Matplotlib

Matplotlib
 What is Matplotlib?
 Data visualization involves exploring data through visual
representations.
 The matplotlib package helps you make visually appealing
representations of the data you’re working with.
 Matplotlib is extremely flexible
 Following examples will help you get started with a few simple
visualizations.
Installing Matplotlib
 Matplotlib runs on all systems, but setup is slightly different
depending on your OS.
 If the minimal instructions here don’t work for you, see the more
detailed instructions at http://ehmatthes.github.io/pcc/.
 You should also consider installing the Anaconda distribution of
Python from https://continuum.io/downloads/, which includes
matplotlib.
Installing Matplotlib
 matplotlib on Linux
 $ sudo apt-get install python3-matplotlib
matplotlib
 matplotlib on OS X
 Start a terminal session and enter import matplotlib to see if it’s already
installed on your system.
 If not, try this command: $ pip install --user matplotlib
 matplotlib on Windows
 You first need to install Visual Studio, which you can do from
https://dev.windows.com/. The Community edition is free.
 Then go to https://pypi.python.org/pypi/matplotlib/ or
http://www.lfd.uic.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#matplotlib and download an
appropriate installer file.
 Since we are using anaconda it might be there.
Line graphs and scatter plot
 Making a line graph
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x_values = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squares = [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
plt.plot(x_values, squares)
plt.show()
Line graphs and scatter plot
 Making a scatter plot
The scatter() function takes a list of x values and a list of y values,
and a variety of optional arguments. The s=10 argument controls
the size of each point.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x_values = list(range(1000))
squares = [x**2 for x in x_values]
plt.scatter(x_values, squares, s=10)
plt.show()
Customizing plots
Plots can be customized in a wide variety of ways. Just about any
element of a plot can be customized.
 Adding titles and labels, and scaling axes
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x_values = list(range(1000))
squares = [x**2 for x in x_values]
plt.scatter(x_values, squares, s=10)
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize=24)
=24)
plt.xlabel("Value", fontsize=18)
plt.ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize=18)
=18)
plt.tick_params(axis='both',
(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=14)
plt.axis([0, 1100, 0, 1100000])
plt.show()
Customizing plots
 Using a colormap
 A colormap varies the point colors from one shade to another,
based on a certain value for each point.
 The value used to determine the color of each point is passed to the
c argument, and the cmap argument specifies which colormap to use.
 The edgecolor='none'
='none' argument removes the black outline from
each point.
plt.scatter(x_values,, squares, c=squares, cmap=plt.cm.Blues,
edgecolor='none', s=10)
Customizing plots
 Emphasizing points
 You can plot as much data as you want on one plot.
 Here we replot the first and last points larger to emphasize them.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x_values = list(range(1000))
squares = [x**2 for x in x_values]
plt.scatter(x_values,, squares, c=squares, cmap=plt.cm.Blues, edgecolor='none’, s=10)
plt.scatter(x_values[0],
[0], squares[0], c='green',
edgecolor='none', s=100)
plt.scatter(x_values[-1], squares[-1],
1], c='red',
edgecolor='none', s=100)
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize=24)
Customizing plots
 Removing axes
 You can customize or remove axes entirely.
 Here’s how to access each axis, and hide it.
plt.axes().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
(False)
plt.axes().get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
(False)
Customizing plots
 Setting a custom figure size
 You can make your plot as big or small as you want.
 Before plotting your data, add the following code. The dpi argument
is optional; if you don’t know your system’s resolution you can omit
the argument and adjust the figsize argument accordingly.
plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10, 6))
Customizing plots
 Saving a plot
 The matplotlib viewer has an interactive save button, but you can
also save your visualizations programmatically.
 To do so, replace plt.show() with plt.savefig().
plt.savefig
 The bbox_inches='tight’
='tight’ argument trims extra whitespace from the
plot
plt.savefig('squares.png', bbox_inches='tight')
='tight')
Line Plot sin wave example
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make data
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
y = 4 + 2 * np.sin(2 * x)
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(x, y, linewidth=2.0)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1,
(1, 8), ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1,
8))
plt.show()
Bar plot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np plt.style.use('_ '_mpl-gallery')
# make data: np.random.seed(3)
x = 0.5 + np.arange(8)
y = np.random.uniform(2, 7, len(x))))
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.bar(x, y, width=1, edgecolor="white"
"white", linewidth=0.7)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange
arange(1, 8),
ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange
arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Stem plot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make data
np.random.seed(3)
x = 0.5 + np.arange(8)
y = np.random.uniform(2, 7, len(x))
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.stem(x, y)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8),
ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Step plot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make data np.random.seed(3)
x = 0.5 + np.arange(8)
y = np.random.uniform(2, 7, len(x))
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.step(x, y, linewidth=2.5)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1,
(1, 8),
ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1,
(1, 8))
plt.show()
Fill between
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make data
np.random.seed(1)
x = np.linspace(0, 8, 16)
y1 = 3 + 4*x/8 + np.random.uniform(0.0, 0.5, len(x))
y2 = 1 + 2*x/8 + np.random.uniform(0.0, 0.5, len(x))
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.fill_between(x, y1, y2, alpha=.5, linewidth=0)
linewidth
ax.plot(x, (y1 + y2)/2, linewidth=2)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8), ylim=(0,
ylim 8), yticks=np.arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Stack plot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make data
x = np.arange(0, 10, 2)
ay = [1, 1.25, 2, 2.75, 3]
by = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
cy = [2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
y = np.vstack([ay, by, cy])
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.stackplot(x, y)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8), ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Histogram
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery')
# make data np.random.seed(1)
x = 4 + np.random.normal(0, 1.5, 200)
# plot:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.hist(x, bins=8, linewidth=0.5, edgecolor="white")
edgecolor
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange
arange(1, 8), ylim=(0, 56),
yticks=np.linspace(0, 56, 9))
plt.show()
Box plot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery'
gallery')
# make data:
np.random.seed(10)
D = np.random.normal((3, 5, 4), (1.25, 1.00, 1.25), (100, 3))
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
VP = ax.boxplot(D, positions=[2, 4, 6], widths=1.5,
widths patch_artist=True,
showmeans=False, showfliers=False, medianprops={"color":
medianprops "white", "linewidth":
0.5}, boxprops={"facecolor": "C0", "edgecolor
edgecolor": "white", "linewidth": 0.5},
whiskerprops={"color": "C0", "linewidth":: 1.5}, capprops={"color": "C0", "linewidth":
1.5}) a
x.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8), ylim=(0,
ylim 8), yticks=np.arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Violin plot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery'
gallery')
# make data:
np.random.seed(10)
D = np.random.normal((3, 5, 4), (0.75, 1.00, 0.75), (200, 3))
# plot: fig, ax = plt.subplots()
vp = ax.violinplot(D, [2, 4, 6], widths=2, showmeans=False,
showmedians=False, showextrema=False)
=False)
# styling:
for body in vp['bodies']:
body.set_alpha(0.9)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1, 8), ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1, 8))
plt.show()
Hist2d plot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery-nogrid')
# make data: correlated + noise
np.random.seed(1)
x = np.random.randn(5000)
y = 1.2 * x + np.random.randn(5000) / 3
# plot:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.hist2d(x, y, bins=(np.arange(-3, 3, 0.1), np.arange(-3, 3, 0.1)))
ax.set(xlim=(-2, 2), ylim=(-3, 3))
plt.show()
Hexbin plot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery-nogrid')
# make data: correlated + noise
np.random.seed(1)
x = np.random.randn(5000)
y = 1.2 * x + np.random.randn(5000) / 3
# plot:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.hexbin(x, y, gridsize=20)
ax.set(xlim=(-2, 2), ylim=(-3, 3))
plt.show()
Pie plot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
plt.style.use('_mpl-gallery-nogrid')
# make data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
colors = plt.get_cmap('Blues')(np.linspace
linspace(0.2, 0.7, len(x)))
# plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.pie(x, colors=colors, radius=3, center=(4,
center 4), wedgeprops={"linewidth":
1, "edgecolor": "white"}, frame=True)
=True)
ax.set(xlim=(0, 8), xticks=np.arange(1,(1, 8), ylim=(0, 8), yticks=np.arange(1,
8))
plt.show()
 # Initialise the subplot function using number of rows
Multiple plots in one and columns
# importing libraries figure, axis = plt.subplots(2, 2)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # For Sine Function
import numpy as np axis[0, 0].plot(X, Y1)
axis[0, 0].set_title("Sine
0]. Function")
import math
# Get the angles from 0 to 2 pie (360 # For Cosine Function
degree) in narray object axis[0, 1].plot(X, Y2)
X = np.arange(0, math.pi*2, 0.05) axis[0, 1].set_title("Cosine
1]. Function")
# Using built-in trigonometric function
we can directly plot # For Tangent Function
axis[1, 0].plot(X, Y3)
# the given cosine wave for the given
axis[1, 0].set_title("Tangent
0]. Function")
angles
Y1 = np.sin(X) # For Tanh Function
Y2 = np.cos(X) axis[1, 1].plot(X, Y4)
Y3 = np.tan(X) axis[1, 1].set_title("Tanh
1]. Function")
Y4 = np.tanh(X) # Combine all the operations and display
plt.show
plt.show()
Seaborn
What is seaborn?
 Seaborn is an amazing visualization library for statistical graphics
plotting in Python.
 It provides beautiful default styles and color palettes to make
statistical plots more attractive.
 It is built on the top of matplotlib library and also closely integrated
to the data structures from pandas.
pandas
 Seaborn aims to make visualization the central part of exploring and
understanding data.
 It provides dataset-oriented
oriented APIs, so that we can switch between
different visual representations for same variables for better
understanding of dataset.
 pip install seaborn
Different plots
 Seaborn divides plot into the below categories –

 Relational plots: This plot is used to understand the relation between two
variables.
 Categorical plots: This plot deals with categorical variables and how they can be
visualized.
 Distribution plots: This plot is used for examining univariate and bivariate
distributions
 Regression plots: The regression plots in seaborn are primarily intended to add
a visual guide that helps to emphasize patterns in a dataset during exploratory data
analyses.
 Matrix plots: A matrix plot is an array of scatterplots.
 Multi-plot grids: It is an useful approach is to draw multiple instances of the
same plot on different subsets of the dataset.
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