Senior High School

General
Chemistry 2
Quarter 3 Week 4 Module 4
Properties of Solutions

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General Chemistry 2 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 Week 4 Module 4: Properties of Solutions
Second Edition 2021

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 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the core chemical concepts that would lead you to a deeper understanding of
the principles and concepts associated with General Chemistry 2.

This module will cover the lesson on The Properties of Solutions. After going
through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the types of solutions;

2. use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: percent
by mass, percent by volume, mole fraction, molarity, molality, normality
and parts per million (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111) ;
3. perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solutions
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-112); and

What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. What is the molarity of 6.0 g of NaCl (Molar mass=58) in 4 200 mL of

solution?
A. 0.01M B. 0.02M C. 0.04M D. 1.20M
2. What is a solvent? A solvent is __________.
A. the mixing of different substances
B. the substance that is being dissolved in a solution
C. the substance that does the dissolving in a solution.
D. the process in which neutral molecules lose or gain electrons.
3. What is the molality of a solution that contains 36.5 g of naphthalene, C10H8,
in 600 mL of carbon tetrachloride? The density of CCl4 is 1.60 g/mL.
A. 0.12 m B. 0.23 m C. 0.26 m D. 0.30 m
4. Which solution is more diluted?
A. Solution 1: 50g salt in 30 mL water
B. Solution 2: 50g salt in 50 mL water
C. Solution 3: 50g salt in 500 mL water
D. Solution 4: 50g salt in 1000 mL water
5. What is the component of a solution that is dissolved in another
substance?
A. solute B. solvent C. solution D. compound
6. Which of the following ways wherein you could increase the concentration of
the mixture?
A. stirring the mixture C. adding more water
B. heating the mixture D. adding more powder

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 7. What is the process of dissolving a substance where water is used as the
solvent?
A. oxidation B. hydration C. evaporation D. liquefaction
8. Which type of mixture contains two or more substances that are visibly
distinguishable?
A. solution B. colloid C. homogeneous D. heterogeneous
9. How many moles of NaCl are present in a solution with a molarity of 8.59M
and 125 mL of solution?
A. 1.07 mol B. 3.2 mol C. 4.8 mol D. 5.6 mol
10. How many liters would you need to make a 1 M solution if you have 6 mol of
sodium hydroxide?
A. 2L B. 4L C. 6L D. 8L
11. What is the molality of a solution in which 4.0 moles of NaCl is dissolved in
1.5 kg of water?
A. 1.3m B. 2.67m C. 3.7m D. 6m
12. What is the molarity of 3.24 mole of sulfuric acid, H2SO4 dissolved in 630
mL of solution?
A. 0.42M B. 2.24M C. 3.81M D. 5.14M
13.What is the concentration of a solution in parts per million if 0.02 grams
of NaCl is dissolved in 1000 grams of water?
A. 15ppm B. 20ppm C. 25ppm D. 30ppm
14.Which unit is used to express the concentration of a solution?
A. mol/L B. m/s C. kg/mol D. amu
15.What is the equivalent weight of H3PO4?
A. 26.50g B. 29.35g C. 32.67g D.40.26g

What’s In
Nearly every chemical reaction takes place in homogeneous mixtures called
solutions. Therefore, we must understand the properties of solutions before we can
even begin to understand those reactions. Perhaps the most salient characteristic of a
solution is its concentration-how much solute is dissolved in what amount of solvent.
Several different units of concentration like mass percent, mole fraction, molarity,
normality, and molality have been developed for use in different situations. Solution
composition explains the definitions and uses of those units and why it is necessary
to have so many different units of concentration.

What’s New
Instructions: Match the words inside the box to their definitions below. Write
the letter of your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

A. solute E. molarity H. concentration

B. solvent F. unsaturated I. supersaturated
C. solution G. mole fraction J. parts per million
D. aqueous
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 1. The dissolving medium in a solution.
2. A solution where water is the solvent.
3. The substance being dissolved in a solution.
4. They are considered as homogeneous mixtures.
5. A measure of the amount of substance in a solution.
6. It is the unit for expressing very dilute concentrations.
7. It is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
8. A solution that cannot dissolve solute anymore at a given condition.
9. A solution that contains less solute that the solvent can normally dissolve.
10. It is the ratio of the number of moles of one component to the total number of
moles in a solution.

What Is It

Most of the materials that we encounter in everyday life are mixtures. Many
mixtures are homogeneous; that is, their components are uniformly intermingled on a
molecular level. A solution is a homogeneous mixture. This implies uniform
distribution of solution components so that a sample taken from any part of the
solution will have the same composition as any other sample of the same solution.
Several examples of solutions abound in the world around us. The air we breathe is a
solution of several gases. Brass is a solid solution of zinc in copper. The fluids that
run through our bodies are solutions, carrying a great variety of essential nutrients,
salts, and other materials.
A solution is consists of a solute, the substance that dissolves in a solution
and a solvent, the substance in which the solute dissolves. The interaction of water
with the dissolved molecule is known as hydration.

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Solutions are of different types based on a number of criteria. Depending upon the
dissolution of the solute in the solvent, solutions can be categorized into:
 A supersaturated solution comprises a large amount of solute at a
temperature wherein it will be reduced, as a result the extra solute will
crystallize quickly.
 An unsaturated solution is a solution in which a solvent is capable of
dissolving any more solute at a given temperature.
 A saturated solution can be defined as a solution in which a solvent is not
capable of dissolving any more solute at a given temperature.

The solutions are of two forms, depending on whether the solvent is water or not.

 Aqueous solution – When a solute is dissolved in water the solution is called

an aqueous solution. Examples of such solutions are salt in water, and sugar
in water.
 Non-aqueous solution – When a solute is dissolved in a solvent other than
water, it is called a non-aqueous solution. Examples are iodine in carbon
tetrachloride, and phosphorus in ethyl alcohol.

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Another classification of the solution depends on the amount of solute added to the
solvent.

 A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute in a large amount of

solvent.
 A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute dissolved in a
small amount of solvent.

On the Basis of Concentration of Solute in Two Solutions

Let us consider a cell placed in a solution in a beaker. Based on the concentration of

solute in two solvents ( in the cell and in the beaker), we can have the following types of
solutions:

 Isotonic Solution: These solutions have the same concentration of the solute in
it. Therefore, water moves across the cell from the solution in the beaker in both
directions.

 Hypertonic Solution: The solution kept in beaker has a higher concentration of

solute in it so water comes out of the cell and into the solution in beaker causing
the cell to plasmolyze/shrink.

 Hypotonic Solution: The solution kept in beaker has a lower concentration of

solute in it so water moves into the cell causing cells to swell up and finally burst.

On the Basis of the Phase of the Solute and Solvent

The general classification of solution is based on the solvent phase. The nature of
the solute is based on its phase at normal or room condition. Once a solution is
formed, the solute no longer retains its original phase properties but assumes the
phase properties of the solvent.
Table 1
Types of Solution
(Magno, 2016)

Type Solute Solvent Example

Solid Brass
Solid Liquid Solid Amalgam
Gas Hydrogen in powdered nickel catalyst
Solid Sugar in water
Liquid Liquid Liquid Rubbing alcohol
Gas Carbonated drinks
Solid Iodine vapor in air
Gas Liquid Gas Water vapor in air
Gas Air

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
The concentration of a solution tells us how much solute is present per given
amount of solution or given amount of solvent. Solutions can be described
qualitatively or quantitatively based on the amount of solute relative to a given
amount of solvent. The quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of solutions
are as follows:

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Percentage Concentration by Mass
For solutions, percentage refers to the number of solute parts per 100 parts of
the solution. The solution is made up of parts of solute and parts of solvent. When
the quantities are measured in mass units, percentage by mass is obtained. When the
quantities are in volume units, volume percent is obtained.

% concentration by mass = mass solute

mass solution X 100
Example:
A solution is prepared by dissolving 20g of sugar, C 12H22O11 in 100g of water.
What is the percentage by mass of sugar and water in the solution?

Solutions: % by mass of C12H22O11 = mass solute X 100

mass solution

= 20g
X 100
20g +100g

= 20 g X 100
120 g

= 16.67% C12H22O11

% by mass of H2O = mass solvent X 100

mass solution

= 100g
X 100
20g +100g

= 100 g X 100
120 g

= 83.33% H2O

Percentage Concentration by Volume

% concentration by volume = volume solute X 100

volume solution
Example:
Hydrochloric acid solution is prepared by mixing 200 mL of water and 125mL
of HCl. What is the percentage by volume of the solute?

Solution: % by volume of HCl = volume solute X 100

volume solution

= 125 mL
125 mL + 200 mL

= 125 mL X 100
325 mL
= 38.46% HCl

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Mole Fraction
Mole fraction (X) is the ratio of the number of moles of one component (nA) to
the total number of moles in the solution (nA + nB).

Mole fraction = moles of component

total moles of solution

XA = nA or XB = nB
nA + nB nA + nB

Example:
A solution of 20% ethyl alcohol and 80% water by mass has a density of 0.966
g/mL at 250C. Find the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol in the solution.

Solution:
First, determine the number of moles of C 2H5OH and H2O by using the
molar masses of C2H5OH (46g/mol) and H2O (18g/mol).

nC2H5OH = 20 g C2H5OH x 1 mol C2H5OH

46 g C2H5OH
= 0.43 mol
nH2O = 80 g H2O x 1 mol H2O
18 g H2O
= 4.44 mol

Then, substitute the values in the equation.

XC2H5OH = nC2H5OH
nC2H5OH + nH2O
= 0.43 mol
0.43 mol + 4.44 mol

= 0.43 mol
4.87 mol

= 0.09

Molarity
The most useful quantity for expressing solution concentration is molar
concentration. Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1
liter of solution.

molarity = moles solute

liter of solution

Example:
Calculate the molarity of the glucose solution if 15g of C 6H12O6 are dissolved in
100 mL of solution.

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 Solution:
molarity = moles solute
liter of solution

M= 15 g C6H12O6__ x 1 mol C6H12O6 x 1000 mL sol’n.

100 mL solution 180g C6H12O6 1 L sol’n.

= 15 000 mol C6H12O6

18 000 L sol’n

= 0.83 mol C6H12O6

L sol’n

= 0.83 M C6H12O6

Molality
Molality (m) of a solution is the number of moles of solute dissolved per
kilogram of solvent.

molality (m) = moles solute

kg solvent
Example:
Calculate the molal concentration of a solution that contains 16g of NaCl in
100 mL water.

Solution:
Determine first the number of moles solute using the molar mass and
the mass of water in kg using the density of water.

molality (m) = moles solute

kg solvent

moles solute = 16 g NaCl x 1 mol NaCl

58 g NaCl
= 0.28 mol NaCl

kg solvent = 100 mL H2O x 1g x 1 kg_

mL 1000 g
= 0.1 kg H2O

Then, substitute the values in the equation.

molality (m) = moles solute

kg solvent

= 0.28 mol NaCl

0.1 kg H2O

= 2.8 mol NaCl

kg H2O

= 2.8 m NaCl

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Normality
Normal concentration or normality (N) is defined as the number of equivalents
of solute per liter of solution.

Normality (N) = equivalents of solute

liter of solution

In solving for the equivalent weight, we must remember that the equivalent weight is
equal to formula weight in grams divided by the number of replaceable ions. The
number of replaceable ions is determined by:
for acids = no. of replaceable H
for bases = no. of hydroxyl ions (OH-)
for salts = no. of positive valence / charge

Calculate the equivalent weight of each of the following compounds.

1. H2SO4
2. NaOH
3. AlCl3

1. equivalent weight H2SO4 = formula weight in grams

no. of replaceable H+
= 98g
2
= 49 g

1 equivalent H2SO4 = 49 g H2SO4

2. equivalent weight NaOH = formula weight in grams

no. of replaceable OH-
= 40 g
1
= 40 g
1 equivalent NaOH = 40 g NaOH

3 equivalent weight AlCl3 = formula weight in grams

total positive charge

= 132 g
3
= 44 g
1 equivalent AlCl3 = 44 g AlCl3

Example:

Calculate the normality of a phosphoric acid solution containing 3.60g of

H3PO4 in 137 mL of solution in reactions that replace all three hydrogen ions.

Solutions:
Determine first the equivalent weight of H3PO4

equivalent weight H3PO4 = 98g

3
= 32.67 g

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 Normality (N) = equivalents of solute
liter of solution

N = 3.60 g H3PO4 x 1 equiv H3PO4 x 1000 mL

137 mL 32.67 g H3PO4 1L

= 0.80 equiv H3PO4

L sol’n

= 0.80 N H3PO4

Parts per Million

Parts per million (ppm) is a unit for expressing very dilute concentrations. It is
commonly used to express concentration of pollutants in air or in water. A
concentration of 1 mg/L is equivalent to 1 ppm.

ppm of a component = volume of component x 106 ppm

total volume of solution

Example:
If 200L of a gas mixture contains 0.0075L of CO, what is the concentration in
ppm of CO present?

Solution:
ppm of a component = volume of component x 106 ppm
total volume of solution

= 0.0075 L x 106 ppm

200 L

= 38 ppm

What’s More

Instructions: Do the following tasks as indicated. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

A. Solve the following problems by applying the quantitative ways of expressing

the concentration of solutions.

1. Calculate the molar concentration of a solution that contains 18g

KOH in 220mL solution.

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 2. If 26.3g of Ca(OH)2 is dissolved in enough water to make 165g of
solution, what is the percentage concentration of Ca(OH)2 in the
solution?

3. Calculate the normality of a 15% HNO3 solution with a density of

1.12g/mL.

4. Given 42.3% C2H6O solution, calculate for the mole fraction, molality
and molarity of the solution.

B. Look for at least 10 common examples of solutions used at home. Identify

the type of solution and its corresponding solute and solvent.

Solutions At Home Type of Solution Solute Solvent

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks with the correct word/s. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

Solution is a (1) _______________ mixture that is composed of a (2) ___________

and a (3)_____________. The (4) _________ is the substance that is being dissolved while
the (5) __________ is the dissolving medium.
The concentration of solutions can be expressed qualitatively or quantitatively.
The quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of solutions are: (6)
____________, (7)_______________, (8) _____________ (9) _______________ (10)
_________________, (11) _____________ and (12) ______________. Normality is defined as
the number of (13) _____________ solute per liter of solution. (14) ______________ can
be expressed as the number of moles per kg solvent while (15) _____________ can
computed by dividing the number of moles per liter of solution.

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 What I Can Do

Instructions: Create an infographic that would show the various properties of

solutions and its importance to daily life. Write it in a long bond paper. You are
graded based on the given rubric below.

Performance Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement

Indicators 4 3 2 1

Well organized and Organized and the Very little No clear organization.
Organization the infographic is infographic can be organization, difficult
easy to follow. followed. to follow.

Student explains Most concepts are Some concepts are Student fails to
Concept Summary things completely explained using explained, not all explain in his/her
and in his/her student’s own concepts are own words.
own words. words. explained in the
student’s own words

No spelling and/or There are 1 or 2 There are 3 spelling There are 4 or more
Grammar/Spelling grammatical errors spelling and/or and/or grammatical spelling and/or
grammatical errors. errors. grammatical errors.

The infographic is The infographic is The design is not No clear design or

neatly organized mostly organized clearly organized and flow, the design is not
Design and has an and has appealing has some unrelated related to the
appealing design, design, some of the content, the font is content, the font is
all fonts are easy fonts are difficult to difficult to read. difficult to read.
to read. read.

Assessment

Instructions: Read each statement carefully and write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the molality of a solution made by dissolving 2 moles of NaOH in 400

grams of water?
A. 2.5 m NaOH B. 3m NaOH C. 4m NaOH D. 5m NaOH
2. How many moles of HCl are there in 4 liters of 2.0M HCl solution?
A. 2 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10
3. How does a solution become supersaturated? A solution becomes supersaturated
when it ____________.
A. dissolves a greater amount of solute
B. contains less than the maximum amount of solute
C. dissolves enough solute that the solvent can normally dissolve
D. contains more than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being
dissolved at a given temperature

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 4. What is a solute? A solute is __________.
A. the mixing of different substances
B. the substance that is being dissolved in a solution
C. the substance that does the dissolving in a solution.
D. the process in which neutral molecules lose or gain electrons.
5. What is the concentration, in percent by volume, of 15.3 mL of solute in 2.65 L
of solution?
A. 5.8% B. 0.58% C. 6.21% D. 0.621%
6. A solution is made from 7 grams of solute dissolved in 1450 grams of solute.
What is the concentration of this solution in ppm?
A. 4 446ppm B. 4 530ppm C. 4 735.6pmm D. 4 804.4 ppm
7. If you had four solutions of sweet tea, which would be the sweetest based on
its concentration?
A. 0.3M B. 1.3M C. 2.0M D. 2.4M
8. What volume, in milliliters, of 10.0 M NaOH is needed to prepare 300 mL of 2.00
M NaOH by dilution?
A. 0.8mL B. 60mL C. 120mL D. 230mL
9. How many mL of 10.8M HCl are required to make 100.0 mL of 3.00M acid?
A. 27.8L B. 28.7L C. 270L D. 350L
10. A solution is made by dissolving 0.50 mole of NaCl in enough water to give a
final volume of 400.0 mL. What is the molarity of the solution?
A. 0.5M B. 1.25M C. 2M D. 2.37M
11. Which equation is used to find molality?
A. moles solute/L solution C. mole solute/kg solution
B. grams solute/L solution D. moles solute/kg solvent
12. What is the molarity of a solution containing 8g NaCl that is dissolved in
enough water to make 150 mL solution?
A. 0.36 B. 0.45 C. 0.92 D.1.2
13. What is the normal concentration of 3.75g NaOH in 135 mL solution?
A. 0.69N B. 1.2N C. 2.3N D. 3.7N
14. Which of the following is an example of a solid type of solution?
A. air B. amalgam C. carbonated drinks D. sugar in water
15. What is the equivalent weight of Al2(SO4)3?
A. 29g B. 34g C. 48g D. 57g

References

Books

Baguio, Sol Saranay S. Breaking Through General Chemistry 2. Quezon City,

Manila: C&E Publishing Inc., 2017.
Magno, Marcelita C. Advanced Chemistry. Mandaluyong City, Manila: Anvil
Publishing, Inc., 2016.
Moore, John W. et.al, General Chemistry 2.Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Bookstore Inc.,
2019.
Phillips, John S., Victor S. Strozak, and Cheryl Wistrom. Chemistry Concepts
and Applications. Westerville, Ohio:McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
1997.

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