 as a func-
FIG. 3. Ratios of the DHS model35,36 based Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell ionization cross tion of atomic number (Z). It is clear from Fig. 4 that two sets of the
sections to the ECUSAR model37,38 based values as a function of atomic number ωi (i = 1–5) yields based on the DHS model51 and NRHS model47
of the target element at three incident proton energies: (a) 0.06 MeV, (b) 0.7 MeV, calculations differ by 12%–63%. It is obvious from Figs. 5(a)–5(c)
and (c) 2.0 MeV.
that the two sets of the fij (i = 1, j = 2–5) values differ by 18%–52%;
the fij (i = 2, j = 3–5) values differ by 9%–29%; and the fij (i = 3, j
= 4, 5) values differ by 7%–34%. On the other hand, the f45 values
differ by up to 29%–62% for elements with Z = 81–84, and these
decay of the M3 /M4 /M5 sub-shell vacancies is expected to exhibit differences become enormous (up to a factor of two) for elements
alignment effects. The angular distribution of x rays emitted with Z = 74–78, whereas for the remaining elements in the inves-
from an aligned vacancy state can be described as (I(θ)/dΩ) tigated atomic region, these differences are found to be up to 13%
= (Io /4π)[1 + βP2 (cos θ)], where Io is the total x-ray intensity, θ is [Fig. 5(c)].
the angle of observation with respect to the incident beam direction,
P2 (cos θ) is the second order Legendre polynomial, and β (≡αA20 ) is 2.3. M-shell x-ray emission rates
called the anisotropy parameter of a particular line. Here, α is a con-
stant depending on the total angular momentum of the initial and The Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell vacancy decay through a radiative
final state of the ionized atom, and A20 is the degree of alignment transition is characterized by the x-ray emission rate. The fractional
for a given sub-shell. The values of α have been given elsewhere.45 It
was shown by Sizov and Kabachnik46 that the alignment of atomic
inner-shell vacancies produced by proton impact is a function of the
projectile ion velocity and is large for low-velocity incident protons.
To the best of our knowledge, experimental investigations on the
charged particle induced Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell vacancy alignment
are not available in the literature.
2.2. Mi sub-shell fluorescence, CK, and SCK yields

The number of Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell x rays produced per Mi
sub-shell vacancy decay through a single step process defines the
corresponding Mi sub-shell fluorescence yield (ωi ) and the probabil-
ity of transfer of a primary vacancy from the Mk (k = 1–4) sub-shell
to the Mi (i = 2–5) sub-shell with simultaneous emission of an outer-
shell electron defines the CK yield (fki ). Similarly, the probability of
transfer of a primary vacancy from the Mk sub-shell to the Mi sub-
shell with simultaneous emission of another Mp (p > i) sub-shell
electron is termed as the SCK yield (fki ).
Two sets of the Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell fluorescence (ωi ) and
CK/SCK (fij ) yields are available in the literature. The first set of these
yields evaluated using the non-relativistic Hartree–Slater (NRHS) FIG. 4. Comparison of two sets of the Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell fluorescence
wave functions employing approximate Herman–Skillman poten- yields based on the DHS model51 and those tabulated by McGuire47 for different
elements with 67 ≤ Z ≤ 90. The dotted line is plotted to guide the eye.
tial were tabulated by McGuire47 for some elements with 20 ≤ Z
FIG. 5. Ratios of the DHS model51 based Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell CK yields and
those tabulated by McGuire:47 (a) f12 , f13 , f14 , f15 ; (b) f23 , f24 , f25 ; and (c) f34 , f35 ,
f45 for different elements with 67 ≤ Z ≤ 90. The dotted line is plotted to guide
the eye.
emission rate, Fij , representing the fraction of radiative transitions to

the i-th sub-shell contributing to the j-th M-series x-ray line can be
calculated as
Γ(Mi − Y)
Fij = , Y = Nq , Oq . . . , (5)
ΓMi
where Γ(Mi − Y) (Y = Nq , Oq , . . .) represents the emission rate
for the (Mi − Y) radiative transition involving the filling of a Mi
sub-shell vacancy by the Y-shell electron and ΓMi denotes the total
Mi sub-shell x-ray emission rate. Two theoretical approaches based
on the independent particle approximation (IPA) were used to
deduce these x-ray emission rates. The first approach comprises
DHS model calculations, where the same potential is used for ini-
tial and final states of the atom undergoing radiative transitions.
The second approach is based on the Dirac–Fock (DF) model cal-
culations, where the potential is assumed to be different for ini-
tial and final atomic states involved in the radiative transitions,
FIG. 6. (a) Ratios of the fractional emission rates for M4 and M5 sub-shell x-ray
thereby allowing the inclusion of exchange and overlap effects in the components, (a) Mα, (b) Mβ, and (c) Mξ, based on the DHS model50,52 and the
calculations. The M-shell x-ray emission rates based on the DHS DF model51,52 as a function of atomic number. The dotted lines are plotted to guide
model55 were reported for only six elements with 48 ≤ Z ≤ 93 and the eye. (b) Ratios of the fractional emission rates for the Mi (i = 1–3) sub-shell
those based on the DF model56 were reported for ten elements with x-ray components, (a) Mm1 , (b) Mγ , and (c) Mδ , based on the DHS model50,52 and
48 ≤ Z ≤ 92. Later on, a complete set of x-ray emission rates based on the DF model51,52 as a function of atomic number. The dotted lines are plotted to
both the DHS55 and the DF56 models obtained for all the elements guide the eye.
with 65 ≤ Z ≤ 92 by employing logarithmic interpolation from the
available limited data were reported by Puri.57
The fractional x-ray emission rates (Fij ) for the M4 and M5 sub- the intensity ratios for resolved Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell x-ray lines.
shell x-ray components (Mα , Mβ , and Mξ ) deduced from two sets of To the best of our knowledge, the experimental investigations to
x-ray emission rates based on the DHS55,57 and the DF56,57 model are check the reliability of these two sets of x-ray emission rates are not
compared in Fig. 6(a). These two sets of values are found to agree available in the literature.
with each other within 5% for elements with 72 ≤ Z ≤ 92 but are
found to differ by up to 49% for elements below 60 ≤ Z ≤ 72. Further- 2.4. Multiple ionization effects
more, two sets of fractional emission rates (Fij ) for the Mi (i = 1–3) It is pertinent to note that the theoretical physical parameters,
sub-shell x-ray components (Mm1 , Mγ , and Mδ ) deduced from the namely, x-ray emission rates, fluorescence, and CK/SCK yields, used
DHS55,57 and the DF56,57 model based x-ray emission rates are found to calculate the charged particle induced M-series XRPCSs have been
to agree within 5% [Fig. 6(b)]. It may be mentioned that the reliabil- evaluated using IPA models considering the single vacancy atomic
ity of the emission rates can be checked experimentally by measuring states created following atomic inner-shell ionization induced by
the charge particles and ignoring the many-body effects, which are A scan of the available experimental data (Table 2) indicated a
expected to become important for heavy elements. However, the large scatter in the measured values for any given element at differ-
ion–atom collisions are known to produce simultaneous ioniza- ent incident proton energies and noticeable discrepancies between
tion in the outer atomic shells. For example, the 2.0 MeV helium measured and theoretical M-series XRPCSs. As an illustration, the
ions incident on a bismuth (Z = 83) target are found to create case of Au has been considered as it is the most investigated ele-
the K/L/M shell vacancies in the ratio 1.0:1.2 × 105 :6.2 × 108 , as ment for which 151 values of total M-series XRPCSs at differ-
evident from the ECUSAR model37,38 based ionization cross sec- ent proton energies ranging 0.05–39.34 MeV are available from 13
tions. The simultaneous presence of multiple vacancies in the atomic publications. In order to make comparisons between experimen-
shells (outer than the atomic shell/sub-shell of interest) results in tal and theoretical M-series XRPCSs, four sets of theoretical val-
the shift of atomic-level energies and hence alters the correspond- ues, σMtot (EM), σMtot (DM), σMtot (ED), and σMtot (DD), have been
ing transition energies. As a result of this, some of the non-radiative evaluated, as explained in Sec. 2. The first two sets of theoretical
transitions may even become energetically disallowed/allowed. Mul- cross sections {σMtot (EM), σMtot (DM)}, respectively, have been cal-
tiple vacancies also result in the availability of reduced num- culated using two sets of proton ionization cross sections based on
ber of electrons for certain radiative transitions, thereby directly the ECUSAR model37,38 and the DHS model;35,36 the fluorescence
impacting the corresponding fluorescence yields. The ab initio and CK/SCK yields are tabulated by McGuire.47 The latter two sets
theoretical calculations of different physical parameters incorporat- of values, {(σMtot (ED), σMtot (DD)}, respectively, have been calcu-
ing the multiple ionization effects and the many-body effects to the lated using two sets of proton ionization cross sections based on the
IPA models are quite complex. These multiple ionization effects ECUSAR model37,38 and the DHS model;35,36 the fluorescence and
have been included by statistical scaling58 based on specific charged CK/SCK yields are based on the DHS model.48,49 It has been found
particle induced Li (i = 1–3) sub-shell ionization probabilities to that the σMtot (EM) and σMtot (ED) values differ by up to 7% because
obtain the values of different physical parameters from their corre- of the differences in two sets of fluorescence and CK/SCK yields
sponding single vacancy state values available in the literature. How- based on the DHS model48,49 and those tabulated by McGuire47 used
ever, to the best of our knowledge, the use of such scaling to obtain to calculate these cross sections. Similarly, σMtot (DM) and σMtot (DD)
the Mi (i = 1–5) sub-shell physical parameters is not available in the values differ by up to 7%. Furthermore, σMtot (EM) and σMtot (DM)
literature. values for Au are found to differ by ∼2 to 25%. These differences in
two sets of XRPCSs are due to differences in two sets of theoretical
proton ionization cross sections, which, in turn, have arisen due to
3. Tabulated Experimental XRPCSs the use of different wave functions used in the ECUSAR39–42 and the
DHS35,36 model calculations.
3.1. Proton induced M-series XRPCSs
The experimental total M-series XRPCSs for
A thorough literature search yielded 25 papers pertaining Au3,4,6,7,9,10,18,19,21,22,24,25,27 available in the literature have been
to measurements of the experimental M-series XRPCSs for ele- compared with different sets of theoretical values in Figs. 7(a) and
ments La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, 7(b). It may be recalled that the DHS model35,36 based ionization
Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U induced by cross sections are available only for proton energies up to 2.0 MeV;
0.05–39.34 MeV protons. The XRPCS values reported in the avail- therefore, above this energy, the comparison of experimental values
able publications3–10,18–27 are listed in Table 2. Different authors could be done only with two sets of calculated cross sections,
have quoted the uncertainties ∼3% to 34% in the measured M- σMtot (EM) and σMtot (ED). It is clear from Fig. 7(a) that the measured
series XRPCS values. Most of the reported measurements were per- σMtot (exp) values for incident proton energies ranging 0.3–39.3 MeV
formed using targets of thickness ∼2.7 to 50 μg/cm2 deposited on are found to differ from the σMtot (ED) and σMtot (DD) values, on
the 5–30 μg/cm2 thick carbon foil backing. However, in some cases, an average, by up to 34% and 24%, respectively, whereas these
Mylar,3,6 Kapton,7 Al foil,13,21 and organic substrate8 were also used differences increased enormously up to a factor ∼3.9 and ∼2.5,
as backing materials. On the other hand, some authors3,7,8,13,20,27 respectively, with incident proton energies decreasing from 0.3
performed these measurements using targets of thickness rang- to 0.05 MeV. Similar differences have been observed between
ing ∼173 to 654 μg/cm2 . The x-ray detector efficiency, in some the measured and two sets of theoretical values, σMtot (EM) and
reports,4,5,10,14,21,23 was determined by bombarding thin targets of σMtot (DM) [Fig. 7(b)].
low-Z elements with 1.5–2.0 MeV He ions. The resulting K-shell
x-ray yield was normalized to the Rutherford back scattered-particle 3.2. Helium ion induced M-series XRPCSs
yield, which was collected simultaneously along with the charac- The experimental M-series XRPCSs for impact of
teristic x rays. In some reports,7,9–11,13,16,17,22,24–27 the x-ray detec- 0.20–6.0 MeV 4 He ions on La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho,
tor efficiency was measured by using radioisotopes of 57 Co, 241 Am, Er, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, Bi, Th, and U were
56
Fe, 153 Ba, and 152 Eu and in some cases10,11,16,17 using both the pro- reported in ten publications,4,5,10,13,15,23,28,29,31,32 whereas three
tons and helium ions, employing the “reference” K-shell ionization reports10,15,30 pertain to the measurements of these cross sections for
cross sections.59 In 17 publications, the measured data have been impact of 0.30–3.0 MeV 3 He ions on Ta, W, Re, Os, Au, Bi, and Th
presented in tabular form, whereas in the remaining eight papers, and two publications10,15 reported the simultaneous measurements
the measured values have been presented only graphically. These of the 3 He and 4 He ions induced M-series XRPCSs for Ta, W, Re,
cross sections11–17 presented graphically could not be included in Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Bi, and Th. All these reported experimental cross
Table 2. However, these publications have been included in the list of sections for 4 He and 3 He ion impact on different elements are listed
references. in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The experimental cross sections
TABLE 2. Proton induced total and line resolved experimental M-series XRPCSs (barns) for different elements with 59 ≤ Z
≤ 92 reported by different authors3–10,18–27
59 Pr
Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.200 152 MEH835
0.450 406 MEH835
0.700 576 MEH835
0.950 807 MEH835
1.210 844 MEH835
10–25
1.460 926 MEH835
1.710 1005 MEH835
1.960 1174 MEH835
2.220 1214 MEH835
2.470 1099 MEH835
60 Nd
0.250 156 MEH835

0.500 406 MEH835
0.750 627 MEH835
1.000 767 MEH835
1.250 827 10–25 MEH835
1.500 937 MEH835
1.750 1172 MEH835
2.000 1136 MEH835
2.250 1225 MEH835
62 Sm
0.250 118 SAR8119

0.300 167 SAR8119
28
0.350 184 SAR8119
0.400 225 SAR8119
63 Eu
0.950 619 MEH835

1.210 753 MEH835
1.460 901 MEH835
1.710 1007 10–25 MEH835
1.960 1057 MEH835
2.220 1125 MEH835
2.470 1061 MEH835
64 Gd
0.050 2.93 CIP9518

0.075 13.8 CIP9518
0.100 31 CIP9518
0.125 51 CIP9518
0.150 80 8–9 CIP9518
0.175 113 CIP9518
0.200 145 CIP9518
0.225 180 CIP9518
0.250 224 CIP9518
0.250 123 24 SAR8119
0.250 230 10–25 MEH835
0.275 279 8–9 CIP9518
TABLE 2. (Continued.)

0.300 324 8–9 CIP9518
0.300 171 24 SAR8119
0.350 222 24 SAR8119
0.400 246 24 SAR8119
0.500 424 MEH835
0.750 646 MEH835
1.000 795 MEH835
1.250 922 MEH835
10–25
1.500 1057 MEH835
1.750 1170 MEH835
2.000 1174 MEH835
2.250 1283 MEH835
65 Tb
1.970 419 916 96 48 1479 SHO9620

2.370 427 1007 104 55 1593 SHO9620
2.770 456 1057 111 58 1682 SHO9620
3.170 455 1087 114 60 1715 SHO9620
3.570 455 1100 114 61 1730 SHO9620
3.970 429 1050 110 58 1647 SHO9620
20
4.220 444 1108 117 58 1726 SHO9620
4.470 439 1065 110 59 1674 SHO9620
4.720 434 1065 112 59 1670 SHO9620
5.220 401 1032 114 56 1603 SHO9620
5.470 391 972 113 55 1531 SHO9620
5.720 284 937 115 51 1387 SHO9620
66 Dy
0.200 241 10–25 MEH835

0.250 160 24 SAR8119
0.300 215 24 SAR8119
0.350 256 24 SAR8119
0.400 338 24 SAR8119
0.450 430 MEH835
0.700 641 MEH835
0.950 837 MEH835
1.210 1039 MEH835
1.460 1201 10–25 MEH835
1.710 1302 MEH835
1.960 1384 MEH835
2.220 1532 MEH835
2.470 1591 MEH835
67 Ho
0.200 207 10–25 MEH835

0.250 161 SAR8119
0.300 210 SAR8119
0.350 222 22 SAR8119
0.400 339 SAR8119
0.450 426 10–25 MEH835
0.700 611 MEH835
0.950 807 MEH835
1.210 1034 MEH835

1.460 1094 MEH835
1.710 1247 MEH835
1.960 1439 MEH835
1.970 418 1075 88 46 1627 20 SHO9620
2.220 1606 10–25 MEH835
2.370 430 1159 100 53 1742 SHO9620
2.770 449 1228 102 55 1835 SHO9620
3.170 489 1329 112 64 1994 SHO9620
3.570 453 1249 105 61 1869 SHO9620
3.970 459 1309 107 62 1938 SHO9620
20
4.220 469 1324 112 64 1969 SHO9620
4.470 462 1325 117 64 1968 SHO9620
4.720 386 1187 110 61 1744 SHO9620
5.220 436 1306 116 62 1919 SHO9620
5.470 388 1256 120 65 1829 SHO9620
68 Er
0.075 12.8 CIP9518

0.100 33.7 CIP9518
8–9
0.125 60.2 CIP9518
0.150 73.8 CIP9518
0.175 114 CIP9518
0.200 157 CIP9518
0.225 206 CIP9518
0.250 275 CIP9518
0.250 245 10–25 MEH835
0.275 318 8–9 CIP9518
0.300 393 8–9 CIP9518
0.500 456 MEH835
0.750 590 MEH835
1.000 817 MEH835
1.250 940 MEH835
10–25
1.500 1110 MEH835
1.750 1474 MEH835
2.000 1576 MEH835
2.250 1741 MEH835
69 Tm
1.970 364 1431 87 37 1918 SHO9620

2.370 379 1533 103 43 2057 SHO9620
2.770 397 1696 105 47 2245 SHO9620
3.170 406 1707 109 48 2271 SHO9620
3.570 452 1862 119 52 2486 SHO9620
3.970 401 1778 116 53 2348 20 SHO9620
4.220 416 1836 115 54 2422 SHO9620
4.470 425 1894 121 57 2497 SHO9620
4.720 436 1856 121 56 2470 SHO9620
5.220 413 1817 128 57 2416 SHO9620
5.470 304 1498 152 73 2028 SHO9620
5.720 321 1652 157 71 2202 SHO9620
70 Yb
0.050 0.68 15–18 SHE1826

0.100 2.6 18.8 0.7 0.06 22 15–18 SHE1826
0.150 5.8 60 0.77 0.28 67 15–18 SHE1826
0.200 216 10–25 MEH835
0.200 8.4 102 5.9 0.65 117 15–18 SHE1826
0.250 183 34 SAR8119
0.250 13.3 164 8.6 1.5 188 15–18 SHE1826
0.300 246 34 SAR8119
0.350 312 34 SAR8119
0.400 338 34 SAR8119
0.450 455 MEH835
10–25
0.700 670 MEH835
0.950 858 MEH835
1.210 1107 MEH835
1.460 1307 MEH835
1.710 1601 MEH835
1.960 1703 MEH835
2.220 1713 MEH835
71 Lu
1.970 284 1945 70 25 2325 SHO9620

2.370 341 2328 81 29 2779 SHO9620
2.770 334 2462 84 31 2911 SHO9620
3.170 331 2468 84 32 2915 SHO9620
3.570 396 2869 92 35 3392 SHO9620
3.970 354 2725 90 33 3202 SHO9620
4.220 359 2651 94 36 3140 20 SHO9620
4.470 351 2723 101 39 3213 SHO9620
4.720 381 2865 96 38 3380 SHO9620
4.970 331 2713 105 39 3188 SHO9620
5.220 318 2651 115 42 3125 SHO9620
5.470 288 2655 145 51 3140 SHO9620
5.720 293 2688 160 55 3196 SHO9620
72 Hf
0.075 0.456 3.125 0.0445 0.01183 3.63 CIP1427

0.100 1.35 9.43 0.143 0.04381 10.9 CIP1427
0.125 2.57 18.33 0.29 0.09304 21.3 CIP1427
0.150 4.22 29.93 0.5 0.1665 34.8 CIP1427
8–25
0.175 6.03 42.69 0.75 0.2541 49.7 CIP1427
0.200 8.53 56.85 1.17 0.3609 66.9 CIP1427
0.225 10.8 75.8 1.53 0.5349 88.6 CIP1427
0.250 12.7 91.7 1.85 0.6113 106 CIP1427
0.250 154 29 SAR8119
0.250 236 10–25 MEH835
0.275 15.7 113.2 2.49 0.791 132 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 19 136.9 3.07 0.969 159 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 221 29 SAR8119
0.350 266 29 SAR8119
0.00 321 29 SAR8119
0.500 493 10–25 MEH835

0.600 495 8 PAJ909
0.700 598 8 PAJ909
0.750 728 10–25 MEH835
0.800 723 8 PAJ909
0.900 847 8 PAJ909
1.000 929 10–25 MEH835
1.000 964 8 PAJ909
1.200 1280 8 PAJ909
1.250 1115 10–25 MEH835
1.400 1520 8 PAJ909
1.500 1375 10–25 MEH835
1.600 1800 8 PAJ909
1.750 1526 10–25 MEH835
1.800 1910 8 PAJ909
2.000 1511 10–25 MEH835
2.250 1606 10–25 MEH835
2.000 1980 PAJ909
2.200 2280 PAJ909
2.400 2400 PAJ909
2.600 2440 8 PAJ909
2.800 2460 PAJ909
3.000 2560 PAJ909
3.200 2630 PAJ909
3.400 2650 PAJ909
73 Ta
0.100 12.9 PAJ0610

0.125 24.8 PAJ0610
0.150 36.7 PAJ0610
0.175 47.5 9–12 PAJ0610
0.200 63.7 PAJ0610
0.225 84.4 PAJ0610
0.250 116 PAJ0610
0.300 165 PAJ0610
0.300 196 27 SAR8119
0.350 225 9–12 PAJ0610
0.350 268 27 SAR8119
0.400 275 9–12 PAJ0610
0.400 291 27 SAR8119
0.450 326 9–12 PAJ0610
0.500 383 9–12 PAJ0610
0.600 434 8 PAJ909
0.600 470 9–12 PAJ0610
0.600 434 9–12 PAJ0610
0.700 689 15 GOU067
0.700 533 8 PAJ909
0.700 533 9–12 PAJ0610
0.800 786 15 GOU067
0.800 631 8 PAJ909
0.800 631 9–12 PAJ0610

0.900 870 15 GOU067
0.900 734 8 PAJ909
0.900 734 9–12 PAJ0610
1.000 705 8–11 BAT148
1.000 1025 15 GOU067
1.000 827 8 PAJ909
1.000 827 9–12 PAJ0610
1.100 800 8–11 BAT148
1.100 1145 15 GOU067
1.200 900 8–11 BAT148
1.200 1295 15 GOU067
1.200 1070 8 PAJ909
1.300 957 8–11 BAT148
1.300 1401 15 GOU067
1.400 1386 15 GOU067
1.400 1310 8 PAJ909
1.500 1506 15 GOU067
1.600 1664 15 GOU067
1.600 1380 8 PAJ909
1.700 1846 15 GOU067
1.800 1898 15 GOU067
1.800 1600 8 PAJ909
1.900 2017 15 GOU067
2.000 2169 15 GOU067
2.000 1650 8 PAJ909
2.100 2302 15 GOU067
2.200 2430 15 GOU067
2.200 1990 8 PAJ909
2.300 2342 15 GOU067
2.400 2454 15 GOU067
2.400 2150 8 PAJ909
2.600 2160 8 PAJ909
2.800 2100 8 PAJ909
3.000 2240 8 PAJ909
3.200 2240 8 PAJ909
3.400 2390 8 PAJ909
74 W
0.075 0.311 3.146 0.0326 0.009 24 3.49 8–25 CIP1427

0.100 0.915 9.44 0.098 0.032 66 10.5 8–25 CIP1427
0.100 10.6 10–13 PAJ0610
0.125 1.74 17.65 0.185 0.064 9 19.6 8–25 CIP1427
0.125 22.4 10–13 PAJ0610
0.150 2.78 28.42 0.305 0.109 7 31.6 8–25 CIP1427
0.150 33.6 10–13 PAJ0610
0.175 45.7 10–13 PAJ0610
0.175 4.07 41.4 0.479 0.168 2 46.1 8–25 CIP1427
0.200 5.55 56.1 0.643 0.234 5 62.5 8–25 CIP1427
0.200 55.6 10–13 PAJ0610
0.225 6.95 71.1 0.844 0.298 6 79.1 8–25 CIP1427
0.225 76.3 10–13 PAJ0610
0.250 8.91 90 1.09 0.373 5 100 8–25 CIP1427

0.250 113 10–13 PAJ0610
0.250 116 18 SAR8119
0.275 10.9 110.7 1.39 0.479 8 123 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 12.8 130.3 1.72 0.556 145 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 20 167 8.9 196 9–20 FER026
0.300 153 10–13 PAJ0610
0.300 162 18 SAR8119
0.350 25 213 11 250 9–20 FER026
0.350 217 10–13 PAJ0610
0.350 211 18 SAR8119
0.400 33 275 15 324 9–20 FER026
0.400 270 10–13 PAJ0610
0.400 268 18 SAR8119
0.450 40 357 19 418 9–20 FER026
0.450 290 10–13 PAJ0610
0.500 58 406 26 492 9–20 FER026
0.500 350 10–13 PAJ0610
0.550 66 465 32 565 9–20 FER026
0.600 73 527 36 638 9–20 FER026
0.600 439 8 PAJ909
0.600 452 10–13 PAJ0610
0.600 439 10–13 PAJ0610
0.650 78 590 40 712 9–20 FER026
0.700 87 655 45 792 9–20 FER026
0.700 614 15 GOU067
0.700 539 8 PAJ909
0.700 539 10–13 PAJ0610
0.800 739 15 GOU067
0.800 616 8 PAJ909
0.800 616 10–13 PAJ0610
0.900 783 15 GOU067
0.900 718 8 PAJ909
0.900 718 10–13 PAJ0610
1.000 647 8–11 BAT148
1.000 858 15 GOU067
1.000 795 8 PAJ909
1.000 795 10–13 PAJ0610
1.100 745 8–11 BAT148
1.100 1046 15 GOU067
1.200 715 8–11 BAT148
1.200 948 15 GOU067
1.200 1040 8 PAJ909
1.300 914 8–11 BAT148
1.300 1181 15 GOU067
1.400 1285 15 GOU067
1.400 1260 8 PAJ909
1.500 1437 15 GOU067
1.600 1545 15 GOU067
1.600 1360 8 PAJ909
1.700 1649 15 GOU067
1.800 1609 15 GOU067
1.800 1560 8 PAJ909
1.900 1723 15 GOU067

2.000 1781 15 GOU067
2.000 1700 8 PAJ909
2.100 1884 15 GOU067
2.200 1963 15 GOU067
2.200 1930 8 PAJ909
2.300 2041 15 GOU067
2.400 2114 15 GOU067
2.400 2050 8 PAJ909
2.600 2090 8 PAJ909
2.800 2230 8 PAJ909
3.000 2290 8 PAJ909
3.200 2370 8 PAJ909
3.400 2410 8 PAJ909
75 Re
0.100 0.98 8.92 0.0677 0.1559 10.1 8–25 CIP1427

0.125 2.2 20.82 0.181 0.0628 23.3 8–25 CIP1427
0.150 3.13 30.7 0.264 0.0942 34.2 8–25 CIP1427
0.175 4.4 44.1 0.384 0.1351 49.0 8–25 CIP1427
0.200 5.55 56.12 0.505 0.1798 62.3 8–25 CIP1427
0.225 7.91 79.4 0.741 0.2661 88.3 8–25 CIP1427
0.250 8.61 89.1 0.856 0.2957 98.8 8–25 CIP1427
0.275 9.88 103.2 1.02 0.338 114 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 11.9 123.8 1.3 0.394 137 8–25 CIP1427
0.600 486 10 PAJ909
0.600 486 10–25 PAJ0610
0.700 583 10 PAJ909
0.700 583 10–25 PAJ0610
0.800 677 10 PAJ909
0.800 677 10–25 PAJ0610
0.900 758 10 PAJ909
0.900 758 10–25 PAJ0610
1.000 868 10 PAJ909
1.000 868 10–25 PAJ0610
1.200 1170 10 PAJ909
1.400 1340 10 PAJ909
1.600 1500 10 PAJ909
1.800 1710 10 PAJ909
2.000 1740 10 PAJ909
2.200 2020 10 PAJ909
2.400 2130 10 PAJ909
2.600 2200 10 PAJ909
2.800 2380 10 PAJ909
3.000 2370 10 PAJ909
3.200 2560 10 PAJ909
3.400 2570 10 PAJ909
3.600 2670 10 PAJ909
76 Os
0.100 8.6 7–9 PAJ0610

0.125 19.6 7–9 PAJ0610

0.150 28.9 7–9 PAJ0610
0.175 39.8 7–9 PAJ0610
0.200 50.6 7–9 PAJ0610
0.225 67.6 7–9 PAJ0610
0.250 105 7–9 PAJ0610
0.300 146 7–9 PAJ0610
0.350 210 7–9 PAJ0610
0.400 253 7–9 PAJ0610
0.450 315 7–9 PAJ0610
0.500 333 7–9 PAJ0610
0.600 452 10 PAJ909
0.600 428 7–9 PAJ0610
0.600 452 7–9 PAJ0610
0.700 563 10 PAJ909
0.700 563 7–9 PAJ0610
0.800 616 10 PAJ909
0.800 616 7–9 PAJ0610
0.900 714 10 PAJ909
0.900 714 7–9 PAJ0610
1.000 823 10 PAJ909
1.000 823 7–9 PAJ0610
1.200 1050 10 PAJ909
1.400 1290 10 PAJ909
1.600 1430 10 PAJ909
1.800 1620 10 PAJ909
2.000 1720 10 PAJ909
2.200 1950 10 PAJ909
2.400 2110 10 PAJ909
2.600 2110 10 PAJ909
2.800 2280 10 PAJ909
3.000 2310 10 PAJ909
3.200 2380 10 PAJ909
3.400 2550 10 PAJ909
3.600 2510 10 PAJ909
4.000 2700 10 PAJ909
77 Ir
0.100 6.72 10–12 PAJ0610

0.125 17.1 10–12 PAJ0610
0.150 26.5 10–12 PAJ0610
0.175 36.3 10–12 PAJ0610
0.200 44.8 10–12 PAJ0610
0.225 61.5 10–12 PAJ0610
0.250 97 10–12 PAJ0610
0.300 135 10–12 PAJ0610
0.350 190 10–12 PAJ0610
0.400 239 10–12 PAJ0610
0.450 274 10–12 PAJ0610
0.500 304 10–12 PAJ0610
0.600 410 9 PAJ909
0.600 387 10–12 PAJ0610
0.600 410 10–12 PAJ0610
0.700 512 9 PAJ909
0.700 512 10–12 PAJ0610

0.800 601 9 PAJ909
0.800 601 10–12 PAJ0610
0.900 702 9 PAJ909
0.900 702 10–12 PAJ0610
1.000 755 9 PAJ909
1.000 755 10–12 PAJ0610
1.200 973 9 PAJ909
1.400 1180 9 PAJ909
1.600 1280 9 PAJ909
1.800 1520 9 PAJ909
2.000 1710 9 PAJ909
2.200 1880 9 PAJ909
2.400 2040 9 PAJ909
2.600 2230 9 PAJ909
2.800 2350 9 PAJ909
3.000 2410 9 PAJ909
3.200 2570 9 PAJ909
3.400 2660 9 PAJ909
3.600 2820 9 PAJ909
3.800 2780 9 PAJ909
4.000 2810 9 PAJ909
78 Pt
0.075 0.0861 1.618 0.0212 0.003 63 1.73 8–25 CIP1427

0.100 0.328 6.23 0.077 0.018 8 6.68 8–25 CIP1427
0.100 6.03 10–12 PAJ0610
0.125 0.658 13.13 0.158 0.044 9 13.9 8–25 CIP1427
0.125 14.8 10–12 PAJ0610
0.150 1.14 22.64 0.271 0.071 6 24.1 8–25 CIP1427
0.150 22.9 10–12 PAJ0610
0.175 1.69 34.4 0.418 0.124 6 36.6 8–25 CIP1427
0.175 31.6 10–12 PAJ0610
0.200 2.39 48.7 0.583 0.179 7 51.8 8–25 CIP1427
0.200 41.1 10–12 PAJ0610
0.225 2.92 61.1 0.723 0.223 6 64.9 8–25 CIP1427
0.225 57.4 10–12 PAJ0610
0.250 3.85 80.8 0.984 0.285 6 85.9 8–25 CIP1427
0.250 85.3 10–12 PAJ0610
0.250 67 30 SAR8119
0.275 4.5 95.9 1.16 0.352 4 101 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 5.38 115.6 1.45 0.427 122 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 122 10–12 PAJ0610
0.300 99 30 SAR8119
0.350 174 10–12 PAJ0610
0.350 127 30 SAR8119
0.400 227 10–12 PAJ0610
0.400 125 30 SAR8119
0.450 262 10–12 PAJ0610
0.500 283 10–12 PAJ0610
0.600 394 9 PAJ909
0.600 385 10–12 PAJ0610
0.600 394 10–12 PAJ0610

0.700 486 15 GOU067
0.700 490 9 PAJ909
0.700 490 10–12 PAJ0610
0.800 556 15 GOU067
0.800 553 9 PAJ909
0.800 553 10–12 PAJ0610
0.900 637 15 GOU067
0.900 647 9 PAJ909
0.900 647 10–12 PAJ0610
1.000 718 15 GOU067
1.000 700 9 PAJ909
1.000 700 10–12 PAJ0610
1.100 795 15 GOU067
1.200 913 15 GOU067
1.200 889 9 PAJ909
1.300 1011 15 GOU067
1.400 1072 15 GOU067
1.400 1040 9 PAJ909
1.500 1056 15 GOU067
1.600 1196 15 GOU067
1.600 1200 9 PAJ909
1.700 1241 15 GOU067
1.800 1282 15 GOU067
1.800 1420 9 PAJ909
1.900 1330 15 GOU067
2.000 1348 15 GOU067
2.000 1630 9 PAJ909
2.100 1375 15 GOU067
2.200 1465 15 GOU067
2.200 1800 9 PAJ909
2.300 1692 15 GOU067
2.400 1657 15 GOU067
2.400 1930 9 PAJ909
2.600 2120 9 PAJ909
2.800 2220 9 PAJ909
3.000 2280 9 PAJ909
3.200 2430 9 PAJ909
3.400 2560 9 PAJ909
3.600 2620 9 PAJ909
3.800 2670 9 PAJ909
4.000 2640 9 PAJ909
79 Au
0.050 0.023 20 ANU1825

0.075 1.18 8–9 CIP9518
0.075 0.066 1.145 0.0202 0.0029 1.23 8–25 CIP1427
0.100 0.32 4.22 0.057 0.022 4.62 20 ANU1825
0.100 5.77 8–9 CIP9518
0.100 0.276 4.64 0.0786 0.01628 5.01 8–25 CIP1427
0.100 5.44 10–15 PAJ0610
0.100 0.21 3.02 0.07 0.019 3.32 15–17 SHE1724
0.125 12.9 8–9 CIP9518
0.125 0.619 10.63 0.167 0.03955 11.5 8–25 CIP1427
0.125 12.9 10–15 PAJ0610
0.150 1.21 19.8 0.36 0.082 21.5 20 ANU1825
0.150 23.6 8–9 CIP9518
0.150 1.02 18.18 0.259 0.0643 19.5 8–25 CIP1427

0.150 20.0 10–15 PAJ0610
0.175 37.6 8–9 CIP9518
0.175 1.41 25.97 0.338 0.0915 27.8 8–25 CIP1427
0.175 28.9 10–15 PAJ0610
0.200 2.04 49.7 0.68 0.17 52.6 20 ANU1825
0.200 54.3 8–9 CIP9518
0.200 2.23 39.8 0.542 0.1518 42.7 8–25 CIP1427
0.200 38.6 10–15 PAJ0610
0.225 74.3 8–9 CIP9518
0.225 2.77 51.4 0.626 0.1876 54.9 8–25 CIP1427
0.225 10–15 PAJ0610
0.250 3.5 77.5 0.88 0.25 82.1 20 ANU1825
0.250 3.65 67.4 0.832 0.2368 72.1 8–25 CIP1427
0.250 79.6 10–15 PAJ0610
0.250 59 27.00 SAR8119
0.275 111 8–9 CIP9518
0.275 4.53 83.6 1.04 0.3093 89.4 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 3.92 78.4 0.82 0.47 83.6 20 ANU1825
0.300 107.2 0.46 107 11–15 CAS8321
0.300 145 8–9 CIP9518
0.300 5.57 103.1 1.27 0.3947 110 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 9.4 116.1 2.4 0.21 129 9–20 FER026
0.300 112 4.50 MEH824
0.300 119 10–15 PAJ0610
0.300 88 27.00 SAR8119
0.350 15 153.2 3.1 0.36 172 9–20 FER026
0.350 10–15 PAJ0610
0.350 120 27.00 SAR8119
0.400 194.9 0.98 195 11–15 CAS8321
0.400 20 189.9 4.2 0.49 214 9–20 FER026
0.400 176 3 MEH824
0.400 222 10–15 PAJ0610
0.400 154 27.00 SAR8119
0.450 23 215.3 6.4 0.6 245 9–20 FER026
0.450 253 10–15 PAJ0610
0.500 322.9 1.95 324 11–15 CAS8321
0.500 27 270.8 7.8 0.8 307 9–20 FER026
0.500 215 2.40 MEH824
0.500 289 10–15 PAJ0610
0.550 40 311.3 10.7 1.2 363 9–20 FER026
0.600 398.2 2.96 401 11–15 CAS8321
0.600 43 336.4 11.2 1.5 392 9–20 FER026
0.600 304 11.40 MEH824
0.600 382 8.00 PAJ909
0.600 357 10–15 PAJ0610
0.600 382 10–15 PAJ0610
0.650 59 410.2 12.8 1.9 484 9–20 FER026
0.700 453.4 3.78 457 11–15 CAS8321
0.700 64 455.4 14.2 2.3 536 9–20 FER026
0.700 468 15 GOU067
0.700 402 11.40 MEH824
0.700 485 8.00 PAJ909
0.700 485 10–15 PAJ0610

0.800 579.8 5.82 586 11–15 CAS8321
0.800 526 15 GOU067
0.800 486 11.40 MEH824
0.800 542 8.00 PAJ909
0.800 542 10–15 PAJ0610
0.900 665.5 6.47 672 11–15 CAS8321
0.900 602 15 GOU067
0.900 588 11.40 MEH824
0.900 629 8.00 PAJ909
0.900 629 10–15 PAJ0610
1.000 728.1 9.23 737 11–15 CAS8321
1.000 663 15 GOU067
1.000 639 11.40 MEH824
1.000 673 8.00 PAJ909
1.000 673 10–15 PAJ0610
1.100 708 11.40 MEH824
1.100 726 15 GOU067
1.200 874.7 11.03 886 11–15 CAS8321
1.200 829 15 GOU067
1.200 787 11.40 MEH824
1.200 876 8.00 PAJ909
1.300 901 15 GOU067
1.300 878 11.40 MEH824
1.400 992.5 13.92 1007 11–15 CAS8321
1.400 919 11.40 MEH824
1.400 1063 15 GOU067
1.400 1040 8.00 PAJ909
1.500 1089 15 GOU067
1.500 1010 11.40 MEH824
1.600 1157.3 18.51 1176 11–15 CAS8321
1.600 1181 15 GOU067
1.600 1061 11.40 MEH824
1.600 1240 8.00 PAJ909
1.700 1252 15 GOU067
1.700 1162 11.40 MEH824
1.800 1329.8 22.67 1353 11–15 CAS8321
1.800 1246 11.40 MEH824
1.800 1301 15 GOU067
1.800 1400 8.00 PAJ909
1.900 1422 15 GOU067
1.900 1285 11.40 MEH824
2.000 1424.8 23.36 1449 11–15 CAS8321
2.000 1410 15 GOU067
2.000 1315 11.40 MEH824
2.000 1610 8.00 PAJ909
2.100 1506 15 GOU067
2.100 1378 11.40 MEH824
2.200 1475.4 25.95 1502 11–15 CAS8321
2.200 1575 15 GOU067
2.200 1499 11.40 MEH824

2.200 1710 8.00 PAJ909
2.300 1524 11.40 MEH824
2.300 1613 15 GOU067
2.400 1486.6 28.29 1516 11–15 CAS8321
2.400 1670 15 GOU067
2.400 1564 11.40 MEH824
2.400 1940 8.00 PAJ909
2.500 1604 11.40 MEH824
2.600 1651.1 28.76 1681 11–15 CAS8321
2.600 1611 11.40 MEH824
2.600 2070 8.00 PAJ909
2.800 1640.8 28.64 1671 11–15 CAS8321
2.800 2200 8.00 PAJ909
2.920 2030 12.00 SER803
3.000 1799.4 36.1 1837 11–15 CAS8321
3.000 2300 8.00 PAJ909
3.200 1869 1869 11–15 CAS8321
3.200 2440 8.00 PAJ909
3.400 1872.5 1872 11–15 CAS8321
3.400 2500 8.00 PAJ909
3.600 1924.9 1924 11–15 CAS8321
3.600 2640 8.00 PAJ909
3.800 1891.6 1891 11–15 CAS8321
3.800 2640 8.00 PAJ909
3.970 2340 12.00 SER803
4.000 1916.4 1916 11–15 CAS8321
4.000 2630 8.00 PAJ909
6.130 2560 12.00 SER803
12.310 2290 12.00 SER803
18.120 1960 12.00 SER803
24.210 1680 12.00 SER803
30.520 1460 12.00 SER803
39.340 1190 12.00 SER803
81 Tl
0.100 2.4 SHE1826

0.150 0.51 9.7 0.072 0.03 10.3 SHE1826
15–18
0.200 1.8 37 1.4 0.1 40 SHE1826
0.250 2.4 62 1.8 0.21 66 SHE1826
82 Pb
0.050 0.0038 15–18 SHE1826

0.100 0.039 0.892 0.0185 0.00234 0.95 8–25 CIP1427
0.100 0.028 1.24 0.053 0.012 1.3 15–17 SHE1724
0.100 0.062 1.8 0.0093 0.00153 1.9 15–18 SHE1826
0.125 0.123 2.858 0.0536 0.00898 3.1 8–25 CIP1427
0.150 0.273 6.36 0.113 0.02205 6.7 8–25 CIP1427
0.150 0.48 12.3 0.25 0.046 13 15–18 SHE1826
0.175 0.491 11.59 0.198 0.0402 12.3 8–25 CIP1427
0.200 0.751 18.27 0.295 0.0635 19.3 8–25 CIP1427

0.200 1.5 30 1.3 0.16 33.0 15–18 SHE1826
0.225 1.06 26.45 0.413 0.0902 28.0 8–25 CIP1427
0.250 1.56 38.4 0.598 0.1256 40.6 8–25 CIP1427
0.250 2.4 52 1.3 0.24 56.0 15–18 SHE1826
0.275 2.05 51 0.775 0.168 53.9 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 64.2 1.66 0.28 66.1 11–15 CAS8321
0.300 2.57 64.5 0.969 0.208 68.2 8–25 CIP1427
0.300 5.8 70.56 1.2 0.26 81.0 9–20 FER026
0.300 91.6 4.50 MEH824
0.350 13 99.77 2.3 0.39 115 9–20 FER026
0.400 119.9 3.72 0.62 124 11–15 CAS8321
0.400 16 123.9 3.3 0.52 144 9–20 FER026
0.400 137 3 MEH824
0.450 22 153.4 4.3 0.64 181 9–20 FER026
0.500 187 7.83 1.22 196 11–15 CAS8321
0.500 26 188 5.1 0.85 221 9–20 FER026
0.500 196 2.40 MEH824
0.550 32 221.2 6.7 1.1 261 9–20 FER026
0.600 240.7 12.3 1.91 255 11–15 CAS8321
0.600 40 252.7 7.9 1.4 302 9–20 FER026
0.600 256 11.40 MEH824
0.650 51 305.9 8.8 1.4 366 9–20 FER026
0.700 301.7 17.9 2.76 322 11–15 CAS8321
0.700 55 328 11 1.9 396 9–20 FER026
0.700 358 15 GOU067
0.700 350 11.40 MEH824
0.800 394.9 28.7 4.43 428 11–15 CAS8321
0.800 401 15 GOU067
0.800 403 11.40 MEH824
0.900 405.5 29.9 4.56 440 11–15 CAS8321
0.900 444 15 GOU067
0.900 436 11.40 MEH824
1.000 438 8–11 BAT148
1.000 516.3 44.8 6.64 568 11–15 CAS8321
1.000 503 15 GOU067
1.000 534 11.40 MEH824
1.100 470 8–11 BAT148
1.100 513 15 GOU067
1.100 634 11.40 MEH824
1.200 513 8–11 BAT148
1.200 613.5 61.3 9.41 684 11–15 CAS8321
1.200 501 15 GOU067
1.200 676 11.40 MEH824
1.300 605 8–11 BAT148
1.300 694 15 GOU067
1.300 752 11.40 MEH824
1.400 760.4 85.5 12.31 858 11–15 CAS8321
1.400 786 15 GOU067
1.400 790 11.40 MEH824
1.500 828 15 GOU067
1.500 884 11.40 MEH824
1.600 866.2 110.4 16.25 992 11–15 CAS8321
1.600 872 15 GOU067

1.600 935 11.40 MEH824 H824
1.700 926 15 GOU067
1.700 1026 11.40 MEH824
1.800 943.2 126.4 1069 11–15 CAS8321
1.800 929 15 GOU067
1.800 1086 11.40 MEH824
1.900 1029 15 GOU067
1.900 1106 11.40 MEH824
2.000 1095 163.8 1258 11–15 CAS8321
2.000 1062 15 GOU067
2.000 1254 11.40 MEH824
2.100 1125 15 GOU067
2.100 1322 11.40 MEH824
2.200 1171.2 173 1344 11–15 CAS8321
2.200 1210 15 GOU067
2.200 1371 11.40 MEH824
2.300 1266 15 GOU067
2.300 1349 11.40 MEH824
2.400 1248 193.6 1441 11–15 CAS8321
2.400 1330 15 GOU067
2.400 1426 11.40 MEH824
2.500 1474 11.40 MEH824
2.600 1441.3 219.8 1661 11–15 CAS8321
2.600 1478 11.40 MEH824
2.800 1395 204.7 1599 11–15 CAS8321
3.000 1499.4 210.2 1709 11–15 CAS8321
3.200 1479.9 218.2 1698 11–15 CAS8321
3.400 1483.8 227.6 1711 11–15 CAS8321
3.600 1463.9 224.9 1688 11–15 CAS8321
3.800 1443.8 206.8 1650 11–15 CAS8321
4.000 1413.5 208.3 1621 11–15 CAS8321
83 Bi
0.050 0.0037 20 ANU1825

0.100 0.03 1.8 0.03 0.0055 1.83 20 ANU1825
0.100 1.82 8–10 PAJ0610
0.100 0.005 1.13 0.034 0.004 1.17 15–17 SHE1724
0.125 6.0 8–10 PAJ0610
0.150 0.53 10.7 0.13 0.067 11.3 20 ANU1825
0.150 11.0 8–10 PAJ0610
0.175 20.2 8–10 PAJ0610
0.200 1.85 28.9 0.25 0.13 30.7 20 ANU1825
0.200 29.1 8–10 PAJ0610
0.225 38.8 8–10 PAJ0610
0.250 3.34 49.9 0.39 0.26 53.2 20 ANU1825
0.250 67.5 8–10 PAJ0610
0.300 3.84 52 0.51 0.4 55.8 20 ANU1825
0.300 59.1 0.34 59.4 11–15 CAS8321
0.300 7.2 64.37 1.8 0.2 74 9–20 FER026
0.300 82.5 4.50 MEH824
0.300 75.8 8–10 PAJ0610

0.350 11 86.51 2.3 0.35 100 9–20 FER026
0.350 108 8–10 PAJ0610
0.400 104.8 0.63 105 11–15 CAS8321
0.400 13 103.1 2.7 0.44 120 9–20 FER026
0.400 140 3 MEH824
0.400 146 8–10 PAJ0610
0.450 15 129.2 4 0.57 149 9–20 FER026
0.450 175 8–10 PAJ0610
0.500 177 1.24 178 11–15 CAS8321
0.500 20 154.5 5.1 0.7 180 9–20 FER026
0.500 189 2.40 MEH824
0.500 195 8–10 PAJ0610
0.550 28 198.3 5.6 0.85 232 9–20 FER026
0.600 233.4 1.92 235 11–15 CAS8321
0.600 31 223.6 6.3 1.1 262 9–20 FER026
0.600 248 11.40 MEH824
0.600 282 7 PAJ909
0.600 257 8–10 PAJ0610
0.600 282 8–10 PAJ0610
0.650 37 265.5 8.1 1.3 312 9–20 FER026
0.700 303.2 3.14 306 11–15 CAS8321
0.700 39 299.1 9.9 1.7 350 9–20 FER026
0.700 320 15 GOU067
0.700 337 11.40 MEH824
0.700 351 7 PAJ909
0.700 351 8–10 PAJ0610
0.800 336.4 4.25 340 11–15 CAS8321
0.800 379 15 GOU067
0.800 382 11.40 MEH824
0.800 400 7 PAJ909
0.800 400 8–10 PAJ0610
0.900 454.1 5.53 459 11–15 CAS8321
0.900 453 15 GOU067
0.900 441 11.40 MEH824
0.900 472 7 PAJ909
0.900 472 8–10 PAJ0610
1.000 384 8–11 BAT148
1.000 527.3 7.28 534 11–15 CAS8321
1.000 457 15 GOU067
1.000 518 11.40 MEH824
1.000 546 7 PAJ909
1.000 546 8–10 PAJ0610
1.100 435 8–11 BAT148
1.100 465 15 GOU067
1.100 579 11.40 MEH824
1.200 494 8–11 BAT148
1.200 688.7 11.51 700 11–15 CAS8321
1.200 534 15 GOU067
1.200 637 11.40 MEH824
1.200 636 7 PAJ909
1.300 554 8–11 BAT148

1.300 675 15 GOU067
1.300 700 11.40 MEH824
1.400 842 15.21 858 11–15 CAS8321
1.400 810 15 GOU067
1.400 765 11.40 MEH824
1.400 776 7 PAJ909
1.500 837 15 GOU067
1.500 874 11.40 MEH824
1.600 917.7 17.87 936 11–15 CAS8321
1.600 899 15 GOU067
1.600 921 11.40 MEH824
1.600 944 7 PAJ909
1.700 881 15 GOU067
1.700 945 11.40 MEH824
1.800 1030.8 20.66 1052 11–15 CAS8321
1.800 1014 15 GOU067
1.800 986 11.40 MEH824
1.800 1090 7 PAJ909
1.900 1015 15 GOU067
1.900 1028 11.40 MEH824
2.000 1120.3 24.3 1144 11–15 CAS8321
2.000 1127 15 GOU067
2.000 1108 11.40 MEH824
2.000 1260 7 PAJ909
2.100 1160 15 GOU067
2.100 1174 11.40 MEH824
2.200 1218.3 26.7 1245 11–15 CAS8321
2.200 1251 15 GOU067
2.200 1294 11.40 MEH824
2.200 1330 7 PAJ909
2.300 1203 15 GOU067
2.300 1204 11.40 MEH824
2.400 1252 28.3 1280 11–15 CAS8321
2.400 1495 15 GOU067
2.400 1292 11.40 MEH824
2.400 1610 7 PAJ909
2.500 1393 11.40 MEH824
2.600 1305.9 29.3 1335 11–15 CAS8321
2.600 1441 11.40 MEH824
2.600 1640 7 PAJ909
2.800 1373.3 32.2 1405 11–15 CAS8321
2.800 1830 7 PAJ909
2.920 1230 12 SER803
3.000 1355.5 30.9 1386 11–15 CAS8321
3.000 1930 7 PAJ909
3.200 1840 7 PAJ909
3.400 1960 7 PAJ909
3.600 2000 7 PAJ909
3.800 2160 7 PAJ909
3.970 1620 12 SER803
4.000 2090 7 PAJ909

6.130 1680 12 SER803
12.310 1580 12 SER803
18.120 1440 12 SER803
24.210 1190 12 SER803
30.520 1100 12 SER803
39.340 949 12 SER803
90 Th
0.100 0.153 8–10 PAJ0610

0.125 1.07 8–10 PAJ0610
0.150 2.53 8–10 PAJ0610
0.175 5.08 8–10 PAJ0610
0.200 7.09 8–10 PAJ0610
0.225 10.8 8–10 PAJ0610
0.250 18 8–10 PAJ0610
0.300 1.5 32.25 0.44 0.17 34 9–20 FER026
0.300 30 8–10 PAJ0610
0.350 2.6 46.5 0.86 0.28 50 9–20 FER026
0.350 48 8–10 PAJ0610
0.400 3.5 60.7 1.6 0.39 66 9–20 FER026
0.400 67 8–10 PAJ0610
0.400 1.81 70.9 9.86 82 15 PHI0923
0.450 5 73.95 2 0.46 82 9–20 FER026
0.450 87 8–10 PAJ0610
0.500 6.5 91.1 2.2 0.55 101 9–20 FER026
0.500 106 8–10 PAJ0610
0.500 3.28 112.4 5.02 121 11 PHI0923
0.550 8.4 112.2 3.2 0.69 124 9–20 FER026
0.600 9.4 124.8 4.1 0.78 139 9–20 FER026
0.600 152 7 PAJ909
0.600 8–10 PAJ0610
0.600 152 8–10 PAJ0610
0.600 5.73 166 5.42 177 11 PHI0923
0.650 11 145 4.7 0.94 161 9–20 FER026
0.700 11 161.6 4.8 1 179 9–20 FER026
0.700 198 7 PAJ909
0.700 198 8–10 PAJ0610
0.700 8.14 175.7 34.5 218 11 PHI0923
0.800 244 7 PAJ909
0.800 244 8–10 PAJ0610
0.800 10.1 238.5 14.4 263 11 PHI0923
0.900 284 7 PAJ909
0.900 284 8–10 PAJ0610
0.900 11.7 287.4 15.4 315 11 PHI0923
1.000 347 7 PAJ909
1.000 347 8–10 PAJ0610
1.000 7.53 316 24 348 11 PHI0923
1.100 12 361 26 399 11 PHI0923
1.200 394 7 PAJ909
1.200 19.1 382 23.2 424 11 PHI0923

1.300 15 441 28.6 485 11 PHI0923
1.400 530 7 PAJ909
1.400 18.6 539 47.8 605 11 PHI0923
1.500 28.6 590 57.4 676 11 PHI0923
1.600 627 7 PAJ909
1.600 21.6 605 47.2 674 11 PHI0923
1.700 22.1 718 46.6 787 11 PHI0923
1.800 733 7 PAJ909
1.800 38.5 811 55.6 905 11 PHI0923
1.900 24.4 755 63.3 843 11 PHI0923
2.000 851 7 PAJ909
2.000 28.7 880 66.7 975 11 PHI0923
2.200 968 7 PAJ909
2.200 32.4 1071 78 1180 11 PHI0923
2.400 1100 7 PAJ909
2.400 47.8 1105 92.6 1250 11 PHI0923
2.600 1200 7 PAJ909
2.600 43 1203 98.4 1340 11 PHI0923
2.800 1330 7 PAJ909
2.800 36.9 1211 97.8 1350 11 PHI0923
3.000 1370 7 PAJ909
3.000 66.2 1299 96.9 1460 11 PHI0923
3.200 1460 7 PAJ909
3.200 67.4 1430 119 1620 11 PHI0923
3.400 1570 7 PAJ909
3.400 41.8 1272 104 1420 11 PHI0923
3.600 1610 7 PAJ909
3.600 52.3 1494 114 1660 11 PHI0923
3.800 1650 7 PAJ909
3.800 57.8 1529 129 1720 11 PHI0923
4.000 1750 7 PAJ909
4.000 62.7 1475 125 1660 11 PHI0923
92 U
0.300 29.9 0.678 30.6 11–15 CAS8321

0.300 1.4 23.41 0.71 0.1 26.0 9–20 FER026
0.300 26.7 8.00 MEH824
0.350 2.4 36.51 1.1 0.16 40.0 9–20 FER026
0.400 46 1.14 47.1 11–15 CAS8321
0.400 3.8 46.63 1.2 0.22 52.0 9–20 FER026
0.400 54.0 6 MEH824
0.400 0.91 57.7 2.24 60.8 15 PHI0923
0.450 4.5 60.7 1.7 0.26 67.0 9–20 FER026
0.500 88.2 2.37 90.67 11–15 CAS8321
0.500 6.3 78 2.1 0.39 86.0 9–20 FER026
0.500 83.3 4.00 MEH824
0.500 1.58 83.9 13.8 99.3 11 PHI0923
0.550 7.2 92.5 2.6 0.42 103 9–20 FER026
0.600 124.7 3.83 128 11–15 CAS8321
0.600 9 106 2.8 0.55 118 9–20 FER026
0.600 117 11.40 MEH824
0.600 2.71 131.8 4.58 139 11 PHI0923

0.650 9.9 122.1 3.4 0.71 136 9–20 FER026
0.700 147.9 5.29 153 11–15 CAS8321
0.700 10.5 138.3 4.4 0.92 154 9–20 FER026
0.700 155 11.40 MEH824
0.700 3.34 139.2 28.2 171 11 PHI0923
0.800 175.3 7.07 182 11–15 CAS8321
0.800 191 11.40 MEH824
0.800 6.23 197.2 16.1 219 11 PHI0923
0.900 202.3 9.35 211 11–15 CAS8321
0.900 226 11.40 MEH824
0.900 5.05 229.9 11 246 11 PHI0923
1.000 223.2 10.99 234 11–15 CAS8321
1.000 256 11.40 MEH824
1.000 4.6 265.8 19.5 290 11 PHI0923
1.100 289 11.40 MEH824
1.100 6.4 290.1 21.6 318 11 PHI0923
1.200 281.6 15.05 297 11–15 CAS8321
1.200 325 11.40 MEH824
1.200 7.29 335 27.4 370 11 PHI0923
1.300 369 11.40 MEH824
1.300 6.15 338 14.4 358 11 PHI0923
1.400 313.7 23.76 337 11–15 CAS8321
1.400 401 11.40 MEH824
1.400 12.6 430 35.4 478 11 PHI0923
1.500 433 11.40 MEH824
1.500 12.2 472 29.1 513 11 PHI0923
1.600 364.9 31.47 396 11–15 CAS8321
1.600 465 11.40 MEH824
1.600 26.2 494 49.7 569 11 PHI0923
1.700 509 11.40 MEH824
1.700 16.7 563 52.4 632 11 PHI0923
1.800 424 36.83 460 11–15 CAS8321
1.800 532 11.40 MEH824
1.800 10.5 621 67 699 11 PHI0923
1.900 566 11.40 MEH824
1.900 31.3 664 63.3 758 11 PHI0923
2.000 502.2 42.83 545 11–15 CAS8321
2.000 600 11.40 MEH824
2.000 24.9 796 74.9 896 11 PHI0923
2.100 688 11.40 MEH824
2.200 560.3 49.84 610 11–15 CAS8321
2.200 703 11.40 MEH824
2.200 24.1 866 88.5 978 11 PHI0923
2.300 727 11.40 MEH824
2.400 588.5 54.18 642 11–15 CAS8321
2.400 745 11.40 MEH824
2.400 25.9 923 102 1050 11 PHI0923
2.500 762 11.40 MEH824
2.600 690.3 60.04 750 11–15 CAS8321
2.600 792 11.40 MEH824
2.600 30.8 919 93.8 1040 11 PHI0923
2.800 752.7 65.67 818 11–15 CAS8321
2.800 21.9 955 99.8 1080 11 PHI0923
3.000 749.2 64.69 813 11–15 CAS8321
3.000 27.4 1016 109 1160 11 PHI0923
3.200 21.9 1083 104 1210 11 PHI0923
3.400 27.4 1007 112 1150 11 PHI0923
3.600 36.8 1168 124 1330 11 PHI0923
3.800 37.1 1295 132 1460 11 PHI0923
4.000 18.2 1213 130 1360 11 PHI0923
The detection efficiency of the x-ray detector, in some reports,4,5,10

was determined by bombarding thin targets of low-Z and medium-Z
elements with 2.0 MeV He ions. The resulting K-shell x-ray yield
was normalized to the Rutherford back scattered-particle yields
collected simultaneously with the characteristic x-ray spectra. In
some reports,13,28,31 the x-ray detector efficiency was measured
by using radioisotopes of 60 Co, 241 Am, 109 Cd, and 56 Fe. In some
reports,15,29,30 the detector efficiency was determined by the PIXE
method60 employing protons and helium ions as projectiles and
using the “reference” K-shell ionization cross sections.59 The
experimental cross sections13,15,31 presented graphically only could
not be included in Tables 3 and 4, but these are included in the list
of references.
A scan of the compiled data (Tables 3 and 4) revealed some
scatter in the measured cross section values for any given ele-
ment at different helium ion energies. Furthermore, to highlight the
discrepancies between the measured and calculated total M-series
XRPCSs, the case of Au has been considered again as an illustra-
tion for which 30 cross section values for 0.3–3.0 MeV 3 He ion
impact10,30 and 64 cross section values for 0.30–4.0 MeV 4 He ion
impact4,10,29 are available in the literature. The experimental total
M-series XRPCSs for Au are compared in Fig. 8 with two sets of
theoretical values calculated using the ECUSAR model37,38 based
ionization cross sections and two sets of fluorescence and CK yields
based on the DHS model48,49 and those tabulated by McGuire.47
The former set is denoted as σMtot (ED) and the latter set is rep-
resented as σMtot (EM). These two sets of theoretical cross sections
for 3 He and 4 He ion are found to differ by 2%–5%. It is clear from
Fig. 8(a) that the 0.75–3.0 MeV 3 He induced measured total M-series
XRPCSs for Au differ by 4%–14% from the theoretical values, and
these differences increase enormously up to a factor of 2.4 with a
decrease in 3 He ion energy to 0.75 MeV. In the case of the 4 He
incident ions [Fig. 8(b)], the measured total M-series XRPCSs for
Au are found to differ by 2%–42% from the theoretical values for
projectile energies ranging 1.0–4.0 MeV, whereas these differences
increase up to a factor of 4.2 with a decrease in projectile energy to
0.3 MeV.
In Fig. 9, the ratios of 3 He ion induced experimental M-series
XRPCSs (Table 4) and those induced by 4 He ions (Table 3) for Au
have been plotted as a function of projectile energy (MeV/a.m.u.)
in order to understand the influence of using different isotopes of
FIG. 7. (a) Comparison of proton induced experimental total M-series XRPCSs for helium as a projectile on the XRPCSs for highly asymmetric col-
Au reported by different authors (Table 2) with two sets of present calculated the- lisions (Zp ≪ ZT ). The corresponding theoretical ratios calculated
oretical values, σMtot (ED) and σMtot (DD), obtained using the ECUSAR37,38 model using ECPSSR33,34 model and ECUSAR37,38 model based ionization
and DHS model35,36 based proton ionization cross sections with the DHS model51 cross sections have also been shown in this figure. It is clear from
based fluorescence and CK/SCK yields, respectively. The dotted lines are plotted
to guide the eye. (b) Comparison of proton induced experimental total M-series
this figure that the 3 He and 4 He ion induced cross sections agree
XRPCSs for Au reported by different authors (Table 2) with two sets of present cal- within experimental errors4,10,29,30 for projectile energies above 0.2
culated theoretical values, σMtot (EM) and σMtot (DM), obtained using the ECUSAR MeV/a.m.u. However, below this energy, the ratio clearly exhibits
model37,38 and DHS model35,36 based proton ionization cross sections with flu- a decreasing trend with a decrease in projectile energy similar to
orescence and CK/SCK yields tabulated by McGuire,47 respectively. The dotted that shown by the theoretical values, thereby depicting the influence
lines are plotted to guide the eye. of using different isotopes of the projectile on the measured cross
sections.
reported by different authors have uncertainties ∼4% to 25%. Most

of these measurements were performed using thin elemental targets 4. Universal Behavior of M-Series XRPCSs
having thickness ∼2.5 to 37 μg/cm2 deposited on the 5–30 μg/cm2 The charged particle induced M-series XRPCSs are expected to
thick carbon foil backing. However, in some cases, 100–431 μg/cm2 depend on the atomic number of the target element, atomic number,
thick targets were used18,28,32 for measuring the M-series XRPCSs. and energy of the projectile. This dependence can be understood by
TABLE 3. 4 He ions induced total and line resolved experimental M-series XRPCSs (barns) for different elements with
59 ≤ Z ≤ 92 reported by different authors4,5,10,23,28,29,32
59 Pr
Energy (MeV) Mζ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.20 122 MEH835
0.45 232 MEH835
0.70 474 MEH835
0.95 750 MEH835
1.21 1049 MEH835
1.46 1333 10–25 MEH835
1.71 1598 MEH835
1.96 1871 MEH835
2.22 2209 MEH835
2.47 2520 MEH835
60 Nd
0.25 83.7 MEH835

0.75 589 MEH835
1.00 813 MEH835
1.25 1060 MEH835
1.50 1361 10–25 MEH835
1.75 1428 MEH835
2.00 1626 MEH835
2.25 1674 MEH835
63 Eu
0.20 56.3 MEH835

0.45 168 MEH835
0.70 374 MEH835
0.95 562 MEH835
1.21 759 MEH835
1.46 910 10–25 MEH835
1.71 1228 MEH835
1.96 1420 MEH835
2.22 1647 MEH835
2.47 1892 MEH835
64 Gd
0.25 67.9 MEH835

0.50 181 MEH835
0.75 373 MEH835
1.00 502 MEH835
1.25 923 10–25 MEH835
1.50 1063 MEH835
1.75 1072 MEH835
2.00 1424 MEH835
2.25 1651 MEH835
66 Dy
0.20 70.7 10–25 MEH835

0.45 207 MEH835
0.70 433 MEH835
0.95 676 MEH835
1.21 952 MEH835
1.46 1189 MEH835
1.71 1487 MEH835
1.96 1760 MEH835
2.22 1977 MEH835

2.47 2311 MEH835
67 Ho
0.20 36.3 MEH835

0.45 176 MEH835
0.70 402 MEH835
0.95 641 MEH835
1.21 899 MEH835
1.46 1194 10–25 MEH835
1.71 1434 MEH835
1.96 1742 MEH835
2.22 2041 MEH835
2.47 2345 MEH835
68 Er
0.25 40.1 10–25 MEH835

0.50 210 10–25 MEH835
0.75 350 10–25 MEH835
0.75 49 297 3.7 2.7 352 15 NAA0532
1.00 499 10–25 MEH835
1.00 77 516 7.3 4.5 605 15 NAA0532
1.25 834 10–25 MEH835
1.25 111 768 12.2 8.1 899 15 NAA0532
1.50 1050 10–25 MEH835
1.50 163 1020 23.3 13.4 1220 15 NAA0532
1.60 181 1250 34 6.7 1480 15 NAA0532
1.75 1288 10–25 MEH835
1.75 198 1290 33.2 20.4 1540 15 NAA0532
1.85 209 1490 46 10.4 1760 15 NAA0532
2.00 1150 10–25 MEH835
2.25 1242 10–25 MEH835
2.35 280 1900 67.7 16.9 2260 15 NAA0532
2.85 333 2350 109 31.7 2820 15 NAA0532
3.35 396 2750 134 42.1 3330 15 NAA0532
3.85 445 3040 143 42.8 3670 15 NAA0532
4.30 502 3410 161 49.9 4120 15 NAA0532
4.80 567 3840 181 59.4 4640 15 NAA0532
5.30 620 4230 203 67.3 5120 15 NAA0532
5.80 669 4580 222 75.6 5550 15 NAA0532
70 Yb
0.20 32.9 10–25 MEH835

0.45 163 10–25 MEH835
0.70 353 10–25 MEH835
0.77 31 350 4.2 2.2 387 15 NAA0532
0.95 543 10–25 MEH835
1.02 73 647 9.1 4.1 733 15 NAA0532
1.21 840 10–25 MEH835
1.27 101 934 14.5 7.3 1060 15 NAA0532
1.46 1049 10–25 MEH835
1.52 122 1250 25.8 11.7 1410 15 NAA0532
1.62 124 1550 46.4 6.7 1730 15 NAA0532
1.71 1334 10–25 MEH835
1.77 145 1600 36.4 17.7 1800 15 NAA0532
1.87 153 1860 61.4 7.9 2080 15 NAA0532
1.96 1572 10–25 MEH835
2.22 2144 10–25 MEH835

2.47 2494 10–25 MEH835
2.37 185 2340 103 17.1 2650 15 NAA0532
2.87 244 2970 125 31.1 3370 15 NAA0532
3.37 285 3540 157 48.9 4030 15 NAA0532
3.87 319 3920 185 66.8 4490 15 NAA0532
4.31 373 4500 217 86.7 5180 15 NAA0532
4.81 413 5020 232 97.7 5760 15 NAA0532
5.31 455 5730 276 118 6580 15 NAA0532
5.81 494 6280 282 142 7200 15 NAA0532
71 Lu
0.77 36 342 4 2 384 NAA0532

1.02 46 599 8.3 3.5 657 NAA0532
1.27 82 903 14.2 5.8 1000 NAA0532
1.52 115 1230 24.1 9.1 1380 NAA0532
1.62 106 1400 49.9 6.2 1560 NAA0532
1.77 130 1590 35.9 14.9 1780 NAA0532
1.87 128 1700 53.6 7.3 1880 NAA0532
2.37 173 2220 89.7 17.8 2500 15 NAA0532
2.87 202 2750 113 24.9 3090 NAA0532
3.37 249 3310 144 37.2 3740 NAA0532
3.87 273 3650 161 51.1 4140 NAA0532
4.31 320 4180 188 60.3 4750 NAA0532
4.81 373 4820 202 68.6 5460 NAA0532
5.31 395 5340 222 85.2 6040 NAA0532
5.81 429 5690 227 92.5 6440 NAA0532
72 Hf
0.25 45.9 10–25 MEH835

0.50 164 10–25 MEH835
0.75 335 10–25 MEH835
1.00 513 10–25 MEH835
0.80 321 8 PAJ9029
1.00 513 8 PAJ9029
1.20 712 8 PAJ9029
1.25 967 10–25 MEH835
1.40 957 8 PAJ9029
1.50 1235 10–25 MEH835
1.60 1200 8 PAJ9029
1.75 1170 10–25 MEH835
1.80 1450 8 PAJ9029
2.00 1478 10–25 MEH835
2.00 1640 8 PAJ9029
2.20 1870 8 PAJ9029
2.25 1554 10–25 MEH835
2.40 2100 8 PAJ9029
2.60 2380 8 PAJ9029
2.80 2660 8 PAJ9029
3.00 3120 8 PAJ9029
3.20 3390 8 PAJ9029
3.40 3650 8 PAJ9029
3.80 4190 8 PAJ9029
4.00 4510 8 PAJ9029

73 Ta
0.40 53.8 10–12 PAJ0610

0.50 110 10–12 PAJ0610
0.60 154 10–12 PAJ0610
0.70 220 10–12 PAJ0610
0.80 284 8 PAJ9029
0.80 295 10–12 PAJ0610
0.80 284 10–12 PAJ0610
0.90 380 10–12 PAJ0610
1.00 447 8 PAJ9029
1.00 447 10–12 PAJ0610
1.20 624 8 PAJ9029
1.20 624 10–12 PAJ0610
1.40 835 8 PAJ9029
1.40 835 10–12 PAJ0610
1.60 1040 8 PAJ9029
1.60 1040 10–12 PAJ0610
1.80 1230 8 PAJ9029
1.80 1230 10–12 PAJ0610
2.00 1410 8 PAJ9029
2.00 1410 10–12 PAJ0610
2.20 1610 8 PAJ9029
2.20 1610 10–12 PAJ0610
2.40 1820 8 PAJ9029
2.40 1820 10–12 PAJ0610
2.60 2060 8 PAJ9029
2.60 2060 10–12 PAJ0610
2.80 2280 8 PAJ9029
2.80 2280 10–12 PAJ0610
3.20 3140 8 PAJ9029
3.20 2910 10–12 PAJ0610
3.40 3140 8 PAJ9029
3.40 3140 10–12 PAJ0610
3.60 3320 8 PAJ9029
3.60 3320 10–12 PAJ0610
3.80 3580 8 PAJ9029
3.80 3580 10–12 PAJ0610
4.00 3770 8 PAJ9029
4.00 3770 10–12 PAJ0610
74 W
0.4 54.1 10–12 PAJ0610

0.5 102 10–12 PAJ0610
0.6 156 10–12 PAJ0610
0.7 200 10–12 PAJ0610
0.80 304 8 PAJ9029
0.8 275 10–12 PAJ0610
0.9 357 10–12 PAJ0610
1.00 415 8 PAJ9029
1.20 591 8 PAJ9029
1.40 778 8 PAJ9029
1.60 974 8 PAJ9029
1.80 1150 8 PAJ9029
2.00 1350 8 PAJ9029
2.20 1530 8 PAJ9029

2.40 1740 8 PAJ9029
2.60 1960 8 PAJ9029
2.80 2150 8 PAJ9029
3.00 2480 8 PAJ9029
3.20 2760 8 PAJ9029
3.40 3000 8 PAJ9029
3.60 3160 8 PAJ9029
3.80 3420 8 PAJ9029
4.00 3590 8 PAJ9029
75 Re
0.80 279 PAJ9029

1.00 452 PAJ9029
1.20 652 PAJ9029
1.40 886 PAJ9029
1.60 1100 PAJ9029
1.80 1330 PAJ9029
2.00 1520 PAJ9029
2.20 1900 PAJ9029
2.40 1970 PAJ9029
2.60 2200 10 PAJ9029
2.80 2500 PAJ9029
3.00 2850 PAJ9029
3.20 2860 PAJ9029
3.40 3430 PAJ9029
3.60 3510 PAJ9029
3.80 3830 PAJ9029
4.00 4110 PAJ9029
76 Os
0.40 46.9 7–9 PAJ0610

0.50 92.5 7–9 PAJ0610
0.60 128 7–9 PAJ0610
0.70 188 7–9 PAJ0610
0.80 259 10 PAJ9029
0.80 261 7–9 PAJ0610
0.80 259 7–9 PAJ0610
0.90 333 7–9 PAJ0610
1.00 415 10 PAJ9029
1.00 415 7–9 PAJ0610
1.20 593 10 PAJ9029
1.20 593 7–9 PAJ0610
1.40 791 10 PAJ9029
1.40 791 7–9 PAJ0610
1.60 993 10 PAJ9029
1.60 993 7–9 PAJ0610
1.80 1160 10 PAJ9029
1.80 1160 7–9 PAJ0610
2.00 1380 10 PAJ9029
2.00 1380 7–9 PAJ0610
2.20 1560 10 PAJ9029
2.20 1560 7–9 PAJ0610
2.40 1770 10 PAJ9029
2.40 1770 7–9 PAJ0610
2.60 1980 10 PAJ9029
2.60 1980 7–9 PAJ0610
2.80 2220 10 PAJ9029
2.80 2220 7–9 PAJ0610
3.00 2520 10 PAJ9029

3.00 2520 7–9 PAJ0610
3.20 2770 10 PAJ9029
3.20 2770 7–9 PAJ0610
3.40 3020 10 PAJ9029
3.40 3020 7–9 PAJ0610
3.60 3240 10 PAJ9029
3.60 3240 7–9 PAJ0610
3.80 3370 10 PAJ9029
3.80 3370 7–9 PAJ0610
4.00 3520 10 PAJ9029
4.00 3520 7–9 PAJ0610
77 Ir
0.40 37.8 10–12 PAJ0610

0.50 67 9–11 GOW8528
0.50 73 10–12 PAJ0610
0.60 102 9–11 GOW8528
0.60 114 10–12 PAJ0610
0.70 157 9–11 GOW8528
0.70 171 10–12 PAJ0610
0.80 218 9–11 GOW8528
0.80 251 9 PAJ9029
0.80 233 10–12 PAJ0610
0.80 251 10–12 PAJ0610
0.90 281 9–11 GOW8528
0.90 314 10–12 PAJ0610
1.00 365 9–11 GOW8528
1.00 406 9 PAJ9029
1.00 406 10–12 PAJ0610
1.10 446 9–11 GOW8528
1.20 522 9–11 GOW8528
1.20 555 9 PAJ9029
1.20 555 10–12 PAJ0610
1.30 663 9–11 GOW8528
1.40 711 9–11 GOW8528
1.40 745 9 PAJ9029
1.40 745 10–12 PAJ0610
1.50 764 9–11 GOW8528
1.60 850 9–11 GOW8528
1.60 916 9 PAJ9029
1.60 916 10–12 PAJ0610
1.70 933 9–11 GOW8528
1.80 985 9–11 GOW8528
1.80 1090 9 PAJ9029
1.80 1090 10–12 PAJ0610
1.90 1021 9–11 GOW8528
2.00 1113 9–11 GOW8528
2.00 1300 9 PAJ9029
2.00 1300 10–12 PAJ0610
2.10 1175 9–11 GOW8528
2.20 1239 9–11 GOW8528
2.20 1430 9 PAJ9029
2.20 1430 10–12 PAJ0610
2.40 1750 9 PAJ9029
2.40 1750 10–12 PAJ0610
2.60 1940 9 PAJ9029

2.60 1940 10–12 PAJ0610
2.80 2180 9 PAJ9029
2.80 2180 10–12 PAJ0610
3.00 2310 9 PAJ9029
3.00 2310 10–12 PAJ0610
3.20 2650 9 PAJ9029
3.20 2650 10–12 PAJ0610
3.40 2750 9 PAJ9029
3.40 2750 10–12 PAJ0610
3.60 2970 9 PAJ9029
3.60 2970 10–12 PAJ0610
3.80 3240 9 PAJ9029
3.80 3240 10–12 PAJ0610
4.00 3530 9 PAJ9029
4.00 3530 10–12 PAJ0610
78 Pt
0.40 32.5 10–12 PAJ0610

0.50 66.8 10–12 PAJ0610
0.60 114 10–12 PAJ0610
0.70 150 9–11 GOW8528
0.70 147 10–12 PAJ0610
0.80 212 9–11 GOW8528
0.80 222 9 PAJ9029
0.80 212 10–12 PAJ0610
0.80 222 10–12 PAJ0610
0.90 269 9–11 GOW8528
0.90 268 10–12 PAJ0610
1.00 344 9–11 GOW8528
1.00 355 9 PAJ9029
1.00 355 10–12 PAJ0610
1.10 419 9–11 GOW8528
1.20 505 9–11 GOW8528
1.20 503 9 PAJ9029
1.20 503 10–12 PAJ0610
1.30 580 9–11 GOW8528
1.40 615 9–11 GOW8528
1.40 652 9 PAJ9029
1.40 652 10–12 PAJ0610
1.50 724 9–11 GOW8528
1.60 786 9–11 GOW8528
1.60 841 9 PAJ9029
1.60 841 10–12 PAJ0610
1.70 888 9–11 GOW8528
1.80 944 9–11 GOW8528
1.80 990 9 PAJ9029
1.80 990 10–12 PAJ0610
1.90 1016 9–11 GOW8528
2.00 1056 9–11 GOW8528
2.00 1200 9 PAJ9029
2.00 1200 10–12 PAJ0610
2.10 1110 9–11 GOW8528
2.20 1140 9–11 GOW8528
2.20 1310 9 PAJ9029
2.20 1310 10–12 PAJ0610
2.40 1630 9 PAJ9029

2.40 1630 10–12 PAJ0610
2.60 1770 9 PAJ9029
2.60 1770 10–12 PAJ0610
2.80 1990 9 PAJ9029
2.80 1990 10–12 PAJ0610
3.00 2210 9 PAJ9029
3.00 2210 10–12 PAJ0610
3.20 2500 9 PAJ9029
3.20 2500 10–12 PAJ0610
3.40 2530 9 PAJ9029
3.40 2530 10–12 PAJ0610
3.60 2740 9 PAJ9029
3.60 2740 10–12 PAJ0610
3.80 3100 9 PAJ9029
3.80 3100 10–12 PAJ0610
4.00 3270 9 PAJ9029
4.00 3270 10–12 PAJ0610
79 Au
0.30 12.7 9 MEH824

0.40 27.3 7 MEH824
0.40 28.3 11–25 PAJ0610
0.50 60.6 6 MEH824
0.50 62.4 11–25 PAJ0610
0.60 97.8 4 MEH824
0.60 99.1 11–25 PAJ0610
0.70 150 11.40 MEH824
0.70 149 11–25 PAJ0610
0.80 191 11.40 MEH824
0.80 210 8 PAJ9029
0.80 195 11–25 PAJ0610
0.80 210 11–25 PAJ0610
0.90 238 11.40 MEH824
0.90 259 11–25 PAJ0610
1.00 302 11.40 MEH824
1.00 335 8 PAJ9029
1.00 335 11–25 PAJ0610
1.10 341 11.40 MEH824
1.20 405 11.40 MEH824
1.20 473 8 PAJ9029
1.20 473 11–25 PAJ0610
1.30 484 11.40 MEH824
1.40 532 11.40 MEH824
1.40 614 8 PAJ9029
1.40 614 11–25 PAJ0610
1.50 630 11.40 MEH824
1.60 681 11.40 MEH824
1.60 796 8 PAJ9029
1.60 796 11–25 PAJ0610
1.70 741 11.40 MEH824
1.80 809 11.40 MEH824
1.80 949 8 PAJ9029
1.80 946 11–25 PAJ0610
1.90 887 11.40 MEH824
2.00 975 11.40 MEH824

2.00 1120 8 PAJ9029
2.00 1120 11–25 PAJ0610
2.10 1072 11.40 MEH824
2.20 1177 11.40 MEH824
2.20 1260 8 PAJ9029
2.20 1260 11–25 PAJ0610
2.30 1195 11.40 MEH824
2.40 1248 11.40 MEH824
2.40 1570 8 PAJ9029
2.40 1570 11–25 PAJ0610
2.50 1259 11.40 MEH824
2.60 1384 11.40 MEH824
2.60 1710 8 PAJ9029
2.60 1710 11–25 PAJ0610
2.80 1930 8 PAJ9029
2.80 1930 11–25 PAJ0610
3.00 2110 8 PAJ9029
1.60 537 9–11 GOW8528
1.60 935 11.40 MEH824
1.70 620 9–11 GOW8528
1.70 1026 11.40 MEH824
1.80 669 9–11 GOW8528
1.80 1086 11.40 MEH824
1.90 760 9–11 GOW8528
1.90 1106 11.40 MEH824
2.00 807 9–11 GOW8528
2.00 1254 11.40 MEH824
2.10 865 9–11 GOW8528
2.10 1322 11.40 MEH824
2.20 901 9–11 GOW8528
3.00 2110 11–25 PAJ0610
3.20 2360 8 PAJ9029
3.20 2360 11–25 PAJ0610
3.40 2350 8 PAJ9029
3.40 2350 11–25 PAJ0610
3.60 2630 8 PAJ9029
3.60 2630 11–25 PAJ0610
3.80 2950 8 PAJ9029
3.80 2950 11–25 PAJ0610
4.00 3190 8 PAJ9029
4.00 3190 11–25 PAJ0610
82 Pb
0.30 91.6 9 MEH824

0.40 20 9–11 GOW8528
0.40 137 7 MEH824
0.50 40 9–11 GOW8528
0.50 196 6 MEH824
0.60 68 9–11 GOW8528
0.60 256 4 MEH824
0.70 107 9–11 GOW8528
0.70 350 11.40 MEH824
0.80 148 9–11 GOW8528
0.80 403 11.40 MEH824

0.90 200 9–11 GOW8528
0.90 436 11.40 MEH824
1.00 251 9–11 GOW8528
1.00 534 11.40 MEH824
1.10 301 9–11 GOW8528
1.10 634 11.40 MEH824
1.20 350 9–11 GOW8528
1.20 676 11.40 MEH824
1.30 419 9–11 GOW8528
1.30 752 11.40 MEH824
1.40 460 9–11 GOW8528
1.40 790 11.40 MEH824
1.50 501 9–11 GOW8528
1.50 884 11.40 MEH824
2.20 1371 11.40 MEH824
2.30 1349 11.40 MEH824
2.40 1426 11.40 MEH824
2.50 1474 11.40 MEH824
2.60 1478 11.40 MEH824
83 Bi
0.30 82.5 9 MEH824

0.40 140 7 MEH824
0.40 14.1 7–10 PAJ0610
0.50 189 6 MEH824
0.50 30.6 7–10 PAJ0610
0.60 248 4 MEH824
0.60 53.5 7–10 PAJ0610
0.70 337 11.40 MEH824
0.70 82.2 7–10 PAJ0610
0.80 382 11.40 MEH824
0.80 120 7 PAJ9029
0.80 117 7–10 PAJ0610
0.80 120 7–10 PAJ0610
0.90 441 11.40 MEH824
0.90 159 7–10 PAJ0610
1.00 518 11.40 MEH824
1.00 220 7 PAJ9029
1.00 220 7–10 PAJ0610
1.10 579 11.40 MEH824
1.20 637 11.40 MEH824
1.20 303 7 PAJ9029
1.20 303 7–10 PAJ0610
1.30 700 11.40 MEH824
1.40 765 11.40 MEH824
1.40 442 7 PAJ9029
1.40 442 7–10 PAJ0610
1.50 874 11.40 MEH824
1.60 921 11.40 MEH824
1.60 557 7 PAJ9029
1.60 557 7–10 PAJ0610
1.70 945 11.40 MEH824
1.80 986 11.40 MEH824
1.80 695 7 PAJ9029

1.80 695 7–10 PAJ0610
1.90 1028 11.40 MEH824
2.00 1108 11.40 MEH824
2.00 775 7 PAJ9029
2.00 775 7–10 PAJ0610
2.10 1174 11.40 MEH824
2.20 1294 11.40 MEH824
2.20 926 7 PAJ9029
2.20 926 7–10 PAJ0610
2.30 1204 11.40 MEH824
2.40 1292 11.40 MEH824
2.40 1050 7 PAJ9029
2.40 1050 7–10 PAJ0610
2.50 1393 11.40 MEH824
2.60 1441 11.40 MEH824
2.60 1210 7 PAJ9029
2.60 1210 7–10 PAJ0610
2.80 1350 7 PAJ9029
2.80 1350 7–10 PAJ0610
3.00 1500 7 PAJ9029
3.00 1500 7–10 PAJ0610
3.20 1660 7 PAJ9029
3.20 1660 7–10 PAJ0610
3.40 1740 7 PAJ9029
3.40 1740 7–10 PAJ0610
3.60 1940 7 PAJ9029
3.60 1940 7–10 PAJ0610
3.80 2110 7 PAJ9029
3.80 2110 7–10 PAJ0610
4.00 2240 7 PAJ9029
4.00 2240 7–10 PAJ0610
90 Th
0.40 2.09 7–10 PAJ0610

0.40 0.23 3.35 0.12 3.7 15 PHI0923
0.50 7.03 7–10 PAJ0610
0.50 0.8 8.31 0.45 9.56 11 PHI0923
0.60 14.9 7–10 PAJ0610
0.60 1.12 20.26 0.84 22.2 11 PHI0923
0.70 25.5 7–10 PAJ0610
0.70 1.85 31.1 1.54 34.5 11 PHI0923
0.80 45.7 6 PAJ9029
0.80 39.4 7–10 PAJ0610
0.80 45.7 7–10 PAJ0610
0.80 3.07 47.9 1.15 52.1 11 PHI0923
0.90 59.8 7–10 PAJ0610
0.90 4.14 64.6 3.09 71.8 11 PHI0923
1.00 90.9 6 PAJ9029
1.00 90.9 7–10 PAJ0610
1.00 5.6 84.4 4.23 94.2 11 PHI0923
1.10 5.95 111.9 3.9 122 11 PHI0923
1.20 142 6 PAJ9029
1.20 142 7–10 PAJ0610
1.20 7.92 126.1 5.46 139 11 PHI0923
1.30 11.4 187 7.58 206 11 PHI0923
1.40 209 6 PAJ9029
Energy (MeV) Mζ Mαβ Mγct Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

1.40 209 7–10 PAJ0610
1.40 12.9 200.4 7.61 221 11 PHI0923
1.50 5.99 189.4 41.3 237 11 PHI0923
1.60 280 6 PAJ9029
1.60 280 7–10 PAJ0610
1.60 7.18 256 8.67 272 11 PHI0923
1.70 8.12 317 13.6 339 11 PHI0923
1.80 354 6 PAJ9029
1.80 354 7–10 PAJ0610
1.80 7.16 272.4 9.57 289 11 PHI0923
1.90 12.3 386 20.1 418 11 PHI0923
2.00 434 6 PAJ9029
2.00 434 7–10 PAJ0610
2.00 10.5 385 17.3 413 11 PHI0923
2.20 518 6 PAJ9029
2.20 518 7–10 PAJ0610
2.20 13.4 404 12.9 431 11 PHI0923
2.40 607 6 PAJ9029
2.40 607 7–10 PAJ0610
2.40 12.5 471 20.7 505 11 PHI0923
2.60 700 6 PAJ9029
2.60 700 7–10 PAJ0610
2.60 18.3 463 106 587 11 PHI0923
2.80 797 6 PAJ9029
2.80 797 7–10 PAJ0610
2.80 16 542 27.3 585 11 PHI0923
3.00 880 6 PAJ9029
3.00 880 7–10 PAJ0610
3.00 28.9 768 38.7 836 11 PHI0923
3.20 981 6 PAJ9029
3.20 981 7–10 PAJ0610
3.20 33 893 45 970 11 PHI0923
3.40 1070 6 PAJ9029
3.40 1070 7–10 PAJ0610
3.40 26.7 857 42.5 926 11 PHI0923
3.60 1180 6 PAJ9029
3.60 1180 7–10 PAJ0610
3.60 30.6 849 46.7 927 11 PHI0923
3.80 1260 6 PAJ9029
3.80 1260 7–10 PAJ0610
3.80 37.3 1032 75.2 1150 11 PHI0923
4.00 1390 6 PAJ9029
4.00 1390 7–10 PAJ0610
4.00 33.2 1092 62.6 1190 11 PHI0929
4.20 41.3 1184 73.7 1300 11 PHI0929
4.50 45 1382 75 1500 11 PHI0929
4.80 35.8 1424 111 1570 11 PHI0929
5.10 67.9 1817 119 2010 11 PHI0929
5.40 50.7 1558 119 1730 11 PHI0929
5.70 63.6 1689 129 1880 11 PHI0929
6.00 61.4 1876 153 2090 11 PHI0929
92 U
0.30 26.7 16 MEH824

0.40 54 12 MEH824
0.40 0.19 1.86 0.06 2.11 11 PHI0923

0.50 83.3 9 MEH824
0.50 0.55 6.56 0.1 7.21 11 PHI0923
0.60 117 7 MEH824
0.60 0.94 13.58 0.22 14.7 11 PHI0923
0.70 155 11.40 MEH824
0.70 1.34 21.16 0.27 22.8 11 PHI0923
0.80 191 11.40 MEH824
0.80 1.19 33.57 0.83 35.6 11 PHI0923
0.90 226 11.40 MEH824
0.90 1.58 49.1 0.75 51.4 11 PHI0923
1.00 256 11.40 MEH824
1.00 2.77 71.1 1.21 75 11 PHI0923
1.10 289 11.40 MEH824
1.10 4.03 81.4 0.49 85.9 11 PHI0923
1.20 325 11.40 MEH824
1.20 4.41 114.7 1.05 120 11 PHI0923
1.30 369 11.40 MEH824
1.30 6.32 142 2.19 150 11 PHI0923
1.40 401 11.40 MEH824
1.40 8.46 162.6 0.83 172 11 PHI0923
1.50 433 11.40 MEH824
1.50 3.55 153.1 32.8 189 11 PHI0923
1.60 465 11.40 MEH824
1.60 5.73 213.7 13.4 233 11 PHI0923
1.70 509 11.40 MEH824
1.70 6.77 235.6 47.6 290 11 PHI0923
1.80 532 11.40 MEH824
1.80 7.36 268.5 16.3 292 11 PHI0923
1.90 566 11.40 MEH824
1.90 7.11 314 15 337 11 PHI0923
2.00 600 11.40 MEH824
2.00 8.4 324 13.7 346 11 PHI0923
2.10 688 11.40 MEH824
2.20 703 11.40 MEH824
2.20 7.33 323 21.1 351 11 PHI0923
2.30 727 11.40 MEH824
2.40 745 11.40 MEH824
2.40 8.99 415 38.9 463 11 PHI0923
2.50 762 11.40 MEH824
2.60 792 11.40 MEH824
2.60 12.9 366 91 471 11 PHI0923
2.80 12.8 555 33.8 601 11 PHI0923
3.00 14.8 658 34 706 11 PHI0923
3.20 15 693 58.1 766 11 PHI0923
3.40 21 800 46.2 867 11 PHI0923
3.60 17.6 680 53.9 752 11 PHI0923
3.80 14.3 779 49.2 842 11 PHI0923
4.00 22.8 909 59.6 991 11 PHI0923
4.20 21.8 1112 74.3 1210 11 PHI0923
4.50 28.4 1025 93.4 1150 11 PHI0923
4.80 30.3 1260 94.4 1390 11 PHI0923
5.10 35.8 1345 111 1490 11 PHI0923
5.40 31.8 1352 95.3 1480 11 PHI0923
5.70 28.8 1325 113 1470 11 PHI0923
6.00 34.1 1657 165 1860 11 PHI0923
TABLE 4. 3 He ions induced total and line resolved experimental M-series XRPCSs (barns) for different elements with
73 ≤ Z ≤ 90 reported by different authors10,30
73 Ta

0.30 52.9 9–12 PAJ0610
0.38 96.2 9–12 PAJ0610
0.45 144 9–12 PAJ0610
0.53 223 9–12 PAJ0610
0.60 259 8 PAJ9030
0.60 292 9–12 PAJ0610
0.60 259 9–12 PAJ0610
0.68 382 9–12 PAJ0610
0.75 410 8 PAJ9030
0.75 410 9–12 PAJ0610
0.90 560 8 PAJ9030
0.90 560 9–12 PAJ0610
1.05 764 8 PAJ9030
1.05 764 9–12 PAJ0610
1.20 1020 8 PAJ9030
1.20 1020 9–12 PAJ0610
1.35 1170 8 PAJ9030
1.35 1170 9–12 PAJ0610
1.50 1370 8 PAJ9030
1.50 1370 9–12 PAJ0610
1.80 1980 8 PAJ9030
1.80 1980 9–12 PAJ0610
2.10 2290 8 PAJ9030
2.10 2290 9–12 PAJ0610
2.40 2810 8 PAJ9030
2.40 2810 9–12 PAJ0610
2.70 3260 8 PAJ9030
2.70 3260 9–12 PAJ0610
3.00 3800 8 PAJ9030
3.00 3800 9–12 PAJ0610
74 W
0.30 51.5 PAJ0610

0.38 95.4 PAJ0610
0.45 144 10–13 PAJ0610
0.53 211 PAJ0610
0.60 284 PAJ0610
0.68 349 PAJ0610
75 Re
0.30 41.6 PAJ0610

0.38 67.2 PAJ0610
0.45 130 10–25 PAJ0610
0.53 187 PAJ0610
0.60 262 PAJ0610
0.68 334 PAJ0610
76 Os
0.30 41.8 7–9 PAJ0610

0.38 80.5 7–9 PAJ0610
0.45 131 7–9 PAJ0610
0.53 196 7–9 PAJ0610
0.60 268 10 PAJ9030
0.60 263 7–9 PAJ0610
0.60 268 7–9 PAJ0610
0.68 337 7–9 PAJ0610
0.75 407 10 PAJ9030
0.75 407 7–9 PAJ0610
0.90 562 10 PAJ9030
0.90 562 7–9 PAJ0610
1.05 767 10 PAJ9030
1.05 767 7–9 PAJ0610
1.20 960 10 PAJ9030
1.20 960 7–9 PAJ0610
1.35 1150 10 PAJ9030
1.35 1150 7–9 PAJ0610
1.50 1380 10 PAJ9030
1.50 1380 7–9 PAJ0610
1.80 1810 10 PAJ9030
1.80 1810 7–9 PAJ0610
2.10 2220 10 PAJ9030
2.10 2220 7–9 PAJ0610
2.40 2790 10 PAJ9030
2.40 2790 7–9 PAJ0610
2.70 3250 10 PAJ9030
2.70 3250 7–9 PAJ0610
3.00 3840 10 PAJ9030
3.00 3840 7–9 PAJ0610
79 Au
0.30 23.5 10–15 PAJ0610

0.38 53.6 10–15 PAJ0610
0.45 91.2 10–15 PAJ0610
0.53 146 10–15 PAJ0610
0.60 196 8 PAJ9030
0.60 200 10–15 PAJ0610
0.60 196 10–15 PAJ0610
0.68 259 10–15 PAJ0610
0.75 307 8 PAJ9030
0.75 307 10–15 PAJ0610
0.90 438 8 PAJ9030
0.90 438 10–15 PAJ0610
1.05 603 8 PAJ9030
1.05 603 10–15 PAJ0610
1.20 758 8 PAJ9030
1.20 758 10–15 PAJ0610
1.35 925 8 PAJ9030
1.35 925 10–15 PAJ0610
1.50 1120 8 PAJ9030
1.50 1120 10–15 PAJ0610

1.80 1490 8 PAJ9030
1.80 1490 10–15 PAJ0610
2.10 1890 8 PAJ9030
2.10 1890 10–15 PAJ0610
2.40 2400 8 PAJ9030
2.40 2400 10–15 PAJ0610
2.70 2860 8 PAJ9030
2.70 2860 10–15 PAJ0610
3.00 3320 8 PAJ9030
3.00 3320 10–15 PAJ0610
83 Bi
0.30 11.4 8–10 PAJ0610

0.38 29.8 8–10 PAJ0610
0.45 53.9 8–10 PAJ0610
0.53 81.2 8–10 PAJ0610
0.60 120 7 PAJ9030
0.60 117 8–10 PAJ0610
0.60 120 8–10 PAJ0610
0.68 156 8–10 PAJ0610
0.75 206 7 PAJ9030
0.75 206 8–10 PAJ0610
0.90 295 7 PAJ9030
0.90 295 8–10 PAJ0610
1.05 411 7 PAJ9030
1.05 411 8–10 PAJ0610
1.20 512 7 PAJ9030
1.20 512 8–10 PAJ0610
1.35 617 7 PAJ9030
1.35 617 8–10 PAJ0610
1.50 703 7 PAJ9030
1.50 703 8–10 PAJ0610
1.80 1020 7 PAJ9030
1.80 1020 8–10 PAJ0610
2.10 1280 7 PAJ9030
2.10 1280 8–10 PAJ0610
2.40 1660 7 PAJ9030
2.40 1660 8–10 PAJ0610
2.70 1940 7 PAJ9030
2.70 1940 8–10 PAJ0610
3.00 2260 7 PAJ9030
3.00 2260 8–10 PAJ0610
90 Th
0.30 1.45 8–10 PAJ0610

0.38 4.85 8–10 PAJ0610
0.45 12.5 8–10 PAJ0610
0.53 25.3 8–10 PAJ0610
0.60 41 6 PAJ9030
0.60 39.7 8–10 PAJ0610
0.60 41 8–10 PAJ0610
0.68 59.2 8–10 PAJ0610
0.75 81 6 PAJ9030
0.75 81.3 8–10 PAJ0610
0.90 129 6 PAJ9030
0.90 129 8–10 PAJ0610

1.05 193 6 PAJ9030
1.05 193 8–10 PAJ0610
1.20 257 6 PAJ9030
1.20 257 8–10 PAJ0610
1.35 322 6 PAJ9030
1.35 322 8–10 PAJ0610
1.50 408 6 PAJ9030
1.50 408 8–10 PAJ0610
1.80 551 6 PAJ9030
1.80 551 8–10 PAJ0610
2.10 740 6 PAJ9030
2.10 740 8–10 PAJ0610
2.40 948 6 PAJ9030
2.40 948 8–10 PAJ0610
2.70 1120 6 PAJ9030
2.70 1120 8–10 PAJ0610
3.00 1310 6 PAJ9030
3.00 1310 8–10 PAJ0610
plotting these cross sections as a function of a dimensionless scaling electron for specific element; n and me , respectively, represent the
parameter,61 which can be defined as principle quantum number of M-shell and the mass of electron, R is
the Rydberg constant; and Z2M is the average screened target atomic
ξM = 2vp /v2M θM , (6) number. The average M-shell binding energy (EM ) for a specific
element can be determined using the following relation:
where vp denotes the projectile ion velocity, θM (= n2 EM /Z2M
2
R)
is the reduced M-shell electron binding energy, and
(EM1 + EM2 + 2(EM3 + EM4 ) + 3EM5 )
v2M (= 2EM /me )1/2 corresponds to the velocity of the M-shell EM = , (7)
9
FIG. 8. Ratios of experimental total M-series XRPCSs for Au reported by differ-

ent authors (Table 3 and 4) and two sets of present calculated theoretical values,
σMtot (ED) and σMtot (EM), obtained using the ECUSAR model37,38 based ioniza- FIG. 9. Ratios of 3 He ion induced experimental total M-series XRPCSs and those
tion cross sections with two sets of fluorescence and CK/SCK yields based on induced by the 4 He ion for Au reported by different authors (Tables 3 and 4)
the DHS model51 and that tabulated by McGuire,47 respectively, for impact of (a) as a function of projectile energy (MeV/a.m.u.). The corresponding theoretical
3
He+q (q = 1, 2) and (b) 4 He+q (q = 1, 2) ions. The dotted lines are plotted to ratios calculated using the ECPSSR33,34 model and ECUSAR37,38 model based
guide the eye. ionization cross sections have also been shown.
FIG. 10. Proton induced experimental total M-series XRPCSs for different ele-
ments Z = 59–92 reported by different authors (Table 2) as a function of scal-
ing parameter defined as ξM = 2vp /v2M θM , where vp denotes the projectile ion
velocity, θM (= n2 EM /Z2M
2
R) is the reduced M-shell electron binding energy, and
v2M (= 2EM /me )1/2 corresponds to the velocity of the M-shell electron for specific
element. The black curve represents the least-squares fitted values, whereas the
magenta, red, and blue curves, respectively, denote present calculated theoretical
total M-series XRPCSs calculated using the PWBA model,34 ECUSAR model,37,38
and DHS model35,36 based proton ionization cross sections.
where EMi (i = 1–5) represents the Mi sub-shell electron binding

energy and have been taken from the work of Huang et al.52 It
may be mentioned that the dependence of the experimental M-series
XRPCSs on the scaling parameter (ξM ), usually referred to as univer-
sal behavior of XRPCSs, can be used to deduce the empirical cross
sections for different elements at different projectile energies from
available experimental data for use in different applications.
The 0.05–39.34 MeV proton induced experimental total M- FIG. 11. (a) The 4 He ion induced experimental total M-series XRPCSs for different
series XRPCSs reported by different research groups3–10,18–27 elements Z = 59–92 (Table 3) as a function of scaling parameter defined as ξM
= 2vp /v2M θM , where vp denotes the projectile ion velocity, θM (= n2 EM /Z2M 2
R)
1/2
is the reduced M-shell electron binding energy, and v2M (= 2EM /me ) corre-
X (E)] = n a (log ξ )i , for sponds to the velocity of the M-shell electron for specific element. The black curve
TABLE 5. Coefficients of the fitted polynomial, log[σMtot ∑i=0 i M represents the least-squares fitted values. The red and blue curves, respectively,
experimental total M-series XRPCSs (barns) induced by proton, 4 He, and 3 He ion denote present calculated theoretical total M-series XRPCSs calculated using the
impact on different elements with 59 ≤ Z ≤ 92 PWBA model34 and the ECUSAR model37,38 based ionization cross sections. (b)
4 3
The 3 He ion induced experimental total M-series XRPCSs for different elements Z
Fitting Coeff. proton He He = 73–90 (Table 4) as a function of scaling parameter defined as ξM = 2vp /v2M θM ,
where vp denotes the projectile ion velocity, θM (= n2 EM /Z2M2
R) is the reduced M-
a0 1.767 2.384 2.607 1/2
shell electron binding energy, and v2M (= 2EM /me ) corresponds to the velocity
a1 4.619 4.058 3.806 of the M-shell electron for specific element. The black curve represents the least-
a2 −7.434 −4.192 −2.479 squares fitted values. The red and blue curves, respectively, denote present calcu-
a3 16.52 5.660 6.678 lated theoretical total M-series XRPCSs calculated using the PWBA model34 and
a4 −25.29 −5.567 −21.23 the ECUSAR model37,38 based ionization cross sections.
a5 16.80 ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅
a6 −3.844 ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅
Na 925 681 162 (Table 2) for different elements with Z = 59–92 have been plotted as a
R2 0.984 0.993 0.979 function of scaling parameter, ξM , in Fig. 10. For the target elements
SD 0.097 0.052 0.087 and the proton energy range considered in present work, the values
of the scaling parameter are found to be ∼0.42 to 13.3. The theoret-
a
Total number of data points. ical total M-series XRPCSs calculated using the PWBA model,34 the
ECUSAR model,37,38 and the DHS model35,36 based proton ioniza- This universal character has been used to parameterize the tabu-
tion cross sections have also been plotted as a function of the scaling lated experimental total M-series XRPCSs in terms of polynomials
parameter in Fig. 10. It is obvious from this figure that the exper- defined by Eq. (8). The proton and helium ion induced M-series
imental total M-series XRPCSs for different elements exhibited a XRPCSs for different elements deduced from the fitting coefficients
universal scaling similar to that shown by the theoretical total M- are recommended for use in different applications.
series XRPCSs. It may be noted that the experimental cross sections
show large variation between the minimum and maximum values Data Availability
for different elements over a wide range of proton energies consid-
ered in the present work; therefore, these were least-squares fitted to The data that support the findings of this study are available
polynomials in [log(ξM )] of the form from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
X n References
log[σMtot (E)] = ∑i=0 ai (log ξM )i . (8)
1
G. Lapicki, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18, 111 (1989).
2
During the fitting procedure, precaution was taken to avoid any J. Miranda and G. Lapicki, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 100, 651 (2014).
3
undesirable oscillations in the regions between tabulated experi- K. Sera, K. Ishii, A. Yamadera, A. Kuwako, M. Kamiya, M. Sebata, S. Morita, and
mental values. The values of the fitting coefficients ai are listed in T. C. Chu, Phys. Rev. A 22, 2536 (1980).
4
Table 5. R. Mehta, J. L. Duggan, J. L. Price, F. D. McDaniel, and G. Lapicki, Phys. Rev. A
26, 1883 (1982).
The experimental total M-series XRPCSs reported by different 5
R. Mehta, J. L. Duggan, J. L. Price, P. M. Kocur, F. D. McDaniel, and G. Lapicki,
research groups4,5,10,23,28–30,32 for different elements with Z = 59–92 Phys. Rev. A 28, 3217 (1983).
induced by 0.20–6.0 MeV 4 He (Table 3) and Z = 73–90 induced 6
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Literature Survey On M Shell

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Literature Survey On M Shell

Uploaded by

A Review, Tabulation, and Parameterization

of M-Series X-Ray Production Cross

Balwinder Singh, Shehla and Sanjiv Puri

A Review, Tabulation, and Parameterization

Balwinder Singh,1 Shehla,2 and Sanjiv Puri1,a)

CONTENTS List of Tables

List of Figures θM (= n2 Em /Z2M

e.g., the 3 He and 4 He ion induced ionization cross sections can be

2.2. Mi sub-shell fluorescence, CK, and SCK yields

emission rate, Fij , representing the fraction of radiative transitions to

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.250 156 MEH835

0.250 118 SAR8119

0.950 619 MEH835

0.050 2.93 CIP9518

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

1.970 419 916 96 48 1479 SHO9620

0.200 241 10–25 MEH835

0.200 207 10–25 MEH835

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.075 12.8 CIP9518

1.970 364 1431 87 37 1918 SHO9620

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.050 0.68 15–18 SHE1826

1.970 284 1945 70 25 2325 SHO9620

0.075 0.456 3.125 0.0445 0.01183 3.63 CIP1427

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.100 12.9 PAJ0610

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.075 0.311 3.146 0.0326 0.009 24 3.49 8–25 CIP1427

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.100 0.98 8.92 0.0677 0.1559 10.1 8–25 CIP1427

0.100 8.6 7–9 PAJ0610

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.100 6.72 10–12 PAJ0610

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.075 0.0861 1.618 0.0212 0.003 63 1.73 8–25 CIP1427

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.050 0.023 20 ANU1825

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.100 2.4 SHE1826

0.050 0.0038 15–18 SHE1826

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.050 0.0037 20 ANU1825

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.100 0.153 8–10 PAJ0610

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.300 29.9 0.678 30.6 11–15 CAS8321

Energy (MeV) Mξ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

The detection efficiency of the x-ray detector, in some reports,4,5,10

reported by different authors have uncertainties ∼4% to 25%. Most

Energy (MeV) Mζ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.25 83.7 MEH835

0.20 56.3 MEH835

0.25 67.9 MEH835

0.20 70.7 10–25 MEH835

Energy (MeV) Mζ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.20 36.3 MEH835

0.25 40.1 10–25 MEH835

0.20 32.9 10–25 MEH835

Energy (MeV) Mζ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.77 36 342 4 2 384 NAA0532

0.25 45.9 10–25 MEH835

Energy (MeV) Mζ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.40 53.8 10–12 PAJ0610

0.4 54.1 10–12 PAJ0610

Energy (MeV) Mζ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References

0.80 279 PAJ9029

0.40 46.9 7–9 PAJ0610

Energy (MeV) Mζ Mαβ Mγ Mm1 Mtot Uncertainty (%) References